What Is Urban Sprawl? Concepts And Perceptions
What Is Urban Sprawl?Concepts and PerceptionsMichael Batty for the SCATTER TeamUniversity College Londonhttp://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/scatter/Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Outline of the Talk1. Urban Sprawl and Urban Growth: An Age-OldPhenomenon2. The Forces at Work: Concentration,Population Growth and Decentralisation3. Types of Sprawl: The Impact of the Car4. Impacts and Costs of Sprawl5. The SCATTER Project: Sprawl in Europe6. Policies: Sustainability and Smart GrowthFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
1. Urban Sprawl and Urban Growth: An AgeOld Phenomenon Sprawl is directly identified with urban growth as cities get bigger, they expand around theirperipheriesBut sprawl is more specific, it is defined as‘uncoordinated growth’: the expansion of acommunity without concern for consequences orenvironmental impact.Sprawl goes back to Roman times, first formallydefined as a term in the 1820s in EnglandFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Critics of suburbia date from William Cobbett(1762-1835), author of Rural Rides. As early asthe 1820s he declared, riding west from London,that “all Middlesex is ugly”, a sprawl of “showy,tea-garden-like houses”.“Need I speak to you of the wretched suburbs thatsprawl all round our fairest and most ancientcities?” William Morris, Art Under Plutocracy,date unknown, between 1870 and 1896William Holly Whyte: 1959: The ExplodingMetropolis, is an early post-war statementFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
2. The Forces at Work Big Cities are still attracting population, megacities and capital cities like Brussels, London, . But population is being added to the edgeat lower densities and the dominant transportis the car, for ease of accessPopulation and other activity is alsodecentralising very fast to lower densitysuburbsThe costs of growth are hard to assessbecause this growth is at a very individual levelFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
In terms of urban growth, these forces divideinto those that are centralising and those thatare decentralising, sometimes called forces ofconcentration or deconcentration. This iscomplex in that there is subtle mixes of these.The rise of the industrial city in the 18th & 19thcenturies was marked by strong centralisationand concentration as people flocked from therural hinterland to work in the cityFor the last 100 years, decentralisation hasbecome more powerful due to the fallingtransport costs, the switch from publictransport to car, and the desire for more spaceFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
In the last 30 years, perhaps less, there hasbeen a drift back to the countryside by citydwellers. This is primarily modern-day sprawl,although it is really based on richer peopleseeking country-like livingSometimes this is called “counter urbanisation”Even more recently there is a trend towardsmoving back into the inner city or central citybut all these migration streams are occurringbecause people have more flexibility and areable to indulge their preferences much morethan they were able to in the past.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
You can see both these forces at work spatiallyand historically in the growth of large cities suchas Greater London (below)various types of sprawl are revealed as followsFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
3. Types of Urban Sprawl? Strip development, corridors of highaccessibility along roads Scattered development - uncoordinated Development that leapfrogs existing barriersBut in contrast Compact development Polynucleated developmentFirst look at development in terms of patternsbut then in terms of actual pictures of formFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
From Galster, G. et al.(2001)Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Compact DevelopmentPolynucleated DevelopmentMain centre of economic activitysurrounding by populationClustering of population and economicactivities around several centresConcentric zone, sector modelsSome pictures Sprawl is contrasted to this ideal formFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Rates of Growth have been very rapid during the last 50 yearsFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
1940s sprawl: it is an advert from theLA Times in 1948 showing the typicalsprawl of the 1930s and 1940s inSouthern CaliforniaThis is taken from Mike Davies’sbook Ecology of FearBelow is more modern sprawl – largerlotsFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
The Why and How of Examining Sprawl ? Sprawl is seen as a negative urban form thusMajority of work is on the impacts of sprawl andmost of it in the USAMajor focus is on anti – sprawl reform to achievethe compact cityFour major viewpoints of impacts of sprawl:1.2.Aesthetic: sprawl seen as despoiling the countryside, partof anti – suburban biasEfficiency: costly for the society as a whole.Major perceived costs are infrastructure and operating costs;commuting time, congestion and household spending ontransport; lack of public transport; loss of agricultural land; loss ofenvironmentally fragile lands.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Two main viewpoints, economic and planning, on whethersprawl is efficient or notEconomic: Sprawl is efficient and reflects a properly functioningland market Costs can be solved by enforcing charges forexternalities and pricing for public good not regulationPlanning: Assumes compact form is feasible and desirable Costs of sprawl are due to lack of planning Solution is regulation and planning which encouragesgreater centralization, contiguity and higher densities3. Equity : sprawl creates a concentration of non-whiteresidents in the inner cities and removes tax fundingfrom the inner cities to the suburbs4. Environmental: low density cities use more energyFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Sustainability is the key concept in theEuropean debate on urban sprawl.Sustainability is a complex and inclusiveconcept. It does not allow for a straightforwardassessment of the different impacts of urbansprawl.Uncertainty on definitions and explanations ofurban sprawl hamper the design of policymeasures.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
The Key Elements of Urban Sprawl Different disciplinary perspectives overlapeach of them providing unique insights,possible explanations, descriptive andanalytical approaches to urban sprawl Research topics:– Spatial patterns of demographic growth– The geography of jobs location– The role of changing lifestyles on urban patterns– The new forms of mobility and commuting– The role of planningFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Issues that need further exploration The impact of national and local policies – oftenconflicting In Europe, continent wide policies, particularlyregional and national transport policies and howthese might help or make urban sprawl worse Long range migration and sprawl Types of sprawl: e.g. developing countries Cities and regions working at different speedsFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
4. Impacts and Costs of of Sprawl Ecological Impacts(1)––Land consumption The amount of open spaceused by each inhabitant has increased in thelast 20 years by two or three times.Energy consumption. The level of gasconsumption can be used as a parameter of thelevel of car use. The United Nations and theEuropean Union have moved in favour of thecompact city embracing the position, supportedby research (that more dense cities consume theleast amount of energy for transport.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Ecological Impacts(2)– Atmospheric pollution The level ofpollution due to motorcar dependencycan more easily be connected topopulation densities.– Despite these studies it cannot beinferred that density alone is sufficient toexplain the level of pollution. Thisrelationship between density level andpollution is arguable and should befurther investigated to understand whichactivities should be more concentrated.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Economic sustainability(1)The economic sustainability of the dispersedcity model must be addressed at two differentscales:––At the micro-level urban sprawl tends to imposeseveral and often hidden costs (notably transportcosts) on individuals and householdsAt the macro-economic level, issues of economicefficiency and economic performance of citiesemerge. Urban sprawl if often associated with highcosts of urbanisation and infrastructuredevelopment.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Economic sustainability(2)––Issues of economic efficiency and city size or formcan also be raised, even though the debateremains still largely theoretical. Recent studies(Rousseau, 1998; Prud’homme, 2000; Cervero,2001) indicate that places with sprawling, autocentric landscape are poor economic performers.Other studies support the assumption that agreater mobility in towns and higher transport costsmay reflect a better functioning of urban economicmarkets.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Spatial segregation and social cohesion– In metropolitan cities mostly affected bydynamics of sub-urbanisation and sprawl,space has developed according to clearpatterns of social ecology. However it is stilluncertain if this social geographies will turninto patter of social segregation.– Differences must be made with regard tothe size of cities. Large cities displaydifferent population distribution patternsfrom medium size cities.– Community and IdentityFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Decline of town centres– Most often described as a reduceddemographic and economic weight ofcentres and as a loss in the capacity ofcentres to act as agglomeration poles.– Raises issues of intra-urban and interurban polycentric systems.– No clear direct or indirect relationship withurban sprawl.– Literature from this area can be a source ofuseful indicators.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Summary of Impacts of Sprawl Reasons for the confusion over impacts are:No agreement on characteristics, causes and effectsBenefits of sprawl not adequately taken into accountSprawl is seen as one form not part of a continuumfrom compact to dispersed development Sprawl is seen as static not as a process: changes inform occur over time through infill and compaction withresulting changes to characteristics and impacts Costs are attributed to sprawl with little causal relationestablishedFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Effects due to densities, types of land use andcontiguity need to be isolated From development standards, governance,infrastructure, level of services and socioeconomiccharacteristics of households Sprawl is seen as creating new costs, however, thereis no comparison of costs of sprawl with costs of theideal of compact development Comparison of studies on costs is difficult becausekey aspects/terms are not adequately measured e.g.density, rapid growthMuch of the material presented is from our review inwork package 1 and fromTransportation Research Board, National Research Council (1998), The Costs ofSprawl – Revisited, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
5. The SCATTER Project: Sprawl in Europe Sylvie Gayda has outlined the project, and the rest ofthe day will be about this and SELMA, the relatedproject, and various city case studies. But all we needto say here is that the candidate cities representsmany different types of sprawl and are at manydifferent scalesAlso our approach is to look at the socio-economic,not merely the physical aspects of development, sowe can get some handle on the way typical Europeancities have developed during the last 40 0r 50 years.Here are a couple of pictures of scale and thenphysical development, and we will see a lot more ofthis wrt to policy testing this afternoon.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
The Review of sprawl world wideInterviews with local representativesUnderstanding sprawl in the six cities fromspatial trends in demographic and economicdata over the last 30 yearsDeveloping land use/transportation models inthree cities – Brussels, Stuttgart and Helsinkipicking up on the PROPOLIS projectDevelopment of scenarios based on changesto transport and land taxationPolicies at the local levelFinal Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
6. Policies: Sustainability and Smart Growth A brief word by way of conclusion on policies –these range from the notions about pilingeverything into some sort of compact city toideas about developing clusters in polycentricfashion to letting cities rip in terms of peripheralgrowth, regardless. We will show various testsof these later this afternoon Let me finish by illustrating the debate iscontinuing and there is no clear resolution. Thehot topic in the USA is the idea that we cannotstop growth but we can be smart about it.Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
Conclusions are Questions ?http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/scatter/Final Seminar of the SCATTER ProjectBrussels, November 9, 2004
1. Urban Sprawl and Urban Growth: An Age-Old Phenomenon Sprawl is directly identified with urban growth - as cities get bigger, they expand around their peripheries But sprawl is more specific, it is defined as ‘uncoordinated growth’: the expansion of a community
Sprawl development consists of three basic spatial forms: low-density continuous sprawl, ribbon sprawl, and leapfrog development sprawl (Harvey and Clark 1971). . Leapfrog development sprawl is a discontinuous
Chapter 2 Causes and Consequences of Urban Growth and Sprawl 2.1 Introduction An overall idea about urban growth and sprawl has been provided in Chap. 1. This chapter is aimed to list the causes and consequences of urban growth and sprawl. The causes that force growth in urban areas and the causes that are responsible for
characterised by low population density that can manifest itself in multiple ways. The different dimensions of urban sprawl are measured by the seven indicators described in Table 1. Urban sprawl may even exist in urban areas where average population density is relatively high, if those areas contain large amounts of land where density is very low.
Urban Design is only is 85; there is no application fee. Further information and application form see the UDG website www.udg.org.uk or phone 020 7250 0892 Urban Degsi n groUp Urban U Degsi n groUp UrBan DesiGn145 Winter 2018 Urban Design Group Journal ISSN 1750 712X nortH aMeriCa URBAN DESIGN GROUP URBAN DESIGN
land use/land cover mapping, analysis of urban land use land cover change in 2003 to 2016 and monitoring of the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural land. II. Methods and materials 1. Study area The study area is limited to two sectors of Musanze District where the ur
4.1.3 Boston Indicators. 68 4.1.4 Urban Indicators for Managing Cities - ADB. 69 4.1.5 Costs of Sprawl: 2000 - TRB. 70 4.1.6 Sprawling Cities And TransporT: from Evaluation to Recommendations .
2. Create a ModelBuilder on ArcGis Pro to put all the data together 3. Use Python toolbox to determine how far urban sprawl has taken over Hall County. Methods and Materials: Materials: When looking at urban sprawl, remote sensing is one of the best to get a great visual of what is happening. But, we can use Python to help look at the big picture.
Research shows adventure tourism to be a part icularly resilient niche, and when destinations proactively invest in their adventure markets, arrivals increase. For instance, at the AdventureNEXT trade event in May 2018, Jordan’s Tourism minister Lina Annab revealed that subsequent to a focused approach toward adventure tourism development, which included several collaborations with ATTA and .
