2012 FLUE-CURED TOBACCO PRODUCTION GUIDE - Virginia
TobaccoRevised December 2011PUBLICATION 436-0482012FLUE-CURED TOBACCOPRODUCTION GUIDEin cooperation with theVirginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board
2012 FLUE-CURED TOBACCOPRODUCTION GUIDEPrepared By:T. David ReedExtension Agronomist, TobaccoCharles S. JohnsonExtension Plant Pathologist, TobaccoPaul J. SemtnerExtension Entomologist, TobaccoCarol A. WilkinsonAssociate Professor, AgronomyACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are indebted to the Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board for making theprinting of this publication possible.The layout and graphics for this publication were prepared by Margaret J. Kenny.Disclaimer:Commercial products are named in this publication for information purposes only. The VirginiaCooperative Extension Service does not endorse these products and does not intenddiscrimination against other products which also may be suitable.Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color,national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or familystatus. An equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Issued in furtherance of CooperativeExtension work, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia State University, andthe U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Edwin J. Jones, Director, Virginia CooperativeExtension, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Jewel E. Hairston, Interim Administrator, 1890 ExtensionProgram, Virginia State, Petersburg.
TABLE OF CONTENTSPage No.FLUE-CURED TOBACCO BUDGET INFORMATION . 1AGRONOMIC PRACTICESVariety Selection . 7Greenhouse Transplant Production . 12Greenhouse Management Practices . 17Fertilization . 24Crop Rotation and Cover Crops. 32Sucker Control . 34Guidelines of Effective Sucker Control Practices toMinimize MH Residues . 34Guidelines to Minimize MH Residues . 34Suggestions for MH-Free Sucker Control . 35Chemical Sucker Control Materials . 36Suggested Sucker Control Program . 38Sucker Control Spray Tip Options. 38Suggestions for Application of Sucker Control Materials . 42Chemical Coloring Agents. 44DISEASE CONTROL. 45Disease Control in Tobacco Greenhouses . 46Specific Diseases Important in Virginia . 48Interpreting Root-Knot Infestation Levels . 54Application Methods . 55WEED CONTROLImportant Considerations in Herbicide Use . 63Flue-Cured Tobacco Herbicides . 65INSECTS ON TOBACCOManagement of Tobacco Insects . 75Insect Control on Transplants Produced in the Greenhouse . 77Insect Control on Newly Transplanted Tobacco. 80Remedial Control of Insects on Larger Tobacco . 84Insecticide Application Methods . 90Insects on Field TobaccoFoliar Treatments . 95
CURING TOBACCOFlue-Cured Tobacco Curing . 103Energy Efficient Curing Practices . 106Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines . 106CALIBRATIONSprayer Calibration . 109Greenhouse Sprayer Calibration Procedure . 110Calibration of Fertilizer Application Equipment . 111Plant Population Chart . 112TOBACCO FARM WORKER SAFETYTobacc Farm Workers Safety . 113Ways to Avoid Green Tobacco Sickness . 114EPA WORKER PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR COMMONLYUSED PESTICIDES FOR FLUE-CURED TOBACCO . 115VIRGINIA BRIGHT FLUE-CURED TOBACCO BOARDANNUAL REPORT . 133
FLUE-CURED TOBACCO BUDGET INFORMATIONEric Eberly, Retired Extension Agent, Farm Business ManagementIntroductionThe flue-cured tobacco budget is an estimate of the costs to produce 2500pounds of marketable tobacco. Expense values used in the budget arebased upon projected input prices and recommended production practices.Every producer is encouraged to adjust this budget using the right handcolumn to reflect production practices and prices that are relevant to theirown farming operation. This column is your estimated cost of production.Budget Assumptions1.The average price received is not being calculated or estimated.However, break-even prices to cover cost variable and fixed costs arecalculated based on 2500 pounds of cured leaf contracted per acre.2.The short term energy outlook published monthly by the EnergyInformation /contents.html has estimatedaverage prices of fuels for 2012. The price of fuels used in the budgetreflects this estimation which is below the highs in 2008 but abovecurrent farm delivered prices.3.Since the AWER wage calculation method is being litigated, theAWER wage for 2012 is uncertain. Labor cost is estimated to be 12.62 per hour. It includes an unpublished adverse wage of 9.70 andindirect labor cost of 2.89 per hour. The indirect labor cost per houris calculated by dividing total direct labor costs of 15,724(association fees, visas, transportation, housing, insurance, et.) by5000 hours of labor (50 acres x 100 hours).4.Crop insurance cost of 133.46 per acre was calculated by dividingthe total unsubsidized premiums payable by total Virginia acreageinsured in 2011.Budget InterpretationIncome and expense items for the 2012 budget are broken down into fourseparate sections: Gross Receipts, Pre-harvest Variable Costs, HarvestVariable Costs, and Fixed Costs. Explanations of the items that fall intoeach section and the economic returns that can be calculated are detailedbelow Gross Receipts represents per acre cash income to the tobaccooperation. Gross receipts are calculated by multiplying the averageyield per acre by the average gross contract price per pound. Fourdifferent leaf separations with a contract price can be entered into an
2Flue-cured Tobacco Budget InformationExcel spreadsheet referenced at the end of this section. Pre-harvest costs are typically cash expenses that must be paidannually to produce a crop of tobacco prior to harvest. Examples ofpre-harvest variable costs include plants, fertilizer, chemicals,machinery fuel and repairs and hired labor. Harvest costs are cash expenses getting the tobacco from the field tothe buying station. Examples of harvest costs include harvest labor,curing fuel and electricity. Total Variable Costs is the sum of pre-harvest and harvest variablecosts. Variable costs are often called “cash costs” or “out-of-pocketexpenses”. Return over variable costs is simply the gross receipts of the cropminus the total variable costs. This value can essentially be viewed asthe return over “cash costs” or the return over “out-of-pocketexpenses”. Fixed Costs are the expenses that result from the ownership of a fixedinput. Examples of fixed costs include depreciation, property taxes,and insurance on the barns and machinery. A land charge has beenexcluded from this calculation. The return to land, risk, and management is calculated by subtractingthe total variable costs and the fixed expenses from Gross Receipts.This represents the return to the operator’s land (the equivalent of anannual land charge or rental value), time (unpaid operator/familylabor), and management skills employed in producing a crop.
Flue-cured Tobacco Budget Information3FLUE-CURED TOBACCO –Contract, IrrigatedESTIMATED COSTS AND REURNS PER ACRE2500 POUND YIELDPrice orQuantityCost/TotalUnit/AcreUnitAcre1. GROSS RECEIPTSStalk Position LbsStalk Position LbsStalk Position LbsStalk Position LbsLbsTOTAL RECEIPTS: 0.002. PRE-HARVEST VARIABLE COSTSTOBACCO PLANTS Flue-cured1M6.20 35.00 217.00Cover Crop: RyeBU.2.00 12.20 24.40Lime (Prorated)TON0.56 42.50 23.80FRow: Fertilizer (6-12-18)CWT6.50 35.50 230.75Sidedress: (13-0-14)CWT2.50 36.00 90.00HerbicidesACRE1.00 32.09 32.09InsecticidesACRE1.00 42.35 42.35FungicidesACRE1.00 80.00 80.00NematicidesACRE1.00 211.75 211.75Sucker ControlACRE1.00 73.00 73.00Federal Crop & HailInsurance APHACRE1.00 133.46 133.46Land RentACRE1.00 0.00 0.00Tractor Equip: Fuel & OilEq Gal53.32 3.53 188.21Tractor & Equip.: RepairsACRE1.00 68.76 68.76Tractor & Equip.: LaborHRS15.89 14.50 230.41Hand Production LaborHRS35.00 12.62 441.70Production Interest6 Months 1,043.846.0% 62.63TOTAL PRE-HARVEST COSTS 0.86 Per Pound 2.150.313. HARVEST VARIABLE COSTSTractor Equip: Fuel & OilEq Gal18.67 3.53 65.92Tractor & Equip.: RepairsACRE1.00 31.32 31.32Tractor & Equip.: LaborHRS9.98 14.50 144.71Hand Harvest LaborHRS60.00 12.62 757.20Curing Fuel (LP)8 gal/cwt312.50 1.88 587.50Building Ins. & ElectricityACRE1.00 108.68 108.68SuppliesACRE1.00 10.07 10.07TOTAL HARVEST COSTS: 0.68 Per Pound 1,705.40Breakeven YieldBreakeven Price4. TOTAL VARIABLECOSTS# Pounds 1.54 Per Pound 3,855.715. RETURN OVER TOTAL VARIABLE COST 0.006. MACHINERY FIXED COSTS (BASED ON NEW EQUIPMENT COST)ACRE1.00 767.07 767.07DOL 3,855.717. OTHER FIXED COSTS8.0% 308.46 0.43 Per Pound 1,075.538. TOTAL FIXED COSTS9. TOTAL VARIABLE & FIXEDCOSTS 1.97 Per Pound 4,931.2410. PROJECTED NET RETURNS TO LAND, RISK ANDMANAGEMENT: 0.00* PLEASE NOTE: THIS BUDGET IS FOR PLANNING PURPOSES ONLY.Acres1YourFarm
4Flue-cured Tobacco Budget InformationProfit AnalysisBased upon budget projections, the “Total Variable Costs or Cash Costs”of production for the 2012 crop are estimated at 3,855.71 per acre or 1.54 a pound. The breakdown of variable costs is displayed in Figure 1.Fixed Costs were estimated at 1,075.53 an acre or 0.43 a pound.Farmers must be able to cover fixed costs in the long run for the farmbusiness to be sustainable.The price needed to cover total cost with varying yields is in the followingtable. It also calculates additional prices needed to generate varying profitlevels that can pay for family living expenses.
Flue-cured Tobacco Budget Information5Since yield and average sale price will vary from farm to farm each year,calculated returns over variable costs with varying yield and price levelsare displayed in the following table.AVERAGE PRICE ( /lb.) NEEDED TO COVER TOTAL COSTS (VARIABLE ANDFIXED)1FARMYIELDLbs.Desired Net Income per Acre Above Total CostsTOTALCOST/ACREFixedCost/Lb 0.00 250.00 500.00 750.00 1,000.00-- Average Price Needed to Cover Total Cost ( /Lb) -2000 4,813.740.54 2.41 2.53 2.66 2.78 2.912250 4,872.490.48 2.17 2.28 2.39 2.50 2.612500 4,931.240.43 1.97 2.07 2.17 2.27 2.372750 4,989.990.39 1.81 1.91 2.00 2.09 2.183000 5,048.740.36 1.68 1.77 1.85 1.93 2.021.Fixed Cost does not include a land charge. Subtract .53, .47, .43, .39, .36per Lb respectively in the table above to remove Fixed Costs at each yield level.10% Yield SensitivityThis budget was developed in Microsoft Excel and is available from yourcounty Extension Office or online at:http://www.vaes.org.vt.edu/SPAREC/Ftobacco.xls.
6Flue-cured Tobacco Budget Information
AGRONOMIC INFORMATIONT. David Reed, Extension Agronomist, TobaccoVARIETY SELECTIONVariety selection is an important decision for profitable production of fluecured tobacco. A high potential yield is probably more important thanever before due to reduced operating margins. However, ease of curingand specific characteristics of the cured leaf should also be considered.Varieties will differ in cured leaf color and other physical characteristicsdesired by purchasers (color proportion of tip leaves, etc.), but thesefactors are also influenced by growing conditions and curing practices.Growers should carefully consider any dramatic change in varieties grownwithout first trying a different variety on a limited acreage. The diseaseresistance of varieties varies greatly and is critical to profitable production.Detailed field histories should be maintained with specific information onpast varieties planted and the level of disease occurrence.Tobacco breeders have made tremendous progress in recent yearsdeveloping resistance to the major diseases of flue-cured tobacco.Detailed information on the disease resistance of flue-cured tobaccovarieties is presented in the disease section of this production guide. It isespecially important that growers have a correct identification of anydiseases that may be causing field losses. Black shank, Granville wilt, andPythium stalk rot may be confused and the presence of nematodes canmake these and other root diseases more severe than expected orsymptoms may not appear as expected. To further complicate matters,there have been isolated cases of less common root diseases that are nottypically evaluated for in typical variety tests. If past performance of adisease resistant variety has been less than anticipated, growers areencouraged to contact your local agriculture extension agent to investigatepossible explanations and evaluate options. Proper identification ofdisease losses is essential to making the proper variety decision for thefollowing season.There are no data collected for tobacco seed sales in Virginia or officialreporting of acreage planted by variety. The best information that we haveis informal surveys conducted at grower meetings and consultation withdealers. Perhaps as many as 12 flue-cured tobacco different varieties weregrown on any appreciable acreage in Virginia last season. The three mostwidely grown varieties in Virginia for 2011 were K 326, NC 71, and NC196 with 20 and 30% of the acreage each. CC 27 remains a popular choicewhile NC 291, NC 299, CC35, NC 297, PVH2110 have a significantpresence. For growers that have fields with no history of black shank,Granville wilt, or tobacco cyst nematodes, K 326 remains a popular choice
8Agronomic Informationgiven the variety’s high yield potential, high quality, and ease of curing.NC 71 was one of the first Ph-gene varieties, becoming an industrystandard with near immunity to race 0 black shank. CC 27 is a laterrelease with the Ph gene plus the addition of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)resistance with good curing characteristics. An added benefit of the Phgene varieties is tolerance to the tobacco cyst nematode. The widespreadplanting of varieties with the Ph gene has significantly reduced TCNpopulations in rotated tobacco fields. However, continued planting ofthese varieties has resulted in black shank control problems due to thedevelopment of a race 1 black shank fungus. More recently, NC 196 hasgained popularity given the fact that it has Ph gene resistance to race 0black shank, increased resistance to race 1, and a high yield potential.Additional information regarding black shank control and resistanceratings for both race 0 and race 1 may be found in the disease managementchapter of this guide.The results from the 2011 Flue-Cured Tobacco Official Variety Trialconducted at the Southern Piedmont Center are shown in Table 1. Data areshown for yield, grade index, and relative yield. Grade index is anumerical measure of tobacco quality allows for comparisons betweenvarieties. Relative yield is calculated based on the overall average yield ofall varieties in the test. A relative yield of 100 indicates a yieldapproximate to the overall average of the test (NC 102, CC 67, CC37, andRG 17). Values of 104 or 96 indicate that the yield of a particular varietywas 4 percent above or below the test average, respectively.Relative yield data from the Flue-Cured Official Variety Trial for the pastthree seasons are presented in Table 2. The small number in parenthesisindicates the ranking of a specific variety among all of the varieties foreach season. The test conducted at the Southern Piedmont Center isgenerally indicative of the yield potential of the different varieties grownunder an irrigated, disease-free situation. A variety with a relative yieldabove consistently above 100 should be considered at having an aboveaverage yield potential.Three new varieties will be commercially available for the 2012 seasonseepage 11. These varieties have passed the Minimum Standards Programconducted by the regional Flue-Cured Tobacco Variety EvaluationCommittee. This program is conducted to ensure that all new varietiesmeet certain chemical characteristics, usability standards, and have smokeflavor characteristics that are acceptable to the industry. Approval by thiscommittee does not necessarily mean that the variety possesses anyagronomic or disease resistance characteristics superior to our currentlyavailable commercial varieties.
Agronomic Information9Table 1. Agronomic results from the 2011 Official Variety Trial conducted atSouthern Piedmont Center - Blackstone, VA. New varieties are in bold.VarietyNC 27 NFNC 71CC 13PVH 2110CC 35PVH 1596CC 27NC 299K 326NC 291NC 72NC 297CC 4.075.076.075.066.370.376.074.7NC 196PVH 2248NC 55CC 33PVH 1452CC 700GF 318NC 606Sp. 220NC 102CC 67CC 37RG 17NC 37 NFVA 119RGH 51NC 92K 394Sp. 1.781.3NC 471K 149Sp. 225Sp. 236PVH 1118K 346GL 939K 399Sp. 086868577.770.377.775.081.776.082.385.079.0Test Average402977.5
Agronomic Information10Table 2. Relative yields for Flue-Cured Tobacco Official Variety Trialsconducted at the Southern Piedmont Center near Blackstone, Virginia for2009-2011.3-yr Avg.Relative Yield and Ranking within YearRelativeVariety201120102009YieldNC 27 NF113 (1)109 (4)107 (12)108 (8)110NC 71112 (2)107 (9)CC 13112 (2)109 (4)97 (32)106PVH 2110110 (4)109 (4)106 (14)108CC 35109 (5)118 (1)110 (6)11396 (34)109PVH 1596109 (5)92 (40)CC 27107 (7)99 (22)112 (2)10699NC 299107 (7)100 (20)102 (21)103K 326106 (9)109 (4)108 (10)108NC 291106 (9)101 (17)108 (10)105NC 72106 (9)104 (11)105 (14)105NC 297106 (9)100 (20)107 (12)104CC 65105 (13)112 (2)113 (1)110112 (2)NC 196104 (14)105 (10)NC 55104 (14)99 (22)98 (30)101107CC 33103 (17)101 (17)104 (16)103PVH 1452103 (17)95 (34)104 (18)100CC 700102 (19)104 (11)109 (6)105GF 318102 (19)110 (3)109 (8)107NC 606102 (19)101 (17)98 (30)100Sp. 220102 (19)95 (34)92 (39)96NC 102100 (23)103 (14)103 (20)102CC 67100 (23)96 (33)104 (18)100CC 37100 (23)98 (27)112 (2)103RG 17100 (23)99 (22)100 (26)100NC 37 NF99 (27)102 (15)95 (36)99VA 11999 (27)97 (30)97 (32)98RGH 5198 (29)104 (11)95 (36)99--- Continued ---
Agronomic Informat
2012 FLUE-CURED TOBACCO PRODUCTION GUIDE Prepared By: T. David Reed Extension Agronomist, Tobacco Charles S. Johnson Extension Plant Pathologist, Tobacco Paul J. Semtner Extension Entomologist, Tobacco Carol A. Wilkinson Associate Professor, Agronomy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board for making File Size: 984KB
Varieties in bold are new for the 2017 growing season. 2017 Flue‐Cured Tobacco Production Guide: Disease Chapter – Disease Resistance Tables Table 5. Performance of selected flue‐cured tobacco varieties in 2
Evaluating the potential of aerial remote sensing in flue-cured tobacco Austin Craig Hayes ABSTRACT Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a high value-per-acre crop that is intensively managed to optimize the yield of high quality cured leaf.
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