DESIGN A SMART INSECT REPELLER USING ULTRASONIC
DESIGN A SMART INSECT REPELLER USING ULTRASONIC SENSORNUR NAJIAH BINTI MOHD NASIRThis thesis is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of theBachelor of Electrical Engineering (Hons.) (Electronics)Faculty of Electrical & Electronics EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia Pahang21 JUN 2012
vABSTRACTDesign a smart insect repeller circuit using ultrasonic sensor is a project thatusing an ultrasonic sensor as it’s based on generate frequency which can repel insects insmall places. It is design to be a low cost ultrasonic insect repeller. Human beings can’thear these high-frequency sounds. Unfortunately, all insects do not react at the sameultrasonic frequency. While some insects get repelled at 35 kHz, some others getrepelled at 38 to 40 kHz. Thus to increase the effectiveness, frequency of ultrasonicoscillator has to be continuously varied between certain limits. By using this circuitdesign, frequency of emission of ultrasonic sound is continuously varied step-by-stepautomatically. For each clock pulse output from op-amp IC1 CA3130 (which is wiredhere as a low-frequency square wave oscillator), the logic 1 output of IC2 CD4017(which is a well-known decade counter) shifts from Q0 to Q4. Five presets VR2 throughVR6 (one each connected at Q0 to Q4 output pins) are set for different values andconnected to pin 7 of IC3 (NE555) electronically. VR1 is used to change clock pulserate. IC3 is wired as an astable multivibrator operating at a frequency of nearly 80 kHz.Its output is not symmetrical. IC4 is CD4013, a D-type flip-flop which deliverssymmetrical 40kHz signals at its Q and Q outputs which are amplified in push-pullmode by transistors T1, T2, T3 and T4 to drive a low-cost, high-frequency piezotweeter.
viABSTRAKMerekabentuk litar penghalau serangga pintar adalah satu projek yangmenggunakan sensor ultrasonik kerana ia berdasarkan kekerapan yang terjana yangboleh menghalau serangga di tempat-tempat yang kecil. Ia direka bentuk untuk menjadipenghalau serangga berkos rendah. Manusia tidak boleh mendengar bunyi frekuensitinggi. Malangnya, semua serangga tidak bertindak balas pada frekuensi ultrasonik yangsama. Oleh itu, untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan, frekuensi pengayun ultrasonik akanterus berbeza di antara had tertentu. Dengan menggunakan reka bentuk litar ini,kekerapan pelepasan bunyi ultrasonik secara berterusan diubah langkah demi langkahsecara automatik. Bagi setiap output denyutan jam dari op-amp IC1 CA313, logik 1output IC2 CD4017 beralih dari Q0 Q4. Lima perintang boleh laras VR2 melalui VR6(setiap satu yang disambungkan pada pin output Q0 - Q4) yang ditetapkan untuk nilaiyang berbeza dan disambungkan kepada pin 7 IC3 (NE555) secara elektronik. VR1digunakan untuk menukar kadar nadi jam. IC3 berwayar sebagai operasi getar astabilpada frekuensi hampir 80 kHz. Output yang tidak simetri. IC4 adalah CD4013, D-jenisflip-flop yang menyampaikan isyarat 40kHz simetri di Q dan Q output yang dikuatkandalam mod tolak-tarik oleh transistor T1, T2, T3 dan T4 untuk menghasilkan frekuensitinggi menerusi piezotweeter.
viiLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.TITLEPAGE2.1Classification of Sound202.2Classification of Acoustic222.3Longitunidal Wave252.4Tranverse Wave262.5Surface Wave262.6Symmetrical Lamb wave272.7Asymmetrical Lamb wave272.8Continuous wave of ultrasound283.1Block Diagram for Ultrasonic Insect Repeller313.2Block Diagram of Ultrasonic Insect Repeller Circuit333.3Schematic Diagram for CA3130 op amps343.4The counting action of the CD4017353.5Total beam angle of sensor394.1Multisim 8 Software414.2Digital Oscilloscopes in the Multisim 8424.3Output signal445.1Technical datasheet for MPT-165 piezotweeter485.2Signal produce by the output produce by49ultrasonic transducer - piezotweeter5.3Signal at op-amp CA3130 verify by VR1 (minimum)505.4Signal at op-amp CA3130 verify by VR1 (maximum)50
viii5.5Signal at Q0 verify by VR2 (maximum)515.6Signal at Q0 verify by VR2 (minimum)515.7Signal at Q1 verify by VR3 (maximum)525.8Signal at Q1 verify by VR3 (minimum)525.9Signal at Q2 verify by VR4 (maximum)535.10Signal at Q2 verify by VR4 (minimum)535.11Signal at Q3 verify by VR5 (maximum)545.12Signal at Q3 verify by VR5 (minimum)545.13Signal at Q4 verify by VR6 (maximum)555.14Signal at Q4 verify by VR6 (minimum)555.15Signal at Q CD4013565.16Signal at Q’ CD4013565.17The circuit test on the protoboard575.18Actual picture of circuit575.19Circuit with ultrasonic transducer – piezotweeter585.20Circuit test with oscilloscope and power supply585.21Portable ultrasonic insect repeller60
ixLIST OF TABLETABLE NO.TITTLEPAGE2.1Some flies that spread disease19 - 205.1Problem and solution for the design5.2Measurement of component46 – 475.3Measurement of length48 – 4945
TABLE OF MENTivABSTRACTvABSTRAKviLIST OF FIGURESviiLIST OF TABLEIxINTRODUCTION1.1Background11.2Problem Statement31.3Objective31.4Scope of Project41.5Thesis Arrangement4LITERATURE tion72.2.2Types of Cockroaches82.2.2.192.2.3BehaviorDescription11
2.2.42.2.3.1Eggs and egg capsules112.2.3.2Sounds12Role as Pests122.2.4.114Avoid Cockroach Disease byAvoiding tion162.3.3Habits172.3.4Importance of Flies182.3.4.1182.3.52.42.516Harmful FliesBeneficial Flies19Ultrasonic202.4.1Classification of sound23Physics of Ultrasonic242.5.1Ultrasonic Wave Propagation272.5.2Properties of acoustic Plane wave282.5.3Wavelength, Frequency and29Period of Ultrasound2.5.43Applications of Ultrasonic Energy30METHODOLOGY3.1Block Diagram313.2Block Diagram Description333.2.1Generate Frequency333.2.2Decade Counter343.2.3Timer353.2.4Dual D Flip-Flop37
4Amplifier373.2.6Ultrasonic ltisim Simulation414.1.2Circuit Simulation43RESULT AND DISCUSSION455.1Problem and Trouble Shooting455.2Result465.2.15.36Pre-SetupThe Complete Design4657CONCLUSION AND 6.3Costing and Commercialization62REFERENCESAPPENDIXES A-I6364 - 96
1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1BackgroundHuman, animal or anything can produce sound. This sound is creating by theinsect during their movement or anything. Insect can be defined as any of numeroussmall invertebrate (without a backbone) animals (as centipedes or spiders) that aremore or less obviously segmented. Insects can be a nuisance to humans and, undercertain conditions, can be a hazard to the health and lives of people. There are manyapproaches to controlling insects populations, including chemical pesticide control,insect-repelling plants and insect traps. Electronic pest control devices also provide aconvenient means for controlling insects in or near your home. Ultrasonic DevicesUltrasonic is a term for the audio frequency range that is too high--more than20,000 hertz--to be perceived by the human ear, but it can be perceived by insectsand animals. Devices that emit ultrasonic sounds have long been used as a way tocontrol misbehaving dogs, repel deer and to discourage insect proliferation. Theefficacy of these devices at repelling insects is doubtful at best. The Federal Trade
2Commission and the American Mosquito Control Association have both warnedconsumers that scientific inquiries into the effectiveness of ultrasonic insect controldevices have, at best, a temporary and fleeting effect on insect populations. Frequencies to Repel InsectsGardeners and anyone who spends a lot of time outdoors in the spring andsummer commonly fight insect on slaughts. Drawn by perspiration and scents,insects swarm during warmer weather. Sprays can stink, and long clothing isn'talways a viable option, so some people seek to repel insects through machines thatemit high frequencies. The idea is that the ultrasonic sounds bother insects and theywill fly away from it. However, scientific studies repeatedly have questioned whethersuch devices are effective. Theory Behind Frequencies to Repel InsectsMachines that emit ultrasonic sounds produce noises so high-pitched thatthey are undetectable to the human ear. Proponents of machines claim that thedevices do several things to repel insects. First, the machines mimic predators, whichscare away insects. A mosquito, for example, may think a predatory dragonfly isnearby. Moths may believe a bat is swooping down to feed. Some products alsoclaim that the sound mimics male mosquitoes, and that the biting females will flee,having already mated during the season. High-frequency sound machinemanufacturers claim that the frequencies prompt insects to leave the areaimmediately without harming or inconveniencing humans in the process
31.2Problem StatementThis project is more focus on mosquito and flies. There is a lot of diseasecause by insects. For example:i.Cockroaches can cause cholera while flies can cause typhoid fever which willbe hazard to the health and lives of people.ii.Many approaches to controlling insect populations, including chemicalpesticide control, insect-repelling plants and insect traps does not efficient.iii.Many advertisement in television and radio such as mosquito coil that usechemical to repel insects which will be hazard to environment.1.3Objective.The objective of this project comprises of the following :i.To design a circuit using ultrasonic sensors that repelled insects using itsfrequency hearing range.ii.The design will be a low cost portable sound frequency detector.
41.4Scope of ProjectThis project is widely use depending on situation and places. For this projectit is design to meet the following scope.i.Sound frequency will be detected within the coverage area about 21mm to37mm.ii.1.5Condition of room is solid wallThesis ArrangementTo complete this thesis, I must completed 6 requirements which isIntroduction, Literature Review, Hardware Design, Software Design, Result andDiscussion and the last chapter is Conclusion and Further Development of theproject.Chapter 1 is about the introduction of the project. This chapter is more onbasic idea of this project, objective and overall view about the project.While in Chapter 2, it will discuss more on theory and literature reviews thathave been done. Here, theory about the insects, ultrasonic and about insect repellerusing ultrasonic sensors itself will explain details such as biological classification ofmosquito and flies, classification of sound, types of the physic of ultrasound and theultrasonic circuit.Chapter 3 is about the design and methodology of this project. Generalconcept of this project is the component that have been use in this project.
5Chapter 4 is about the simulation of the circuit. This chapter will explain theconcept idea of simulation.While in Chapter 5 it will discuss about the analysis all the result and thelimitation barrier in completing this project.Chapter 6 consists of the conclusion and further development of this project.
6CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1IntroductionIn completing this project, some literature reviews have been done on severalresources. The theory and description plus details about the project have taken asguidance in completing this project. By this chapter, an overview of some applicationthat similar to the project and related project design is present.
72.2Cockroaches2.2.1IntroductionCockroaches are one of the oldest groups of insects, indicating howsuccessful they have been in adapting to changes in their environments. One reasonfor this success may be related to diet--they are scavengers and will eat anythingorganic. They prefer food sources such as starches, sweets, grease and meat products,but other items may include cheese, beer, leather, glue, hair, starch in book bindings,flakes of dried skin or decaying organic matter (plant or animal). Cockroaches areattracted to warm, moist environments. They spend the daylight hours in dark,secluded sites under refrigerators, stoves, false bottoms in kitchen cabinets, in thebacks of cabinets and in crevices between baseboards and floors or cabinets andwalls. They may also be found behind pictures or within electronic equipment. Anumber of these openings will ultimately lead to voids in the stud walls. The insectsleave these sites at night to forage for food and water. The presence of cockroachesduring the day may indicate a large population. There are about 3,000 species ofcockroaches in the world and about 50 occur in the United States. Of these 50species, the three most common in the Northeast are the German cockroach, theAmerican cockroach and the brownbanded cockroach. Cockroaches are insects of theorder Blattaria or Blattodea, of which about 30 species out of 4,500 total areassociated with human habitations. About four species are well known as pests.Among the best-known pest species are the American cockroach, Periplanetaamericana, which is about 30 millimetres (1.2 in) long, the German cockroach,Blattella germanica, about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long, the Asian cockroach,Blattella asahinai, also about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in length, and the Orientalcockroach, Blatta orientalis, about 25 millimetres (0.98 in). Tropical cockroaches areoften much bigger, and extinct cockroach relatives and 'roachoids' such as the
8Carboniferous Archimylacris and the Permian Apthoroblattina were not as large asthe biggest modern species.2.2.2 Types of CockroachesGerman Cockroach : Blattella germanica - The German cockroach is 12 to17 mm (1/2 to 5/8 inch) long, tan to light brown, and has two dark brownstripes on the body region (pronotal shield) just behind the head. Females willproduce four to eight egg capsules during their lifetime, with each capsulecontaining approximately 40 eggs. The egg capsule is retained by the femaleuntil the eggs are ready to hatch, usually in 28 to 30 days. Germancockroaches are widespread and can be found in homes, restaurants,hospitals, nursing homes or apartments. Within these areas, the cockroachesprefer sites close to moisture and food, making them common pests inkitchens, bathrooms and food-storage areas. Of the cockroaches which infeststructures, the German cockroach is probably found more frequently thanother species. American Cockroach : Periplaneta americana - The American cockroach isone of the largest cockroaches in the Northeast. It is about 40 mm (1.5inches) long with a reddish-brown body. The center portion of the pronotalshield is light brown, while the outer edges are yellow. Even though bothsexes are winged, their flight is more of a gliding movement from point topoint than active flight. The female American cockroach will not retain theegg capsule for more than a day after its formation, instead dropping thecapsule in some suitable site. Under some conditions it may be glued to asurface. The number of capsules produced by a female will range from 6 to14, with each capsule containing 14 to 16 eggs. The eggs hatch in 50 to 55days. The American cockroach prefers dark, moist sites where it feeds ondecaying organic matter. Such sites include basements, kitchens, clothes
9hampers, drains, bathroom plumbing or sewers. High populations have beenknown to develop in sewers, from where they infest households or otherstructures. Brownbanded Cockroach : Supella longipalpa - The brownbandedcockroach is 12 mm (1/2 inch) long, light brown, and has two lighter coloredbands running across the body. These bands are located at the base of thewings and on the abdomen. The bands are much darker during the immaturestages. The brownbanded female carries the egg capsule for 24 to 48 hoursbefore gluing it to a surface. The capsule contains approximately 18 eggs thathatch in 50-74 days. An adult female produces about 18 egg capsules over alife-span of 10 months. The brownbanded cockroach requires less moisturethan other cockroaches. It is more prevalent in homes, apartments, hotels andhospital rooms than in restaurants or stores. Evidence of this cockroach maybe found behind pictures, in furniture, the underside of chairs and tables,upper kitchen cabinets or the upper shelves of closets and pantries. Thebrownbanded cockroach often infests electrical appliances such as radios,televisions, telephones and computers.2.2.2.1 BehaviourCockroaches live in a wide range of environments around the world. Pestspecies of cockroaches adapt readily to a variety of environments, but prefer warmconditions found within buildings. Many tropical species prefer even warmerenvironments and do not fare well in the average household. The spines on the legswere earlier considered to be sensory, but observations of their locomotion on sandand wire meshes have demonstrated that they help in locomotion on difficult terrain.The structures have been used as inspiration for robotic legs. Cockroaches leave
10chemical trails in their feces as well as emitting airborne pheromones for swarmingand mating. These chemical trails transmit bacteria on surfaces. Other cockroacheswill follow these trails to discover sources of food and water, and also discoverwhere other cockroaches are hiding. Thus, cockroaches can exhibit emergentbehavior, in which group or swarm behavior emerges from a simple set of individualinteractions. Daily rhythms may also be regulated by a complex set of hormonalcontrols of which only a small subset have been understood. In 2005, the role of oneof these proteins, Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), was isolated and found to be akey mediator in the circadian rhythms of the cockroach. Research has shown thatgroup-based decision-making is responsible for complex behavior such as resourceallocation. In a study where 50 cockroaches were placed in a dish with three shelterswith a capacity for 40 insects in each, the insects arranged themselves in two shelterswith 25 insects in each, leaving the third shelter empty. When the capacity of theshelters was increased to more than 50 insects per shelter, all of the cockroachesarranged themselves in one shelter. Researchers found a balance betweencooperation and competition exists in the group decision-making behavior found incockroaches. The models used in this research can also explain the group dynamicsof other insects and animals. Cockroaches are mainly nocturnal and will run awaywhen exposed to light. A peculiar exception is the Asian cockroach, which isattracted to light. Another study tested the hypothesis that cockroaches use just twopieces of information to decide where to go under those conditions: how dark it isand how many other cockroaches there are. The study conducted by José Halloy andcolleagues at the Free University of Brussels and other European institutions createda set of tiny robots that appear to the roaches as other roaches and can thus alter theroaches' perception of critical mass. The robots were also specially scented so thatthey would be accepted by the real roaches. Additionally, researchers at TohokuUniversity engaged in a classical conditioning experiment with cockroaches anddiscovered that the insects were able to associate the scent of vanilla and peppermintwith a sugar treat
112.2.3DescriptionCockroaches are generally rather large insects. Most species are about thesize of a thumbnail, but several species are bigger. The world's heaviest cockroach isthe Australian giant burrowing cockroach, which can reach 9 centimetres (3.5 in) inlength and weigh more than 30 grams (1.1 oz). Comparable in size is the CentralAmerican giant cockroach Blaberus giganteus, which grows to a similar length but isnot as heavy. Cockroaches have a broad, flattened body and a relatively small head.They are generalized insects, with few special adaptations, and may be among themost primitive living neopteran insects. The mouthparts are on the underside of thehead and include generalised chewing mandibles. They have large compound eyes,two ocelli, and long, flexible, antennae. The first pair of wings (the tegmina) a
insect-repelling plants and insect traps. Electronic pest control devices also provide a convenient means for controlling insects in or near your home. Ultrasonic Devices Ultrasonic is a term for the audio frequency range that is too high--more than 20,000 hertz--to be perceived by the h
EI Ion Source - Extractor Clean the parts highlighted in blue. 1 Set screws 2 Screws 3 Source body 4 Extractor lens 5 Extractor lens insulator 6 Filaments 7 Spring washer 8 Lens insulator 9 Entrance lens 10 Ion focus lens 11 Repeller insulator 12 Repeller 13 Flat washer 14 Belleville spring washer 15 Repeller nut 16 Source heater block assembly
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