Good Practices For The Collection Of Biodiversity Baseline .

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Good Practices for the Collectionof Biodiversity Baseline DataPrepared for :Multilateral Financing InstitutionsB i o d i ve r s i t y Wo r k i n g G ro u p& Cross Sector Biodiversity InitiativePrepared by :Te d G u l l i s o n , P h DJ a r e d H a r d n e r, M F SStuart AnsteeM i k e M e y e r, P h DJuly 2015

Citation: Gullison, R.E., J. Hardner, S. Anstee, M. Meyer. 2015.Good Practices for the Collection of Biodiversity Baseline Data.Prepared for the Multilateral Financing Institutions Biodiversity Working Group&Cross-Sector Biodiversity InitiativeAcknowledgmentsThe European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Hardner & Gullison Associates aregrateful for review, comments, and input from the following: African Development Bank, AgenceFrançaise de Développement, Asian Development Bank, European Investment Bank, InternationalFinance Corporation, Inter-American Development Bank, Japan International Cooperation Agency,the World Bank and members of the Cross Sector Biodiversity Initiative.This document was prepared under a Technical Cooperation Project(TC Project Number 42036) with financing provided through the Shareholder Special Fundof the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.Cover photo credit: Graham WatkinsThis document contains references to good practices; it is not a compliance document. This report should be interpreted bearingin mind specific environmental and social policies adopted by the Multilateral Financial Institutions referred to in the report. Incase of any inconsistency or conflict between this document and the environmental and social policies adopted by the MultilateralFinancial Institutions as amended from time to time, such policies shall prevail. Questions of interpretation shall be addressedsolely in respect of those policies.The information and opinions within this report are for information purposes only. They are not intended to constitute legalor other professional advice, and should not be relied on or treated as a substitute for specific advice relevant to particularcircumstances. The authors, the Multilateral Financial Institutions Biodiversity Working Group, and any of the Multilateral FinancialInstitutions referred to in this report shall accept no responsibility for any errors, omissions or misleading statements in thisreport, or for any loss which may arise from reliance on materials contained on this report. Certain parts of this report may link toexternal Internet sites, and other external Internet sites may link to this report. The authors, the Multilateral Financial InstitutionsBiodiversity Working Group, and any of the Multilateral Financial Institutions referred to in this report are not responsible for thecontent of any external references.This report was written for the group of Multilateral Financial Institutions Working Group on Environmental and Social Standards.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the MultilateralFinancial Institutions, their Boards of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.

Table of ContentsQuick Guide to Developing a Biodiversity Baseline Study. . . . . . . . . . . .5111 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 Who is this document for?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.2 Key definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.3 Biodiversity baseline studies and the ESIA process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Developing the Biodiversity Baseline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.1 Identifying the baseline study area. . .2.1.1 Project area of influence. . . . . .2.1.2 Perceived project impacts. . . . . .2.1.3 Spatial scales relevant to biodiversity.161617182.2 Scoping the baseline study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.2.1 Categories of biodiversity values that may be included in scope. . . . . . . . . 192.3 Desk-based assessment of biodiversity values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1 Global and regional databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2 National and sub-national information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.3 Scientific literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.4 Other relevant desktop information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.5 Field Reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.6 Producing a preliminary baseline report and determining field survey needs .232324282828292.4 Field-based assessment of biodiversity values. . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.1 Factors influencing field-based assessments. . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2 Design of field assessments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.3 Methodologies, metrics and reporting results of field-based assessments.31313232.2.5 Incorporating input from stakeholders and experts into the baseline. . . . . . 432.5.1 Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.5.2 Experts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Biodiversity Baseline Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Long-Term Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

5 Some Baseline Problems (and how to deal with them). . . . . . . . . . . . 515.1 What if a project commenced before adequate baseline studies were conducted?.5.2 Should invertebrates be included?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 What if specimens can’t be readily identified?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4 What if a species doesn’t have a valid conservation assessment?. . . . . . . .5.5 What if the distribution of the species is poorly understood?. . . . . . . . . .5.6 What if the species accumulation curve doesn’t saturate?. . . . . . . . . . .5151525353546 Administration of the Biodiversity Baseline Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.1 Consultant selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.2 Need for an iterative approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Baseline Data Quality, Storage, and Sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.1 What types of data should be stored?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2 How should data be stored?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.3 Data sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4 Communicating the baseline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.4.1 Demonstrating compliance with regulatory, lender, or corporate requirements.7.4.2 Supporting the adaptive management of the baseline. . . . . . . . . . . .7.4.3 Supporting impact assessment and management planning. . . . . . . . . .7.4.4 Sharing baseline data with the scientific and conservation community. . . . .5859596161616262Appendix 1 – Annotated Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

Quick Guide to Developing a Biodiversity Baseline StudyA biodiversity baseline study is the work done to collect and interpret information on the biodiversityvalues occurring at a site, their current condition, and trends before a project commences. Thebiodiversity baseline study plays important roles in supporting the assessment of impacts and risksof a project, applying the biodiversity mitigation hierarchy, and designing the long-term biodiversitymonitoring program (if one is required).Biodiversity risks, management requirements, and information needs will vary according to the project,and therefore the biodiversity baseline study should be proportional and specific to the anticipatedrisk and significance of impacts from the project.This Quick Guide section of the report provides a summary of the important “good practices” forbiodiversity baseline studies that support biodiversity-inclusive impact assessment and managementplanning in environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs).Step 1: Identify the biodiversity baseline study area. The baseline study area should encompass thegeographic area of anticipated project activities and impacts -- the project area of influence. In somecases, it is good practice to expand the study area to include some or all of the larger distribution ofbiodiversity and ecosystem values across the landscape.CHECKLIST Have the project area of influence and the larger baseline study area beenidentified, and is the methodology and criteria that were used to determine itclearly described? Does the project area of influence include direct, indirect, and cumulativeareas of influence? Does the baseline study area consider the larger occurrence or distributionof biodiversity values, particularly those values that are range-restricted, thatmay be especially important for the interpretation of project impacts?5BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

Step 2: Identify the biodiversity values that will be included and potentially carried through the ESIA.The scope may also describe methodologies that should be used, define the spatial and temporalscale of the study, and identify the stakeholders to be consulted. The scope of the baseline studymust be carefully defined to meet the needs of the ESIA, without wasting resources by collectingunnecessary information.CHECKLIST Are the regulator, lender, and corporate requirements for the scope of thebiodiversity baseline study clearly understood and stated?Step 3: Review existing information on the biodiversity values that fall within the scope of the baselinestudy. It is possible that existing information is sufficiently current and comprehensive that fieldbased assessments are not necessary. To conduct the desk-based assessment, the project proponentshould compile and evaluate available biodiversity information on the distribution and abundanceof biodiversity values identified in the scoping stage, and summarize this information in a preliminarybaseline report or in the main baseline report.CHECKLIST Has current knowledge on biodiversity values that fall within the projectscope in the baseline study area been summarized, based on a review ofavailable literature, databases, unpublished studies, other relevant sources, aswell as on consultation with key experts and other stakeholders? Does the summary include a Terms of Reference (ToR) for field-basedassessment of biodiversity values sufficient to address any gaps that havebeen identified through desk-based assessment? Does the report list references and data sources used?6BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

Step 4: If necessary, conduct a field-based assessment of biodiversity values to fill the information gapsidentified from desktop analysis, stakeholder consultation, and other sources, as summarized in thepreliminary assessment and Terms of Reference. For large projects operating in biodiversity-sensitivecontexts, the field-based assessment may represent a large investment of time and resources. Thefield-based assessment may be a more modest effort, or may not be required at all, for smaller projectslocated in less biodiversity-sensitive contexts.CHECKLIST Is a detailed description available of the methodology, fieldwork dates,sampling, list of stakeholders consulted, team composition and qualifications,and any other information that will allow reviewers and the general public tounderstand the baseline process? Are field surveys adequately designed to assess variation in biodiversityvalues over time and within the baseline study area? Does the methodologyinclude a power analysis or another approach to assess whether the samplingeffort is sufficient? Have species surveys been organized with respect to specific natural habitattypes? Are maps available that show the distribution (and ideally abundance) ofbiodiversity values in the baseline study area? Are appropriate metrics identified to measure the viability and function forbiodiversity values, and is it explained how they should be monitored overthe long-term? Has an initial assessment been conducted of these metrics?7BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

Step 5: Integrate the data into a baseline report. The report will combine the information fromthe preliminary baseline report with the information collected from the field-based assessment todescribe the biodiversity values present in the baseline study area.CHECKLIST Does the baseline report list and describe the natural habitats, species, andecosystem services within the baseline study area, and include informationon their current conservation status (subnational, national, and global, asappropriate)? Does the baseline report provide discussion and additional information onCHECKLISTthe importance of the potentially affected habitats and species relative todistribution? theirDoes globalthe baselinereport list and describe the natural habitats, species, andecosystemservicesreportwithinprovidethe baselinestudy area,and includeinformation Doesthe baselinequantitativemeasuresof onal,national,andglobal, asdistribution, and other measures of viability and/or function, sufficientappropriate)?tosupport impact assessment, and if necessary, the application of themitigationhierarchy? biodiversityDoes the baselinereportprovide discussion and additional information onthe importanceof reportthe potentiallyaffectedhabitatsspecies relativeto Doesthe baselineclearly irglobaldistribution?and data gaps? And does it identify how to fill these gaps as part of theandreportSocialprovideMonitoringand ManagementPlanand Biodiversity EnvironmentalDoes the baselinequantitativemeasures ofabundance,ActionPlan?distribution, and other measures of viability and/or function, sufficient8BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

Throughout the baseline study: Engage stakeholders and experts. When developing a biodiversitybaseline study, it is important to engage stakeholders and experts throughout the baseline study andother steps of the ESIA. Engaging stakeholders allows a project to better characterize biodiversityvalues including ecosystem services in the baseline study area. Similarly, experts familiar with thestudy area can be of tremendous help in identifying biodiversity values that should be included inthe scope of the biodiversity baseline study, ruling out others that are not likely to be present, andreviewing the results of field-based assessments as they become available.CHECKLIST Does the baseline study, on its own, or in combination with a social baselinestudy, identify ecosystem services and their beneficiaries, defined throughconsultation with experts, organizations, and communities? Have the priority biodiversity values been defined through sufficientconsultation with experts, organizations, and communities? Is there evidence of stakeholder consensus on the scope of the biodiversitybaseline studies and impact assessment? Does the baseline provide a list of experts and stakeholders consulted andsupporting evidence?9BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

As required: Long-term biodiversity monitoring. If necessary, design a long-term biodiversitymonitoring program to verify the accuracy of predicted impacts and risks to biodiversity values posedby the project, and/or to verify the predicted effectiveness of biodiversity management actions.Biodiversity values that require monitoring will be identified in the project’s Environmental and SocialMonitoring and Management Plan (ESMMP) and/or the Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP).CHECKLIST Does the long-term monitoring program fully address the requirements laidout in the project’s Environmental and Social Monitoring and ManagementPlan and/or the Biodiversity Action Plan? Are the metrics that are monitored capable of providing meaningful andrelevant information in a cost-effective manner? Does the monitoring program include both process and outcome metrics? Isthe frequency of monitoring appropriate for each? Has the long term monitoring program been designed to achieve sufficientstatistical rigor to support adaptive management of the project’s mitigationprogram?10BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

1 Introduction1.1 Who is this document for?This document is produced for corporations, lenders, regulators, and others involved in conductingEnvironmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs). It summarizes “good practices” for biodiversitybaseline studies that support biodiversity-inclusive impact assessment and management planningin ESIAs.This document is based on a review and synthesis of various reports and guidance documentsfrom multi-lateral financing institutions (MFIs), government regulators, industry associations, andnon-governmental organizations (NGOs). It is not intended to replace ESIA guidance, but rather tosupplement it where biodiversity is not adequately covered. This document is a companion to GoodPractices for Biodiversity-Inclusive Impact Assessment and Management Planning1.Biodiversity risks, management requirements, and information needs will vary according to the project,and should be proportional and specific to the anticipated risk and significance of impacts. Investmentsin developing thorough baselines, if properly scoped, are likely to be cost-effective as they may preventcostly delays and difficulties due to biodiversity-related issues that could become apparent at laterstages of project development. This document offers a range of options for good practices, leaving it tothe project developer to select the appropriate approach required for their context.This guidance should help those involved in developing ESIAs to understand the technical conceptsunderpinning biodiversity baseline studies, specify the required studies/analyses to be undertaken byspecialists, and help with the interpretation of results. Although this guidance emphasizes terrestrialecosystems, the basic approach and principles described are applicable to any ecosystem.For some projects, adequate biodiversity baseline studies may not be achieved by conducting a singlefield campaign. An iterative approach may be needed to respond to new information arising from theproject site and to meet the evolving needs of the environmental assessment. As a result, it is goodpractice to begin the collection of biodiversity baseline information early in the project cycle, and forcontingency funds to be available to cover the costs of additional studies should they be necessary2.12Hardner, J., R.E. Gullison, S. Anstee, M. Meyer. 2014. Good Practices for Biodiversity-Inclusive Impact Assessment and Management Planning.Prepared for the Multi-lateral Financing Institutions Biodiversity Working Group.The Cross-Sector Biodiversity Initiative Timeline Tool provides a helpful framework for aligning biodiversity baseline activities with project andfinancing timelines: diversity-initiative-timeline-tool11BEST PRACTICES FORBiodiversity Baselines

1.2 Key definitionsBefore proceeding further, it is worth defining several key terms. Biodiversity is “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial,marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; thisincludes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems3”. Species refers to the largest group of similar living organisms that are capable of mating andproducing fertile offspring. Smaller groups of similar organisms that meet the same criteria may bereferred to as populations, or sub-populations. Habitats are the place or type of site where an organism or a population naturally occurs4. Ecosystems are a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities of speciesand their

and therefore the biodiversity baseline study should be proportional and specific to the anticipated risk and significance of impacts from the project. This Quick Guide section of the report provides a summary of the important “good practices” for biodiversity baseline studies that suppor

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