The Speech Chain - Stanford University
PhoneticsLing 105/205Handout 1Sept. 27, 2005reading: Johnson Ch.1 (Thurs)The Speech Chain1. (planning) articulation acoustics audition perception(from Denes & Pinson, 1993)- traditional areas of phonetic studyspeech production – how people plan and execute speech movementsspeech perception – auditory perceptionspeech acoustics – general theory of acoustics (particularly in a tube)2. What is linguistic phonetics?- approaches to linguistic phoneticspractical (impressionistic) – skills of production & transcription, introspection aboutarticulationtheoretical – accounts of speech production, perception, and acoustics; explanationsfor patterns in languagesexperimental – obtaining data using specialized equipment with the goals ofdeveloping theories of speech or language and describing sounds or soundstructures of individual languages1
Articulatory phonetics3. Vocal anatomyThe principal parts of the upper surface ofthe vocal tract(from Ladefoged, 1993)The principal parts of the lower surface ofthe vocal tract4. Place of articulation – consonants- There are two aspects to a ‘place of articulation’: what moves and what it movestowards.- active articulators move (the tongue is the ‘default’ active articulator)- passive articulators do not(from Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1995)2
5. Manners of articulation (degree of constriction)stop “Complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escapethrough the mouth”- can be oral (produced with raised velum) or nasal (produced with loweredvelum)fricative “Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partiallyobstructed and turbulent airflow is produced”affricate A combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative at the same placeof articulationapproximant “An articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without thevocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream isproduced.”- can be central (this is default) or lateral (“Obstruction of the airstream at apoint along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between oneor oth sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth”)6. Voicingthe larynx(from Pickett, 1999)Laryngeal settings- The opening between the vocal folds can vary from wide (completely open) tocompletely closed.- Given sufficient airflow, the vocal folds vibrate if they are close together butnot closed. y[ ]
7. Airstream mechanismsarticulationphonationrespiration(from Fucci & Lass, 1999)---Most sounds are produced with air expelled from the lungs: pulmonic egressiveairstream.Ejectives are produced with a glottal closure and a supra-laryngeal constriction (usually aclosure). The glottis is raised, compressing air between the two constrictions. Then thesupra-laryngeal constriction is released, resulting in a very rapid increase in airflow.(glottalic egressive)(e.g., Lakhota, Quechua, Navajo)Implosives are stops produced with larynx lowering during the closure. This lowerspressure in the oral cavity and can result in ingressive airflow when the stop closure isreleased. (glottalic ingressive)(e.g., Sindhi)Clicks are produced by trapping a small pocket of air within the mouth (generallybetween the tongue and the palate, with two points of constriction). A vacuum is created(generally by lowering the tongue), and when one of the closures is released, air rushesinto the oral cavity. (velaric ingressive)(e.g., Khoisan languages)4
8. Vowel articulation- Vowels are produced with the tongue as the active articulator, but the degree ofconstriction is less than for consonants.- They are described articulatorily in terms of the height (from low to high) and backness(back to front) of the tongue during the vowel.- Some vowels are produced with lip rounding while others are not.- Additionally, vowels can be oral or nasal (or nasalized) and produced with different voicequalities (modal, breathy, creaky, etc.)9. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)- The IPA chart is a summary of a theory of linguistic phonetics. Its scope is limited tosounds that have linguistic significance.- It also predicts which articulatory combinations are impossible.5
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The Speech Chain 1. (planning) articulation acoustics audition perception (from Denes & Pinson, 1993) -traditional areas of phonetic study speech production – how people plan and execute speech movements speech perception – auditory perception speech acoustics – general theory of acoustics (particularly in a tube) 2.
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