Electronic Warfare - National Defense University
Joint Publication 3-13.1Electronic Warfare08 February 2012
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW Provides an Overview of Electronic Warfare Describes Organizing for Joint Electronic Warfare Explains Planning Joint Electronic Warfare Discusses Coordinating Joint Electronic Warfare Addresses Multinational Aspects of Electronic WarfareOverview of Electronic WarfareMilitary operations areexecuted in anenvironment complicatedby increasingly complexdemands on theelectromagnetic spectrum.All modern forces depend on the electromagnetic spectrum(EMS). The military requirement for unimpeded access to,and use of, the EMS is the key focus for jointelectromagnetic spectrum operations (JEMSO), both insupport of military operations and as the focus ofoperations themselves. Electronic warfare (EW) isessential for protecting friendly operations and denyingadversary operations within the EMS throughout theoperational environment.Military Operations andthe ElectromagneticEnvironmentJEMSO are the coordinated efforts of EW and jointelectromagnetic spectrum management operations(JEMSMO) to exploit, attack, protect, and manage theelectromagnetic operational environment (EMOE). Theimpact of an EMOE upon the operational capability ofmilitary forces, equipment, systems, and platforms isreferred to as electromagnetic environmental effects. Itencompasses all electromagnetic (EM) disciplines toinclude electromagnetic compatibility; electromagneticinterference; EM vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse(EMP); electronic protection (EP); hazards of EM radiationto personnel, ordnance, and volatile materials; and naturalphenomena effects such as sunspots, lightning, andprecipitation static.As with the operationalenvironment, the goal ofthe joint force commander(JFC) is to shape andcontrol theelectromagneticoperational environment.vii
Executive SummaryRole of ElectronicWarfare Across the Rangeof Military OperationsThe term EW refers to military action involving the use ofEM energy and directed energy (DE) to control theEMS or to attack the enemy. EW consists of threedivisions: electronic attack (EA), EP, and electronicwarfare support (ES).Electronic AttackEA refers to the division of EW involving the use of EMenergy, DE, or antiradiation weapons to attackpersonnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent ofdegrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combatcapability and is considered a form of fires.Electronic ProtectionEP refers to the division of EW involving actions taken toprotect personnel, facilities, and equipment from anyeffects of friendly, neutral, or enemy use of the EMS, aswell as naturally occurring phenomena that degrade,neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.Electronic WarfareSupportES refers to the division of EW involving actions taskedby, or under direct control of, an operational commander tosearch for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sourcesof intentional and unintentional radiated EM energy for thepurpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting,planning, and conduct of future operations.Principal ElectronicWarfare ActivitiesThe principal EW activities have been developed over timeto exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities inherent inthe physics of EM energy. The principal activities used inEW include the following: countermeasures, EM battlemanagement (EMBM), EM compatibility; EM deception;EM hardening, EM interference resolution, EM intrusion,EM jamming, EMP, EM spectrum control, electronicintelligence collection, electronic masking, electronicprobing, electronic reconnaissance, electronics security,EW reprogramming, emission control, JEMSO, JEMSMO,low-observability/stealth, meaconing, navigation warfare(NAVWAR), precision geolocation, and wartime reservemodes.Electronic WarfareCapabilities and PotentialEffectsAs an adaptive and responsive form of disruptive ordestructive fires, EA’s purpose is to gain and maintainfriendly advantage within the EMOE and ensure requisitefriendly access to the EMS. EW may adversely affectfriendly forces when not properly integrated andcoordinated.EW is employed to create decisive,standalone effects, or to support military operations bygenerating various levels of control, detection, denial,viiiJP 3-13.1
Executive Summarydeception, disruption, degradation, exploitation, protection,and destruction.Electronic Warfare’s Rolein Irregular WarfareDuring irregular warfare, adversaries may operate withunsophisticated electronic means to achieve theirobjectives. EW can influence the adversary, friendlypopulation, and neutral population, with the joint forcecommander’s (JFC’s) information operations (IO) message,in effort to change/win popular support.Electronic Warfare’s Rolein Information OperationsEW contributes to the success of IO by using offensive anddefensive tactics and techniques in a variety ofcombinations to shape, disrupt, and exploit adversarial useof the EMS while protecting friendly freedom of action.Electronic Warfare’s Rolein Space OperationsSince space-based operations depend on the EMS, EWmust be considered. Most operations in space beyonduncontested communications, physical maneuvering, anduncontested EM collection involve some form of EW.Electronic Warfare’s Rolein Cyberspace OperationsSince cyberspace requires both wired and wireless links totransport information, both offensive and defensivecyberspace operations may require use of the EMS for theenabling of effects in cyberspace.Due to thecomplementary nature and potential synergistic effects ofEW and computer network operations, they must becoordinated to ensure they are applied to maximizeeffectiveness.EW produces NAVWAR effects by protecting or denyingElectronic Warfare’sRelationship to Navigation transmitted global navigation satellite system or other radionavigation aid signals.WarfareDirected EnergyDE is an umbrella term covering technologies that produceconcentrated EM energy and atomic or subatomic particles.A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a meansto incapacitate, damage, disable, or destroy enemyequipment, facilities, and/or personnel.Intelligence andElectronic WarfareSupportThe distinction between whether a given asset isperforming an ES mission or an intelligence mission isdetermined by who tasks or controls the collection assets,what they are tasked to provide, and for what purpose theyare tasked. ES and signals intelligence (SIGINT)operations often share the same or similar assets andresources, and may be tasked to simultaneously collectinformation that meets both requirements.ix
Executive SummaryOrganizing for Joint Electronic WarfareResponsibilitiesHow joint staffs areorganized to plan andexecute electronic warfareis a prerogative of theJFC.Joint Electronic WarfareOrganizationEW planning and operations can be divided amongmultiple directorates of a joint staff based on long-, mid-,and near-term functionality and based upon availability ofqualified EW personnel. Long-range planning of EWnormally occurs under the plans directorate of a joint staff,while near/mid-term planning and the supervision ofEW execution normally falls within the purview of theoperations directorate of a joint staff (J-3).Joint Force Commander’s EW Staff (JCEWS). TheJCEWS is headed by the command electronic warfareofficer (EWO), who is designated as the JCEWS chief.The JCEWS develops operation plans (OPLANs) andconcept plans and monitors routine EW operations andactivities.Joint Electronic Warfare Cell. The JFC may designateand empower a joint electronic warfare cell (EWC) toorganize, execute, and oversee conduct of EW.Joint FrequencyManagementOrganizationEach geographic combatant commander is specificallytasked by policy to establish a frequency managementstructure that includes a joint frequency managementoffice (JFMO) and to establish procedures to supportplanned and ongoing operations. To accomplish thesetasks, each supported combatant commander establishes aJFMO, typically under the cognizance of thecommunications system directorate of a joint staff, tosupport joint planning, coordination, and operationalcontrol of the EMS for assigned forces.Organization ofIntelligence Support toElectronic WarfareAt the national level, organizations and agencies such asthe Central Intelligence Agency, National SecurityAgency/Central Security Service, National GeospatialIntelligence Agency, and Defense Intelligence Agency areconstantly seeking to identify, catalog, and update theelectronic order of battle (EOB) of identified or potentialadversaries. The joint intelligence operations centerresponds to theater-level EW-related intelligencerequirements and forwards requests that require nationallevel assets to the defense collection coordination center orother national-level organizations according to establishedprocedures. The intelligence directorate of a joint staff(J-2) [at the subordinate joint force level] normally assignsone or more members of the staff to act as a liaisonxJP 3-13.1
Executive Summarybetween the J-2 section and the IO cell where EW plannersare normally assigned.Service Organization forElectronic WarfareEach Service has a different approach to organizing itsforces.ArmyThe Army is organized to work in the structure of anelectronic warfare working group with the foundation ofthe group centered on the EWO, the EW technician, and theEW specialist, who comprise the electronic warfarecoordination cell (EWCC).MarinesMarine EW assets are integral to the Marine air-groundtask force (MAGTF). The MAGTF command element taskorganizes and coordinates EW systems to meet MAGTFEW needs and ultimately achieve the JFC’s objectives.NavyNavy EW is executed by surface ships, aircraft, andsubmarines organized in strike groups. For each strikegroup, the IO warfare commander is responsible forcoordinating and integrating EW, typically through thestrike group EWO, into naval and joint operations.Air ForceWithin the Air Force component, dedicated EW supportassets conduct a variety of EA, EP, and ES operations andsupport suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) and IOmission areas. These are all under the operational controlof the commander, Air Force forces.Planning Joint Electronic WarfareJoint electronic warfare iscentrally planned anddirected and decentrallyexecuted.EW is a complex mission area that should be fullyintegrated with other aspects of joint operations in order toachieve its full potential. Such integration requires carefulplanning. EW planners must coordinate their plannedactivities with other aspects of military operations that usethe EMS, as well as third party users that EW does not wishto disrupt.Electronic WarfarePlanning ConsiderationsSome of the considerations for planning EW in support ofmilitary operations include EMS management, EW supportof SEAD, EW support against a nontraditional threat, EWreprogramming, electronic masking, interoperability, rulesof engagement (ROE), unintended consequences,meteorological and oceanographic considerations, andchemical, biological, radiological, and nuclearconsiderations. Since EW activity may create effectswithin and throughout the entire EMS, joint EW plannersxi
Executive Summarymust closely coordinate their efforts with those members ofthe joint staff who are concerned with managing militaryEMS use. EW activities frequently involve a unique set ofcomplex issues. There are Department of Defensedirectives and instructions, laws, rules, law of armedconflict, and theater ROE that may affect EW activities.Commanders should seek legal review during all levels ofEW planning and execution, to include development oftheater ROE.Joint Electronic WarfarePlanning ProcessIn order to be fully integrated into other aspects of aplanned operation, the EWC conducts joint EW planningbeginning as early as possible and coordinates it with otheraspects of the plan throughout the joint operation planningprocess. Proper EW planning requires understanding of thejoint planning and decision-making processes; nature oftime constrained operations; potential contributions of EW;and employment of joint EW. During execution, EWplanners must monitor the plan’s progress and be preparedto make modifications to the plan as the dynamics of theoperation evolve.Electronic WarfarePlanning GuidancePlanning guidance for EW is included as tab D (EW) toappendix 3 (Information Operations) to annex C(Operations) of the OPLAN. EW plans should identify thedesired EM profile; identify EW missions and tasks toService or functional component commanders; evaluateadversary threats; and reflect the guidance, policies, andEW employment authorities.Electronic WarfarePlanning AidsThere are a number of automated planning tools availableto help joint EW planners carry out their responsibilities.These tools can be divided into three broad categories:databases, planning process aids, and spatial andpropagation modeling tools. Databases can assist EWplanners by providing easy access to a wide variety ofplatform-specific technical data used in assessing the EWthreat and planning appropriate friendly responses to thatthreat. Planning process aids include aids that automateOPLAN development and automated frequencymanagement tools. Geographic information systems[spatial and propagation modeling tools] enable analysisand display of geographically referenced information.xiiJP 3-13.1
Executive SummaryCoordinating Joint Electronic WarfareOnce a plan has beenapproved and an operationhas commenced, thepreponderance ofelectronic warfare staffeffort shifts toelectromagnetic battlemanagement.EMBM includes continuous monitoring of the EMOE,EMS management, and the dynamic reallocation of EWassets based on emerging operational issues. Normally,this monitoring is performed by personnel on watch in thejoint operations center (JOC).Joint Electronic WarfareCoordination and ControlAt combatant commands and subordinate unifiedcommands, the J-3 is primarily responsible for the EWcoordination function. The EW division of the J-3 staffshould engage in the full range of EW functions to includedeliberate planning; day-to-day planning and monitoring ofroutine theater EW activities in conjunction with thecombatant command’s theater campaign plan; and crisisaction planning in preparation for EW as part of emergentjoint operations. Since EW is concerned with attackingpersonnel, facilities, or equipment (EA); protectingcapabilities and EMS access (EP); and monitoring,exploiting, and targeting use of the EMS (ES), EW staffpersonnel have a role in the dynamic management of theEMS, via tools and processes, during operations. Acomprehensive and well-thought-out joint restrictedfrequency list and emission control plan are twosignificant tools that permit flexibility of EW actionsduring an operation without compromising friendly EMSuse. The electronic warfare control authority, the seniorEA authority in the operational area, develops guidance forperforming EA on behalf of the JFC.Service ComponentCoordination ProceduresWhen the JFC has chosen to conduct operations throughfunctional components, the functional componentcommanders will determine how their components areorganized and what procedures are used. EW plannersshould coordinate with the functional component electronicwarfare elements to determine how they are organized andwhat procedures are being used by functional componentforces.Components requiringelectronic warfare supportfrom another componentshould be encouraged todirectly coordinate thatsupport when possible.xiii
Executive SummaryArmyThe Army Service component command or Armycomponent operations staff office (Army division or higherstaff) plans, coordinates, and integrates EW requirements insupport of the JFC’s objectives.MarinesThe MAGTF headquarters EWCC, if established, or theMAGTF EWO, if there is no EWCC, is responsible forcoordination of the joint aspects of MAGTF EWrequirements.NavyThe Navy operations directorate is responsible for all NavyEW efforts and provides coordination and tasking to taskforces assigned.Air ForceAir Force requirements for other component EW supportare established through close coordination between theJFC’s EWC and the commander, Air Force forces’operations directorate (or equivalent operations directorate)or plans directorate (or equivalent plans directorate), incoordination with the Director for Intelligence, A-2.Special Operations ForcesRequirements from special operations units for EW supportwill be transmitted to the joint force special operationscomponent command JOC for coordination with the jointforce special operations component command IO cell.United States Coast GuardDuring both peacetime and war, joint operations mayinclude United States Coast Guard (USCG) assets thatpossess EW capabilities. Coordination with USCG assetsshould be through assigned USCG liaison personnel oroperational procedures specified in the OPLAN oroperation order.Electronic Warfare andIntelligence, Surveillance,and ReconnaissanceCoordinationIt is vital that all prudent measures are taken to ensureEMS activities are closely and continuously deconflictedwith ES and intelligence collection activities. The J-2 mustensure that EW collection priorities and ES sensors areintegrated into a complete intelligence collection plan.Electronic Warfare andInteragency CoordinationAlthough there may not be intentional targeting of theEMS, inadvertent and unintentional interference may wreakhavoc on the systems being used to support the executionof interagency operations. As such, constant and detailedcoordination is essential between EW activities andrelevant interagency organizations.xivJP 3-13.1
Executive SummaryMultinational Aspects of Electronic WarfareAs in joint operations,electronic warfare is anintegral part ofmultinational operations.US planners should integrate US and partner nations’ EWcapabilities into an overall EW plan, provide partnernations with information concerning US EW capabilities,and provide EW support to partner nations. The planningof multinational force (MNF) EW is made more difficultbecause of security issues, different cryptographicequipment, differences in the level of training of involvedforces, and language barriers.Multinational ForceElectronic WarfareOrganization andCommand and ControlThe multinational force commander (MNFC) providesguidance for planning and conducting EW operations tothe MNF through the operations directorate’s combinedEWCC.Multinational ElectronicWarfare CoordinationCell with Allies and OtherFriendly ForcesThe MNFC should include EWOs from supporting MNFswithin the EWCC. Should this not be practical for securityreasons or availability, the MNFC should, based on themission, be prepared to provide EW support and theappropriate liaison officers to the multinational units.Electronic WarfareMutual SupportExchange of SIGINT information in support of EWoperations should be conducted in accordance withstandard NATO, American, British, Canadian, AustralianArmies Program, and Air and Space InteroperabilityCouncil procedures, as appropriate. Exchange of EOB inpeacetime is normally achieved under bilateral agreement.Reprogramming of EW equipment is a nationalresponsibility. However, the EWCC chief should be awareof reprogramming efforts being conducted within the MNF.Releasability of ElectronicWarfare Information toMultinational ForcesA clear, easily understood policy on the disclosure of EWinformation requested by multinational partners should bedeveloped by the commander’s foreign disclosure officer asearly as possible.CONCLUSIONThis publication provides joint doctrine for the planning,execution, and assessment of electronic warfare across therange of military operations.xv
Electronic Warfare Each Service has a different approach to organizing its forces. Army The Army is organized to work in the structure of an electronic warfare working group with the foundation of the group centered on the EWO, the EW technician, and the EW specialist, who
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