And The Nature And Nurture Of Intelligence

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Stereotypesand theNature and Nurture ofIntelligenceJoshua AronsonNew York UniversityNCWIT, May23, 2012

Question:Black babies generally have thesame intellectual abilities as whitebabies so why do they do worse onIQ tests and in school as they growand move through school?

QuestionsIf girls have the same math potentialas boys, why do they do worse onthe math SAT and why do so fewmajor in engineering and computerscience?

QuestionsWhat keeps bright students fromdeveloping their gifts?

QuestionsHow do we motivate students whodon’t care much about performingwell in school?

QuestionHow do we solve the growingincome-inequality education gap,which is now greater than race gap?“The problem is a puzzle. No one has the slightestidea what will work. The cupboard is bare.”Douglas J. BesharovonNY Times, 2012

QuestionWhy did George W. Bush so oftentalk like an idiot?Partial answers to these questions lie in thenature of intelligence

The Nature of Intelligence

“Human intelligence is among the mostfragile things in nature. It doesn‘t takemuch to distract it, suppress it, or evenannihilate it.”--Neil Postman

“Human intelligence is both more fragileand malleable than most people realize, andfar more so than the makers of standardizedtests would lead us to believe.”--Joshua Aronson (2009)

The Fragility of Intelligence Some physical factors that impair intelligent thought Malnutrition (Breast feeding)Sleep DeprivationBlow to the HeadLust

The Fragility of Intelligence Social factors that impair intelligent thought Mistrust (Bryk & Schneider, 2002; Cohen)Threatened Safety (Sharkey, 2009)Threatened Belongingness (Baumeister, 2002)Stereotype Threat/ Identity threat (Steele &Aronson, 1995)

Stereotype/Identity Threat Apprehension arising from the awareness of anegative stereotype or personal reputation in asituation where the stereotype or identity isrelevant, and thus confirmable– everyone experiences this in some form

Examples of Identity Threat Jewish person in a money context African American Taking an IQ test Woman called upon in math class George W. Bush and public speaking

“They misunderestimated me” --G.W. Bush, Nov 6, 2000Estimate my SAT ScoreAverage estimate 1030Bush’s Actual Score 1330

Stereotype Threat Anecdotal Evidence“When I talk in class, I feel as though I’m totally onstage, like everyone’s thinking, ‘oh what’s the Blackgirl going to say?’ But I don’t speak up in class muchanymore, so I guess it’s not a big deal.”—Stanford Undergraduate

Stereotype Threat Anecdotal Evidence“Group work was a nightmare. I could tell that no onethought my ideas were any good because I’m Latina.”—NYU Undergraduate

Stereotype Threat Anecdotal Evidence“Everyone expects me to be good at math because I’mAsian, so I feel extra stupid because I’m not so good atmath.”—NYU Undergrad

Stereotype Threat Your Anecdotal EvidenceYour Story Here:Write for one moemnt about an experience of stereotypethreat at school, work, or wherever as you experiencedit. Share?

Laboratory Experiment on Stereotype ThreatSteele & Aronson (1995). Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology. Method: Reducing Evaluative Scrutiny Measure: Blacks’ and Whites’ Verbal GREPerformance

Verbal Test Performance 15# of items solved13whites11975blacks31"Measuring Your Ability""Not Measuring Your Ability"

Verbal Test Performance 15# of items solved13whiteswhites119blacks75blacks31"Measuring Your Ability""Not Measuring Your Ability"

Verbal Test Performance Corrected for SAT 10# of items solved9whites8blackswhites765blacks4321STEREOTYPE THREATNO STEREOTYPE THREAT

Laboratory Experiment on Stereotype ThreatSteele & Aronson (1995)Method: Inducing the Relevance of RaceMeasure: Blacks’ and Whites’ Verbal GREPerformance

Verbal Test Performance 109whites# of items solved8blackswhites7654blacks321Asked to Indicate RaceNot Asked to Indicate Race

Additional Studies Finding Performance Effects Women Taking Math Tests Latinos taking verbal tests Elderly taking short-term memory tests Low SES Students taking verbal tests Blacks and Miniature Golf Women taking tests of Political Knowledge, Driving, Chess,Computers White males taking tests of social sensitivity Princeton Students from Non-preppy backgrounds on math tests White Males Taking Math Tests

When White Men Can’t Do Math Aronson, et al., (1999). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 12 1110Items Solved987654321Test of Your Math AbilityTest of Your Math AbilityRelative to Asians

When White Men Can’t Do Math Aronson, et al., (1999). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 12 d .931110Items Solved987654321Test of Your Math AbilityTest of Your Math Ability Relativeto Asians

Conclusions From 350 Published Studies Impairment occurs both on IQ tests and in terms of GPA Impairment on tests results from anxiety, high bloodpressure; arousal, reduced working memory capacity,impaired self-regulation; not typically a function ofreduced effort Can affect elite or non-elite students Can arise as a function of simply mixing students ST is much more likely to affect African Americans thanimmigrant black students; gender effects more likely in US Moderated by racial and gender identity, identificationwith academics, self-monitoring, implicit theories

Stereotype Effects in the “Real World”

Educational Testing Service Field Study: The AP Calculus Test or After BeforeAsking About GenderTaking AP

ETS Field Study: Asking Gender Before Taking AP CalculusTest Hurts Girls(Stricker, 2002). Journal of Applied Social Psychology.

Educational Testing Service Study:Asking Gender Before AP Calculus TestHurts Girls, Helps Boys

Field Experiment: Women in theScience PipelineHighest Level Calculus Students

Field Study: Women in the Science PipelineHighest Level College Calculus StudentsGood, Aronson, & Harder (in press) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

Field Study: Women in the Science PipelineAdvanced Level Women Outperform Advanced Menin Calculus When Threat ReducedGood, Aronson, & Harder (2008) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

California Exit Study Experiment: Comparing performance on Highand Low Stakes TestsDo High Stakes Tests Hurt Minorities?Reardon et al. (2011)

Effects of High Stakes on High School GraduationEffect of CAHSEE Requirement on Graduation Rates, Bottom Quartile Students, By Race(estimates adjusted for prior ELA achievement, poverty, ELL status, and gender)80%Graduation rate2003 tesHispanicsBlacksAsians

From Vulnerability to Low Ability"No circle is more vicious than the onehaving to do with intelligence. Childrenwho may be only a little behind their peersto begin with tend to avoid those thingsthat could have made them a little smarter.As a result they fall further and furtherbehind. Meanwhile the kids who startedout a little ahead are doing push-ups withtheir brains.”Judith Rich Harris

From Vulnerability to Low abilityStereotypeThreatLower abilityAvoidance petence

The Nurture of Intelligence

The Nurture of Intelligence To encourage studentsNCWIT.ORG

Reducing Stereotype Threat: Change the situation

Workshop Question:What, in a word, is the onesolution to almost any socialproblem or predicament?

Q: What, in a word, is the onesolution to almost any socialproblem or predicament?A: Community

Reducing Stereotype Threat Change The Mindset

The Growth Mindset

The Fixed Mindset "Bombshell. Not genius. Not even brilliant. Unbelievable. Thankprincipal and leave. Keep cool. . .control wobbly knees. . .125. Notbrilliant. Not undiscovered genius. How can I tell my wife? Didthey laugh when I applied to medical school? IQ has no meaning.Totally discredited. No one takesit seriously. All it measures isability to take IQ tests. Who was Otis anyway? IQ doesn’t measurecreativity. . . Maybe I had an earache. Bad night’s sleep. . .WinstonChurchill. . .Maybe I lost time daydreaming---creatively. Culturalbias. . . .But cultural bias all in my favor! Wife: National MeritScholar, skipped two grades. Early photos show strange bulgingforehead. . . . We lie in bed, not touching. Is she talking moreslowly than usual to make sure I understand? What is it like not tobe brilliant, she wants to know. What kinds of thoughts don’t youget? And what do you do in the long wait between ideas?"

ExperimentAlter, Aronson, et al (2010)Question:Can a growth mindset improve math test scoresamong black school children (aged 9-13) ?Method: Black North Carolina students primed for raceor not, given growth mindset or not.Measure: Math Test Performance (EOG)

Math Test Performance Black Grade School Students

Reducing the effects of Stereotype Threat In thereal world: Shaping implicit theoriesQuestion: Can getting people to believe in expandable intelligencereduce effects of stereotype threat on GPA? Method: Attitude change Measure: End of year GPA

Year End Follow-Up: tesAronson, Fried & Good (2002). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

Reducing Stereotype Threat in MiddleSchool: A field InterventionQuestion: Can psychological intervention raise test scores ofminority students? Method: mentoring study; attitude change Conditions:– Malleability of intelligence– Role Models: senior students who stress the normality of early difficulty– Control (drug abuse message) Measure: Texas Assessment of Academic Skills (TAAS)

7th Grade Reading TAAS--LatinosGood, Aronson & Inzlicht (2003) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.READING TAAS SCORE1009080MalleabilityInterventionRole ModelControl

7th Grade Girls’ Math TAASMath TAAS e ModelGood, Aronson & Inzlicht (2003) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.Control

Reducing IdentityThreat: The role ofawarenessAronson & Williams (2011).Question:Can understanding Stereotype threat reduce itseffects?Method: Forewarning about ST or Test AnxietyMeasure: Blacks’ Test Performance a week later

African American’s GRE PerformanceStereotype threat16SCORENo stereotype l

Positive Identity Salience

Spatial Ability Test Performance Largest sex differences: Spatial Ability May account for most of the math test score gap Testosterone? Trainability Can Identity Salience move scores around?

Vandenberg Mental RotationTaskA meta-analysis containing 286 data sets and 100,000subjects found a highly significant male advantage for mentalrotation; this pattern remains stable across age and has notdecreased in recent years.

Identity Salience Influences Women’s MentalRotation Performance25WOMENMENVMR SCORE2015105GENDERELITE COLLEGESTUDENTMcGlone & Aronson (2006). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.CONTROL

Identity Salience Influences Women’s MentalRotation Performance25WOMENMENVMR SCORE2015105GENDERELITE COLLEGESTUDENTMcGlone & Aronson (2006). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology.CONTROL

Identity Salience Influences Mental ELITE COLLEGESTUDENTCONTROL

Positive Identity Salience and CollegeMajor Intentions (McGlone & Aronson)Boys and Girls got one of 2 questionnaires at a college fair—oneabout cafeteria food; the other about resisting conformity, being a“trailblazer”1. All students expressed negative attitudes towardconformity and cafeteria food.2. No effect on boys3. Girls who received the conformity measure beforeselecting pamphlets were twice as likely to expresstake pamphlets STEM majors

Number of Girls TakingPamphletsHow Many Girls Requested Information Pamphlets on STEMMajors ?35302520151050Cafeteria Food SurveyTrailBlazer Survey

Identity Salience In the SchoolCrellin Elementary School, a poor school on the MarylandWest Virginia border; could be the best school in AmericaWent from 0% proficiency to 100% proficiency in 3 yearsafter new principal (50% of students reached advancedlevel)7 years after graduating from Crellin, graduates comprise75% of the students in AP classes in high school despitebeing 1/3 the size of the other feeder elementary schools

Identity Salience In School Many lessons to be learned from Crellin Students do science rather than study science, so theyidentify themselves as scientists very early Principal and teachers constantly remind them that they are“Crellin students” and thus are special:“Crellin girls tie their own shoes”“Crellin girls don’t say ewww when they do science”“Crellin students work hard, etc.”“We don’t do that here at Crellin”

Meaningfulness

“Victim” of Stereotype Threat“In the perception of society my athletictalents are genetic; I am a likely muggerrapist; my academic failures are expected;and my academic successes are attributedto others. To spend most of my life fightingthese attitudes levies an emotional tax thatis a form of intellectual emasculation”--Neil de Grasse Tyson

Meaningful Work “We don’t make anything any more”The “Box”2 dimensional vs. 3 dimensional problemsHulleman & HarackewiczTara Chklovski and IridescentCrellin Elementary: we do mainly real work

Seymour Papert:“We teach numbers, then algebra, then calculus, thenphysics. Wrong! Start with engineering, and fromthat abstract out physics, and from that abstract outideas of calculus, and eventually separate off puremathematics. So much better to have the first-gradekid or kindergarten kid doing engineering and leaveit to the older ones to do pure mathematics than to doit the other way around.” Benezet Experiment

Meaning/Relevance Nudge Harackiewicz had students in 9th grade science classesevaluate their expectations for success in their scienceclass. Students were then randomly assigned to one of twoconditions: 1) Control condition: Students wrote a brief essaysummarizing the material they were covering in scienceclass 2) Experimental condition: Students wrote about thevalue and usefulness of the material they were covering inclass, and how it might relate to their own life.

Science Interest54.54ControlRelevance3.532.52Low ExpectationsHigh ExpectationsSource: Hulleman, C. S. & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). Promoting interest and performance inhigh school science classes. Science, 326, 1410-1412. doi: 10.1126/science.1177067

Personal Relevance and PerformanceCourse Grades43.5ControlRelevance32.52Low ExpectationsHigh ExpectationsSource: Hulleman, C. S. & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). Promoting interest and performance inhigh school science classes. Science, 326, 1410-1412. doi: 10.1126/science.1177067

Some Students Need more than aNudge

What about the unmotivated?"Think about Snooki,seriously, when we talk aboutteachers, and we try to lay allthe blame on them . watch'Jersey Shore,' watch it. Andtell me what teacher couldpossibly have reached any oneof them, to get any one of theirscores up, in any subject.”Lawrence O’Donnell

Helping others as a universallymeaningful motivator?

Solar Students

Solar Students

Solar Students

Solar Students

Experiment: Motivation in theFace of ThreatEssay paradigm: 108 college students of different ethnicities write essay on thepleasures of college; They get harsh feedback from an editor. Manipulation:“published in a book”“published in a book to be distributed to poor children in Harlem”DV: How many students will overcome the ego sting and submitrevised essays?

Number of Students who revised essays after harshfeedbackNumber of students10"Published in a Book""Published in a Book for Children"9876655432110110WhitesHispanicsBlacks

Need for Autonomy

Students don't likeschool because theirteachers don't have afull understanding ofthe many cognitiveprinciples that governthe learning process.If only teachers wouldknow this, they wouldteach better and kidswould love school,engage more, etc.Partly True

This ignores the vital need forautonomyThe only difference betweenschool and prison is to get intoprison, you have to commit acrime, but they put you in schooljust because of your age. In otherrespects school and prison are thesame. In both places you arestripped of your freedom anddignity. You are told exactly whatyou must do, and you are punishedfor failing to comply. Actually, inschool you must spend more timedoing exactly what you are told todo than is true in adult prisons, soin that sense school is worse thanprison.–Peter Gray

ConclusionBell-Curving:With Charles Murray (Bad Students)With Michelle Rhee (Bad Teachers)With Social Psychology (Non-optimal Situations)

Thank You!joshua.aronson@nyu.edu

nature of intelligence!!!! " . “Human intelligence is among the most fragile things in nature. It doesn‘t take much to distract it, suppress it, or even annihilate it.”!!! ! !!!--Neil Postman! “Human intelligence is both more fragile and malleable than most people realize, and far more so than the makers of standardized

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