Drivers Of Health Care - University Of York
Drivers of Health CareExpenditure: Final ReportAnne Mason, Idaira Rodriguez Santana,María José Aragón, Nigel Rice,Martin Chalkley, Raphael Wittenberg,Jose-Luis FernandezCHE Research Paper 169
Drivers of health care expenditure: Final reportaAnne MasonIdaira Rodriguez SantanaaMaría José AragónaNigel RiceaMartin ChalkleybRaphael WittenbergbJose-Luis FernandezaaCentre for Health Economics, University of York, UKLondon School of Economics and Political Science, UKbAugust 2019
Background to seriesCHE Discussion Papers (DPs) began publication in 1983 as a means of making currentresearch material more widely available to health economists and other potential users.So as to speed up the dissemination process, papers were originally published by CHE anddistributed by post to a worldwide readership.The CHE Research Paper series takes over that function and provides access to currentresearch output via web-based publication, although hard copy will continue to be available(but subject to charge).AcknowledgementsWe are indebted to Melissa Harden (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University ofYork) for designing and running the literature searches and are grateful for constructivecomments from the Department of Health and Social Care.This study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy ResearchProgramme (reference 103/0001). The views expressed are those of the authors and notnecessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.No ethical approval was needed.Further copiesOnly the latest electronic copy of our reports should be cited. Copies of this paper are freelyavailable to download from the CHE website www.york.ac.uk/che/publications/. Access todownloaded material is provided on the understanding that it is intended for personal use.Copies of downloaded papers may be distributed to third parties subject to the proviso thatthe CHE publication source is properly acknowledged and that such distribution is notsubject to any payment.Printed copies are available on request at a charge of 5.00 per copy. Please contact theCHE Publications Office, email che-pub@york.ac.uk, telephone 01904 321405 for furtherdetails.Centre for Health EconomicsAlcuin CollegeUniversity of YorkYork,YO10 5DD, UKwww.york.ac.uk/che Anne Mason, Idaira Rodriguez Santana, María José Aragón, Nigel Rice, Martin Chalkley,Raphael Wittenberg, Jose-Luis Fernandez
Drivers of health care expenditure: Final report iAbstractSince the NHS was established in 1948, growth in health care expenditure (HCE) has outpaced therise in both GDP and in total public expenditure. Known drivers of HCE growth include demographicfactors, income and wealth effects, technology and cost pressures. To identify the challenges andopportunities for developing a model of healthcare demand, this report addressed two researchquestions:1.2.What are the drivers of past trends in health care expenditure and how much has eachof the drivers contributed to past increases in expenditure?How much has each type of service contributed to past trends in health careexpenditure and why have there been different trends for different types of care?We set out a conceptual framework for understanding drivers of HCE, placing it in the broadercontext of underlying drivers of demand and macroeconomic trends. We reviewed studies fromhigher-income countries published over the last decade, and analysed datasets compiled in-house ofcost and volume of care by different settings. We linked data on HCE trends to relevant, settingspecific evidence from the literature review.We identified 52 studies using aggregate data and 54 individual-level studies. The relativecontribution of different drivers could not be quantified due to heterogeneity in studymethodologies. Aggregate studies using longer panels of data show that the relationship betweenHCE and its drivers is non-linear, varies over time and varies cross countries. These studies mostlyfind a strong, positive relationship between HCE and technological progress. Individual-level studiesusually rely on observational, non-experimental data from administrative databases, such as claimsdata or registers, or on survey data or cohort studies. Trends in HCE from 2008/9 to 2016/17 revealthat the largest rises were in high cost drugs (231%), chemotherapy (113%) and attendances at A&E(59%) or outpatient departments (57%). Most evidence on the drivers of HCE related to hospitalcare, but we found no studies explaining the factors behind the rise in expenditure on chemotherapyor high cost drugs.We conclude by presenting four lessons that could inform decisions on building a projections modelof health care expenditure.
ii CHE Research Paper 169ContentsIntroduction . 1Aims and objectives . 1Conceptual framework . 1The macroeconomic context. 4Methods. 6WP1: Drivers of past trends in HCE . 6WP2: Variation across settings in HCE . 7WP3: Next Steps towards a Projections Model . 9Results . 10Drivers of past trends in HCE . 10Findings from reviews and aggregate studies of HCE. 10Findings from studies that used individual-level data . 13Setting-specific results . 19Hospital-based care . 21Diagnostics and therapeutics . 26Mental Health services . 30Primary Care . 31Community-based settings . 32Other . 35Towards a projections model of health care expenditure . 36Mechanisms that shape demand are complicated, and may be complex . 36Methodology matters . 36The pathway linking demand to HCE needs to be explicit . 36Data challenges should not be underestimated . 37Discussion . 39Overview of findings . 39Gaps in the evidence base . 39Strengths . 40Limitations. 41Future drivers . 41Next steps . 41References . 43
Drivers of health care expenditure: Final report URCRDNASHARETTDWPAccident and emergency (department)Affordable Care ActBody mass indexCommunity CareClinical Commissioning GroupChronic kidney diseaseDiagnostics and therapeuticsEmergency departmentEnd of lifeFinished consultant episodeNHS Five Year Forward ViewGross domestic productGeneral practitionerGP patient surveyHospital based careHealth care expenditureHealthcare resource groupLife-expectancylower- or middle-income countryLong term careLTC expenditureMental healthNational Health ServiceOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPrimary CarePrescription cost analysisPrimary Care TrustPopulation health modelPersonal Social Services Research UnitNHS Reference CostsRegular Day and Night AdmissionsSurvey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in EuropeTime-to-deathWork package
iv CHE Research Paper 169
Drivers of health care expenditure: Final report 1IntroductionEver since the NHS was established in 1948, growth in health care expenditure (HCE) has outpacedthe rise in both GDP and in total public expenditure [1]. Year-on-year rises in the real value of HCEare thought to be one of the greatest challenges to long-term fiscal sustainability [2]. Known driversof HCE growth include demographic factors, income and wealth effects, technology and costpressures [3].Tackling the drivers of demand is an enduring policy concern. A key aim of the NHS Five YearForward View (FYFV) Next Steps was to “reduce avoidable [healthcare] demand and meet demandmore appropriately” [4], primarily through service transformation via the New Models of Care [5].With its 10-year forward view, the NHS Long Term Plan reinforces the need for new service modelsbut also advocates a more radical approach to moderating demand through upstream preventionand tackling health inequalities [6]. The Plan recognises that return on investment is a long-termgoal, for two reasons. First, some factors that drive demand are intractable and may only beamenable to change in the long-run (such as entrenched levels of unmet need). Second, otherfactors that drive demand for HCE are beneficial in themselves (e.g. longer life expectancy,technological innovations). It is also important to understand how expenditure and activity in othersectors, such as social care, may influence HCE.Evaluations of the drivers of the demand for health care typically infer demand from measures ofactivity and/or expenditure. However, this captures only ‘expressed’ demand that differs from ‘true’demand because of unexpressed or unmet need (i.e. latent demand). In addition, it is informative todistinguish the elements of expressed demand that are potentially avoidable, i.e. which drivers areamenable to change.To quantify long-term healthcare spending projections, there is a need to understand what drivespast trends in activity and expenditure and how these may change in future. This study addressesthese issues by undertaking a rapid review of the drivers of past trends in health care expenditure(HCE) and an analysis of in-house databases to quantify variations in health care expenditure,volume of activity and unit cost. Where possible, we explore how drivers vary by setting. We thenidentify the steps needed to develop an aggregate model of demand for health care, note the gapsin the evidence base and consider how drivers may change in future.Aims and objectivesThe study seeks to address two research questions, but we also consider future drivers of HCE.1.2.What are the drivers of past trends in health care expenditure in terms of demographicchange, technology, rising expectations, pay, etc. and how much has each of the driverscontributed to past increases in expenditure?How much has each type of service, such as primary care, pharmaceuticals, emergencysecondary care, elective secondary care, etc., contributed to past trends in health careexpenditure and why have there been different trends for different types of care?Conceptual frameworkIn identifying the drivers of health care expenditure we have undertaken a rapid literature review.This review is not restricted to particular health care systems and aims to identify relevant studiesthat have considered drivers of expenditure irrespective of the funding and organisationalconstraints within which the studies were situated (though we excluded studies from lower- ormiddle-income countries (LMICs)). However, it is important to recognise that, in part, the purpose of
2 CHE Research Paper 169this study is to help inform planning decisions relevant to meet future demand within the context ofthe NHS [6, 7]. The delivery of health care in the UK is synonymous with the publicly funded NHS,which accounts for by far the greatest proportion of health care provision, with the exception ofdental
Drivers of health care expenditure: Final report i Abstract Since the NHS was established in 1948, growth in health care expenditure (HCE) has outpaced the rise in both GDP and in total public expenditure. Known drivers of HCE growth include demographic factors, income and wealth effects, technology and cost pressures. To identify the challenges and opportunities for developing a model of .
The primary drivers, sometimes referred to as "key drivers," are system components or factors which contribute directly to achieving the aim. Secondary drivers are actions, interventions, or lower-level components necessary to achieve the primary drivers. Secondary drivers should be used to identify changes that can be tested in order to
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4. Health Care in the Netherlands in a Nutshell 23 4.1. The Organisation of Self Care, Primary Care, Second Line Care and Specialised Care 23 4.2. The Development of Health Care and Health Care Policy 26 5. The National Characteristics 31 5.1. The Legislation 31 5.2. Health Care Statistics and Press Releases 34
info@childwelfare.gov https://www.childwelfare.gov. ISSUE BRIEF. May 2015. Health-Care Coverage for Youth in Foster Care— and After. WHAT’S INSIDE. Health-care needs of children and youth in foster care Medicaid coverage— who is eligible and how? Other health-care coverage (non-Medicaid) Coverage benefits Improving health-care coverage .
Primary Health Care Providers Primary care includes health promotion, disease prevention, health maintenance, counseling, patient education, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses in a variety of health care settings (office, inpatient, critical care, long-term care, home care, day care, etc.). Primary care is performed and
Long-Term Care Implications – Some Scenarios and Issues for the State . Specialty Care – Behavioral Health Care – Urgent and Emergent Care – Inpatient Acute Care – Home Care and Nursing Home Sub-Acute and – Long-Term Care 16 . Improving Performance: Improving Care and Population Health, Reducing Costs
Principles of Primary Health Care Although the name of the program team reflects key service elements, it functions based on the principles of Primary Health Care. Primary health care is integrated and inter-sectoral. Primary health care emphasizes health promotion. Primary health care views the individual as a whole being.
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