Reference Guide On STANDARD PREFABRICATED BUILDING COMPONENTS

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Reference Guide onSTANDARDPREFABRICATEDBUILDINGCOMPONENTSBCA Buildability Series

The Reference Guide on Standard Prefabricated Building Components is published bythe Buildability Development Section, Innovation Development Department,Technology Development Division of the Building and Construction Authority. Building and Construction Authority, August 2000.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted inany form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented in this publication ,neither the Authority nor its employees or agents can accept responsibility for anyloss or damage incurred in connection with the use of the contents.Information provided in this Reference Guide had been designed to cater for the building developments. The onus is on theProfessional Engineers and / or Qualified Persons of a project, to ensure that the use of standard precast concretecomponents complies with all the current and relevant Authorities' requirements. BCA and all the Committee membersshall not, under any circumstances, be held responsible or liable for the accuracy of the information provided within thisReference Guide. The compliance with this Reference Guide does not exempt the users from any legal obligations.ISBN 9971-88-764-9Standard Prefabricated Building Components

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTBCA would like to express its gratitude to all the members in the BCA-Precasters Committee, which helpedto review the Guide and the Working Committee of the Reference Guide, which prepared this publication .BCA-Precasters CommitteeNameChairmanMembersOrganisationMr Tan Tian ChongMr Chin Chi LeongMr Ang Lian AikBuilding and Construction AuthorityBuilding and Construction AuthorityBuilding and Construction AuthorityEr. Lim Soon HuiMr Danny TanBuilding and Construction AuthorityBuilding and Construction AuthorityEr. Wong Swee KhianHousing and Development BoardMr Goh Peng ThongSingapore Institute of Architects(c/o Alfred Wong Partnership Pte Ltd)Er. Ng Ah HiapThe Institution of Engineers, Singapore(c/o AHN Consulting Engineers)Mr Wong Peng YanReal Estate Developers' Association of Singapore(Far East Organisation)Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore(c/o PB Merz & Mclellan Pte Ltd)Singapore Contractor Association Ltd(c/o Tiong Aik Construction)Dr. David Tse Tze KwongMr Chow Yew SengMs Debbie Tan Meow ChengMr Michael SeahMr Sunny LohEastern Pretech Pte LtdFermold Pte LtdHanson PacificMr Tan Bian TiongHong Leong Asia LtdMr Chow Kok ChuanL&M Precast Pte LtdMr Koh Chin KiangMr Terence Lim Tit HueyPoh Cheong Concrete Product Pte Ltd

Working CommitteeOrganisationNameChairmanMembersMr Tan Tian ChongMr Chin Chi LeongBuilding and Construction AuthorityBuilding and Construction AuthorityMr Ang Lian AikEr. Lim Soon HuiBuilding and Construction AuthorityBuilding and Construction AuthorityMr Danny TanBuilding and Construction AuthorityMr Ong Teck Soon, LeonardEr. Wong Swee KhianBuilding and Construction AuthorityHousing and Development BoardMs Wong Chiu YingMr Steven CheongMr Ling Oong HeeMinistry of the EnvironmentMr Goh Peng ThongSingapore Institute of Architects(c/o Alfred Wong Partnership Pte Ltd)Ms Ng Sor HiangLOOK ArchitectsMr Cho Cheong KongEr. Low Kam FookPWD Consultants Pte LtdThe Institution of Engineers , Singapore(c/o Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (SEA) Pte Ltd)Dr Lai Hoke SaiMr Wong Peng VanLTY Consulting EngineeringReal Estate Developers' Association of Singapore(c/o Far East Organisation)Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore(c/o ST Architects & Engineers)Mr Liew Choong SanMr Chow Yew SengSingapore Contractor Association Ltd(c/o Tiong Aik Construction)Ms Debbie Tan Meow ChengEastern Pretech Pte LtdMr Sunny LohHanson PacificMr Tan Bian TiongHong Leong Asia LtdL&M Precast Pte LtdPoh Cheong Concrete Product Pte LtdMs Lew KienMr Koh Chin KiangMr Terence Lim Tit HueyA special note of thanks to Housing and Development Board for its assistance and consent to reproduce itsstandard precast components details in this publication.In addition, BCA would also like to express its appreciation to PBU suppliers (listed in Reference Sheet PBU02)for the consent to use their materials and photographs.

CHAPTERPAGE1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1-12PRECAST BUILDING CONSTRUCTION2-12.1Advantages2-12.2Rationale of Standardising Prefabricated Building Components2-33STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES3-13.1Architectural Design Considerations3-13.2Structural Design Considerations3-23.3Standard Precast Staircase Dimensions3-33.4Prefabrication and Labelling3-63.5Reference Sheets3-6Architectural Reference Sheet ST01Recommended Dimensions forStandard Precast Staircase3-7Architectural Reference Sheet ST02Isometric View of StandardPrecast Staircase (Dry Joint)3-8Architectural Reference Sheet ST03Isometric View of StandardPrecast Staircase (Wet Joint)3-9Architectural Reference Sheet ST04General Notes for StandardPrecast Staircase3-10Architectural Reference Sheet ST05Standard Precast Staircase Details(Dry Joint), Type:ST10/1653-11Architectural Reference Sheet ST06Standard Precast Staircase Details(Wet Joint), Type: ST1 0/1653-12Architectural Reference Sheet ST07HOB's Precast Staircase Details3-13Structural Reference SheetST08General Notes for StandardPrecast Staircase(Dry and Wet Joint)3-14Structural Reference SheetST09Standard Precast StaircaseReinforcement Details (Dry Joint)Type:ST1 0/1653-15Structural Reference SheetST10Standard Precast StaircaseReinforcement Details (Wet Joint)Type:ST1 0/1653-16Standard Prefab r icated B uilding Compone ntsiv

PAGECHAPTER4vStructural Reference SheetST11HOB's Precast StaircaseReinforcement Details3-17Structural Reference SheetST12Design Tables - PrecastStaircase Flight and Nib3-18Structural Reference SheetST13Design ExamplePrecast Staircase ST1 0/1653-20PRECAST REFUSE CHUTES4-14.1Architectural Design Considerations4-14.2Structural Design Considerations4-24.3Standard Precast Refuse Chutes4-24.4Prefabrication and Labelling4-34.5Reference Sheets4-3Architectural Reference Sheet RC01Recommended Dimensions forStandard Precast Refuse Chute4-4Architectural Reference Sheet RC02Isometric View of PrecastRefuse Chute4-5Architectural Reference Sheet RC03General Notes for PrecastRefuse Chute4-6Architectural Reference Sheet RC04Precast Refuse Chute DetailsType:RC/610C4-7Architectural Reference Sheet RC05HOB's Precast Refuse Chute Details4-8Structural Reference SheetRC06General Notes for PrecastRefuse Chute4-9Structural Reference SheetRC07Precast Refuse Chute ReinforcementRC/601 CDetails, Type:4-10Structural Reference SheetRC08HOB's Precast Refuse ChuteReinforcement Details4-11Standard Prefabricated Building Components

CHAPTER5PAGEPRECAST CIVIL DEFENCE SHELTERS5-15.1Architectural Design Considerations for Household Shelters5-25.2Structural Design Considerations for Household Shelters5-35.3Standard Precast Household Shelter5-45.4Prefabrication and Labelling5-55.5Reference Sheets5-5Architectural Reference Sheet HS01Recommended Dimensions forSemi-Precast Household ShelterWall (HSW)5-6Architectural Reference Sheet HS02Isometric View of Semi-PrecastHousehold Shelter Wall (HSW)5-7Architectural Reference Sheet HS03Recommended Dimensions forStandard Precast Household ShelterDoor Frame (HSD)5-8Architectural Reference Sheet HS04Isometric View of PrecastHousehold Shelter Door Frame (HSD)5-9Architectural Reference Sheet HS05General Notes for Semi-PrecastHousehold Shelter Wall and PrecastHousehold Shelter Door Frame5-10Architectural Reference Sheet HS06Semi-Precast Household ShelterWall DetailsType:HSW/2700 x 30005-11Architectural Reference Sheet HS07Precast Household ShelterDoor Frame DetailsType:HSD/1300 x 30005-12Structural Reference SheetHS08General Notes for Semi-PrecastHousehold Shelter Wall and PrecastHousehold Shelter Door Frame5-13Structural Reference SheetHS09Semi-Precast Household ShelterWall Reinforcement DetailsType:HSW/2700 x 30005-14Standard Prefabricated Building Componentsvi

CONTENTSPAGECHAPTER6·Structural Reference SheetHS10Precast Household ShelterDoor Frame Reinforcement DetailsHSDI1300 x 3000Type:5-15Structural Reference SheetHS11HOB's Precast Household ShelterDoor Frame Reinforcement Details5-16PRECAST I PREFABRICATED BATHROOM UNITS6.1Types of Precast I Prefabricated Bathroom Units6-26.2Benefits of Precast I Prefabricated Bathroom Units6-56.3Architectural Design Considerations6-56.4Structural Design Considerations6-76.5Dimensioning and Labelling System6-86.6Reference Sheets6-8Reference SheetPBU01Installation of Prefabricated Bathroom Units6-9Reference SheetPBU02List of Suppliers for Precast IPrefabricated Bathroom Units6-10Reference SheetPBU03Precast I Prefabricated BathroomUnit Suppliers6-11 Eastern Pretech Pte Ltd6-11 Eng Seng Cement Products Pte Ltd6-12 Fermold Pte Ltd6-13 Framework Building Products Pte Ltd6-14 G & W Precast Pte Ltd6-15 Hong Leong Asia Ltd6-16 Keppel Sea Scan Pte Ltd6-17 National Matsushita Electric Works(Asia Pacific) Pte Ltd6-18 Plus Link Industries Pte Ltd6-19 Prefab Technology Pte Ltd6-20List of Suppliers for Precast Concrete Building Componentsvii6-1Standard P r efabricated Building Componen t s

INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThis Reference Guide is a design tool for designers (including developers, architects, engineers,contractors, precasters, etc.), who may, from time to time, need to make reference to the dimensionsand connection details of standard prefabricated building components commonly used and specifiedby the industry. It describes the applications of standard prefabricated building components, whichare being adopted by the industry and their design considerations .1.2ScopeThe Committee studied different types of prefabricated building components. However, as a start,only the standard precast concrete staircases, refuse chutes, civil defence shelter wall / door frameand precast / prefabricated bathrooms units are introduced in the Reference Guide.The dimensions recommended in the Reference Guide are for residential, commercial andinstitutional developments. Nevertheless, with the assistance from precasters and designers, someof the recommended dimensions could be modified to meet individual project requirements.The Reference Guide will be updated and expanded periodically. The Committee welcomesfeedback or suggestions for improving the Reference Guide.Standard Prefabricated Building Components1-1

PRECAST BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONcPrecasting is recognised as a staple of modern construction for its many inherent benefits such asgood quality, speed of erection, durability and flexibility for aesthetics.2. IAdvantagesBenefits from the use of standard prefabricated building components include:Better project managementShorter project I construction periodCompetitive construction costBetter control of labour Minimal housekeepingQuality assuranceBetter project managementThe successful implementation of precast concrete projects requires careful planning and good coordination among the clients, architects, engineers and also the potential precasters and contractors,right from the inception of a project. With the Reference Guide in-place, the awareness of thestandard details would enable better design, integration and co-ordination , resulting in betterproject management.Shorter project / construction periodIn a competitive environment such as in Singapore, shorter construction period would mean lowerinterest cost on construction development loans and quicker investment returns . With the use ofprefabrication / precast technology, standard building components could be produced in the factorywithout affecting site operations, thereby shortening the construction cycle and construction period .Competitive construction costWith the impending legislation of Buildable Design in 2001, the production level of prefabricatedcomponents is expected to increase. For mass production of prefabricated components to be viable,there is a need to have a high level of standardisation. This would enable some savings in producingStandard Prefabricated Building Components2-1

PRECAST BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONshop·drawings and using inter-changeable components that are suitable for a wider range of buildingtypes. In addition, standardisation of prefabricated components would lower the cost of productionand offset the high capital investment in equipment and mould .Better control of labourSingapore relies heavily on foreign workers. In the Construction 21 report, the Government hassignalled that; "The Man-Year Entitlement (MYE) will be further reduced to 70% of the current levelsby 2005 and eventually to 50% of the current level by 2010, or earlier if practicable ."The productivity of the construction industry could be improved through the usage of standardprefabricated building components. The use of these components would allow contractors toincrease productivity at site with fewer unskilled workers.Minimal housekeepingIt is not easy for a contractor to maintain a clean, hygienic and tidy site by using the traditional in-situconstruction. This is due to the nature of work, which requires labour intensive steel fixing, concretingand carpentry. Past records have identified that an untidy and congested site is prone to accidents.Prefabrication technology enables the transfer of in-situ construction activities from sites to factories ,resulting in a cleaner, less congested and safer worksite.Quality assuranceWith the higher affluence of our society and higher level of education, customers today demandvalue for the high cost of their properties and they are less tolerant to poor quality and defects.Prefabricated components produced under a factory environment allow tighter quality control. Theresult is a more consistent quality product with fewer defects.2·2Standard Prefabricated Building Components

PRECAST BUILDING CONSTRUCTION2.2Rationale of Standardising Prefabricated Building ComponentsThe objectives of standardising prefabricated building components are to:Encourage the industry to move away from labour-intensive to labour-saving constructionmethods.Promote the wider use of standard prefabricated building components.Encourage designers to use the recommended dimensions as a starting point of their design.Facilitate and provide designers with the necessary design data, which could be purchased offthe shelf from precasters.Provide the necessary design guidelines and considerations when adopting standardprefabricated building components.Provide the necessary reinforcement details, which are commonly adopted by the industry.Minimise errors and rectification works, commonly encountered in in-situ construction.

STANDARDPRECASTSTAIRCASES

STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASESHighly skilled workers are required to construct staircases in-situ because the step configurationof staircases could not be possibly made without skilled carpentry. The result is longerconstruction duration.Using precast staircases will shorten the construction duration. It also allows operational accessinstantly to all floor areas. When constructed as non-critical structural components, stairwells can beused as access for the delivery of construction materials.3.1Architectural Design ConsiderationsThe proposed standard precast concrete staircase is designed for use in residential, commercial andinstitutional developments. It is possible for an architect to specify standardised precast staircasesaccording to Architectural Reference Sheet ST01, instead of detailing staircases. Once the floor tofloor height is determined, the architect would merely have to indicate the type of staircasecomponents on the drawings and the contractor can then buy these components off the shelf fromthe precaster. Using precast components would also eliminate the frequent construction errors inriser height in in-situ construction.

STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES3.2Structural Design ConsiderationsPrecast stair slabs are usually designed to span longitudinally into the landings at right angles to thestair flights or span between supporting beams. In monolithic construction, the stair slab can bedesigned with continuous end restraints over the supports. But in instances where staircases areprecast, the construction is generally carried out after the main structure, with pockets or recessesleft in the supporting slabs or beams to receive the stair flights. With no appreciable end restraints,a precast stair slab could therefore be designed as simple slab between supports.In design, the dead load is calculated along the sloping lengths of the stairs but the live and finishingloads are based on plan area. If the risers were to be covered with finishes, additional loads wouldhave to be added in the design.The effective span is measured horizontally between the centres of the supports or the actualhorizontal length of the precast stair slab where dry connections are used at the supports. Thethickness of the waist is taken as the slab thickness.The basic span-effective depth ratio may be increased by 15% to 23 ( 20 x 1.15) if the stair flightoccupies at least 60% of the span. This will apply to precast stair slabs without landings.The supporting nibs of the precast stair slab may be constructed with either dry or wet connections(extended bearings) . The design of reinforcement of the nibs can be based on:Simple bendingStrut and tie force modelShear frictionTheories and examples of the various design approaches can be obtained in the Structural PrecastConcrete Design Handbook by BCA. Small diameter rebars should be used at the nibs as a resultof the structural dimensions adopted.

STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES3.3Standard Precast Staircase DimensionsIn practice, the number of risers and the riser height of a staircase have always been dictated by thestorey height of a building. This would result in different riser dimensions. Prefabricating stair flightswith many different riser dimensions would not be economically viable.Standard precast staircases for residential projects have already been developed by Housing andDevelopment Board (HOB) and the private sector. The main difference between HOB housing andprivate housing is the variation in floor to floor height. As most private developers prefer higherheadroom, the number of risers and the riser height would vary accordingly.The Committee considered the design aspects related to the aesthetic, fabrication, handling anderection of precast staircases and incorporated the following two distinct architectural featu res in thestandard precast concrete staircase:Alignment of nosing of the first flight flushed with the nosing of adjacent flight.Simple and lined through intersection at the soffit of staircases where the flights andlandings meet.The Committee also proposed to limit the riser height to 165mm and 175mm, with a tread dimensionto 250mm . These dimensions are suitable for fire escapes. For school development projects, 150mmriser with 300mm tread (instead of 250mm) are recommended dimensions required by the Ministryof Education, for safety reasons.Standard Prefabricated Building Components3-3

STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASESArchitectural Reference Sheet ST01 provides the recommended riser flight combinations, whichcould be used as reference for designers to select the appropriate floor height dimensions. Forexample in residential developments, a designer could use staircases with 175mm riser for a floor tofloor height of 3, 150mm, for fire escape . In lUxury residential developments, staircases with a 165mmriser would be appropriate for a floor to floor height of 3,300mm.The recommended width of standard staircase is ideally set to allow for a 1,OOOmm clearancebetween handrails and edging kerb. In addition, it allows designers to include or exclude an edgingkerb (or buffer zone) of 75mm width to one side of the staircase. The provision is intended for thefixing of balustrades, which

only the standard precast concrete staircases, refuse chutes, civil defence shelter wall / door frame and precast / prefabricated bathrooms units are introduced in the Reference Guide. The dimensions recommended in the Reference Guide are for residential, commercial and institutional developments.

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