Our Universe - Answers In Genesis

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HEAVEN& EARTHOurUniverseGOD’SDESIGN 4th EditionDebbie & Richard Lawrence

God’s Design for Heaven & Earth is a complete earth science curriculum for grades 3–8. The books inthis series are designed for use in the Christian homeschool and Christian school, and provide easy-touse lessons that will encourage children to see God’s hand in everything around them.Printed January 2016Fourth edition. Copyright 2003, 2008, 2016 by Debbie & Richard Lawrence.No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission fromthe author and publisher other than: (1) the specific pages within the book that are designed for singlefamily/classroom use, and (2) as brief quotations quoted in a review.ISBN: 978-1-62691-436-0Published by Answers in Genesis, 2800 Bullittsburg Church Rd., Petersburg KY 41080Book design: Diane KingEditor: Gary VaterlausAll scripture quotations are taken from the New King James Version. Copyright 1982 by Thomas Nelson,Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved.The publisher and authors have made every reasonable effort to ensure that the activities recommendedin this book are safe when performed as instructed but assume no responsibility for any damage causedor sustained while conducting the experiments and activities. It is the parents’, guardians’, and/or teachers’responsibility to supervise all recommended activities.Printed in ChinaAnswersInGenesis.org GodsDesign.com

Unit 1: Space Models7Lesson 1Introduction to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Lesson 2Space Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10Special FeatureNicolaus Copernicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Lesson 3 The Earth’s Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Lesson 4 Tools for Studying Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21Special FeatureGalileo Galilei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Unit 2: Outer SpaceLesson 529Overview of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Lesson 6 Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Lesson 7 Heavenly Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Special FeatureAstronomy vs. Astrology . . . . . . . . . . . 40Lesson 8 Asteroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Lesson 9Comets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Lesson 10Meteors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Unit 3: Sun & MoonLesson 11Overview of Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . .52Lesson 12Our Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Lesson 13Structure of the Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Lesson 14Solar Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6351

Lesson 15Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Lesson 16Our Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Special FeatureNewton & the Apple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Lesson 17Motion & Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . .74Lesson 18Origin of the moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Unit 4: PlanetsLesson 1981Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Lesson 20 Venus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Lesson 21Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Lesson 22Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91Lesson 23Jupiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94Lesson 24Saturn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97Lesson 25Uranus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Lesson 26Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Lesson 27 Pluto & Eris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106Special FeaturePlanet Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Unit 5: Space Program110Lesson 28 NASA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Lesson 29 Space Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Lesson 30 Apollo Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Lesson 31 The Space Shuttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Special FeatureRick D. Husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129Lesson 32 International Space Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Lesson 33 Astronauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Special FeatureJeffery Nels Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Lesson 34 Solar System Model: Final Project . . . . . . . . . 139Lesson 35 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Challenge Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Welcome toGOD’S DESIGN HEAVEN& EARTHYou are about to start an exciting series oflessons on Earth science. God’s Design for Heavenand Earth consists of three books: Our Universe,Our Planet Earth, and Our Weather and Water. Eachof these books will give you insight into how Goddesigned and created our world and the universe inwhich we live.No matter what grade you are in, third througheighth grade, you can use this book.3rd–5th gradeRead the lesson.Do the activity in the light blue box (worksheets will be provided by your teacher).Test your knowledge by answering theWhat did we learn? questions.Assess your understanding by answering theTaking it further questions.Be sure to read the special features and do the finalproject.6th–8th gradeRead the lesson.Do the activity in the light blue box (worksheets will be provided by your teacher).Test your knowledge by answering theWhat did we learn? questions.Assess your understanding by answering theTaking it further questions.Do the Challenge section in the light greenbox. This part of the lesson will challengeyou to do more advanced activities andlearn additional interesting information.Be sure to read the special features and do the finalproject.There are also unit quizzes and a final test to take.When you truly understand how God hasdesigned everything in our universe to work together,then you will enjoy the world around you even more.So let’s get started!There are also unit quizzes and a final test to take.Our Universe 5

6 Our Universe

1UNITSpaceModels1 Introduction toAstronomy 82 Space Models 103 The Earth’s Movement 174 Tools for Studying Space 21 Identify models used tounderstand the universe. Describe how models are usedin science. Describe how lenses and mirrorsare used to explore space.Our Universe 7

Space Models1Introduction toAstronomyStudy of spaceWhat is astronomy, and whyshould we study it?Words to know:astronomybig bang theoryPsalm 19:1 says, “The heavens declare theglory of God.” Since the Bible is always true, weshould want to study and understand the heavensso that we can better understand God’s glory. Thestudy of the heavens is called astronomy. Astronomyis the study of the planets, moons, stars, and otherthings found outside of the earth. In this book youwill learn about these things and many other thingsin the universe as well.Have you ever looked at the stars and wonderedwhat they were or how they got where they are?Have you ever observed the movement of the sunthrough the sky and wondered how it moves like itdoes? Then you are asking some of the same questions that astronomers have asked for hundreds of8 Our Universe Lesson 1years. Scientists cannot prove where the universecame from. A popular theory among some scientists is the big bang theory—the idea that the universe suddenly came into existence nearly 14 billionyears ago and has been expanding ever since. However, in Genesis 1:14–19, the Bible says that God created the sun, moon, and stars on the fourth day ofcreation, so we know how the sun, moon, and starsgot where they are—God created them. Many ofthe other questions have been answered by scientists as they have observed the universe and studiedhow things move and work together. In this book,you will learn many of the things that astronomersand other scientists have discovered as well as manythings that the Bible has to say about the universethat we live in.God’s purposeComplete the “God’s Purpose for the Universe”worksheet.

What did we learn? Why should we want to study astronomy?Taking it further What is one thing you really want to learnduring this study? Write your question or questions on a pieceof paper and save it to make sure you find theanswers by the end of the book.Knowledgeof the StarsThe word astronomy comes from two Greekwords, which mean “star arranging.” It means toarrange or systematize our knowledge of the stars.What knowledge do you have of the stars? Testyour knowledge of the stars by completing the“Knowledge of the Stars” worksheet. Try to findthe answers to the questions you are not sure ofin any books you may have on astronomy or onthe internet.Lesson 1Our Universe 9Space Models What is astronomy?

Space Models2Space ModelsWhat’s really out there?How do we know what our solarsystem looks like?Words to know:geocentric modellaw of gravitationheliocentric modelgravityHave you ever played with a model car or amodel airplane? Have you ever built a model trainor seen a model space ship? A model is a smallerversion of the real thing. It allows you to see andtouch something that is too big to actually holdor play with. Space is much too big to hold or evento see completely. So man has invented models tohelp us understand what the universe looks like andhow it works. A model of space can be very useful.These models are often drawings and not threedimensional toys, although we sometimes see threedimensional models of our solar system. But howdid people figure out what the universe and oursolar system looked like and how they work?the center of the universe. This model was developed based on several observations. First, the earthappears to be stationary while the sun, moon, andstars seem to move around it. The sun rises in theeast and sets in the west. The moon also rises in theeast and sets in the west. And the stars move acrossthe sky. Therefore, it made sense to early observersthat the earth was in the center and everything elsemoved around it.Careful observation also revealed that the sun,moon and the five visible planets appeared to moveamong the stars. So the early model showed the earthin the center with the sun, moon, and planets each inits own sphere spinning around the earth. The starsSaturnMars10 Our Universe Lesson 2EarthJupiterVenusGeocentric modelOne ancient model of the solar system wasbased on what is called the geocentric model,which means that the earth was believed to beMercuryMoonGeocentric modelSun

Heliocentric modelThen, during the Renaissance, there was arenewed interest in art, science, and learning. Manyscientists began to make careful observations of theheavenly bodies, and new ideas began to emerge.A Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicusdeveloped the idea that the sun, not the earth, wasthe center of the solar system. This has been calledthe Copernican or heliocentric model. His modelwas able to explain many of the problems thathad been observed in the geocentric model. Earthmoving around the sun just like the other planetswould explain why sometimes the planets appearedto move backward. The earth would catch up withslower moving planets, causing them to seem toslow down. Then after passing them, the planets’forward motion could be seen again.Other scientists that followed Copernicus builton his foundation and were able to explain evenmore of what was observed. Johannes Kepler wasa mathematician who very carefully plotted themovements of the planets and proved that theplanets move in elliptical (or stretched) orbits insteadof circular orbits, which helped explain why planetssometimes appeared closer than at other times.The same year that Kepler published his work,another scientist, Galileo Galilei, designed and builthis first telescope. He was the first one to study theheavens with a telescope. This invention allowed formuch more precise measurements of the heavenlybodies and even better understanding of the workings of the planets and stars.Finally, in the late 1600s Sir Isaac Newton usedhis knowledge to explain how all of these heavenly bodies were able to move the way they do.He devised his law of gravitation, which explainedhow gravity helps to hold all of the planets in theirorbits around the sun. Throughout the years manyimprovements have been made to these theories,but the basic ideas of the Copernican model haveremained the same. Today we know that the universeThe motion of stars across the sky can be seenwith a long exposure usCopernican Heliocentric modelLesson 2Our Universe 11Space Modelswere believed to be in the outermost sphere. Thespheres were thought to be crystal or some othertransparent material that allowed the people onEarth to view the objects in them.This model was developed over several hundredyears. A Greek scientist named Ptolemy did muchof the work, and the geocentric model is sometimesreferred to as the Ptolemaic model. However, Ptolemy and others made observations that did not fitwell within the theory. Sometimes planets seemedbrighter and nearer, and at other times they seemeddimmer and farther away. Also, the planets sometimes appeared to slow down and even move backward with respect to the stars. To accommodatethese observations, Ptolemy shifted the earth so itwas not in the exact center of the model. He thensaid that the planets moved in small circles withintheir spheres to account for the apparent backwardmotion. This model did not fully explain all of theinconsistencies that were observed, but it was thebest model available and, for centuries, was acceptedas the way the universe was.

Space ModelsLaw of gravitationNewton’s law of gravitation states that everything exerts a pull on everything else. The moremassive something is, the stronger its gravitationalpull, and the closer something is to an object, theGravitational pullstronger its gravitational pull. Because the earth isvery large and very close to us, it has a strong gravitational pull on everything on the surface of the earth.The earth and moon exert a gravitational pull oneach other. Because the earth’s mass is much largerthan the moon, the moon orbits the earth. Similarly,the sun and the earth exert a gravitational pull oneach other. But because the sun is much more massive than the earth, the earth revolves around the sun.Space Modelsis much, much larger than was believed in the 17thcentury, but the heliocentric model explains whatwe observe in our solar system.Leaning Tower of PisaPurpose: To demonstrate that the speed at which anobject falls due to the pull of gravity does not depend onthe weight of the object.Materials: ping-pong ball, golf ball, piece of paper, bookProcedure:1. Hold a ping-pong ball and a golf ball. Which one islighter?Johannes Kepler2. Hold them both at the same height and release them atthe same time. Which one hit the ground first?3. Hold a book and a small, flat sheet of paper out at thesame height and release them at the same time. Whichone hit the floor first? Why?4. Place the paper on top of the book and drop them atthe same time. Did the paper float down slowly thistime?5. Finally, crumple the piece of paper into a small ball.Now, hold the book and the paper ball at the sameheight and drop them at the same time. Did they landat the same time?Questions: Why did the book hit the ground before the sheet ofpaper? Why did the sheet of paper on top of the book staywith the book? Why did the crumpled piece of paper hit the ground atthe same time as the book?Conclusion:People used to think that heavier items fell faster thanlighter items—that seems logical, right? Our activityshowed this to be false. The ping-pong ball and golf ball12 Our Universe Lesson 2should have hit the ground at about the same time eventhough the golf ball is much heavier. You may think thatthe book hit the ground before the paper because it isheavier. But you have now shown that is not the reasonthe paper floated slowly down. The sheet of paper floateddown because of air resistance, not the pull of gravity. Thepaper ball did not have as much resistance to the air as theflat sheet of paper did, so it fell at about the same rate asthe book. Understanding gravity is important because theforce of gravity pulls objects down, holds our atmospherein place, and keeps planets in orbit around the sun.Although Newton is credited with proving thelaw of gravity, he was not the first to recognize thatthe earth pulls down on objects, nor was he thefirst to do experiments to test the pull of the earth.According to popular legend, Galileo did manyexperiments by climbing to the top of the Tower ofPisa and dropping various objects over the side, butthis legend is probably not true. Nonetheless, Galileo did perform some ingenious experiments whileat Pisa. He experimented with falling objects, projectiles, inclined planes, and pendulums. Galileo discovered that the speed at which an object falls is thesame regardless of the weight of the object.Galileo GalileiWhat did we learn? What are the two major models that have beenused to describe the arrangement of the solarsystem? What was the main idea of the geocentricmodel? What is the main idea of the heliocentric model? What force holds all of the planets in orbitaround the sun?Taking it further Which exerts the most gravitational pull, theearth or the sun? If the sun has a stronger gravitational pull, thenwhy aren’t objects pulled off of the earth towardthe sun?Lesson 2Our Universe 13

Space ModelsResearch the scientistsChoose one of the following scientists to research. Hipparchus Ptolemy Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Sir Isaac Newton Nicolaus CopernicusTry to find the answers to the following questions:1.When did he live?14 Our Universe Lesson 22.What was the accepted space model at thattime?3. What problems were observed with theaccepted model?4.What contributions did he make to the spacemodel that he believed in?5.What arguments did he have to answer andhow did he answer them in support of themodel he believed in?Write up your answers and present them toothers so they can have a better understanding ofhow we developed the model of space we have today.

Nicolaus CopernicusSPECIALFEATURE1473–1543Nicolaus Copernicus is known as theperson who changed the way the world views theuniverse. However he was not always known as“Nicolaus Copernicus,” which was the Latin form ofhis name. His birth name was Mikolaj Kopernik orNicolaus Koppernigk.Nicolaus was born in 1473, in Poland. His fathertraded in copper and was a magistrate. When Nicolaus was about 10 years old, his father died and hisuncle Lucas Waczenrode took him and his family in.His uncle was a canon, or clergyman, at the time.When Nicolaus was about 15, his uncle senthim to a Cathed

God’s purpose Complete the “God’s Purpose for the Universe” worksheet. Introduction to Astronomy Study of space. LEssON 1 Our Universe 9 Space Models Knowledge of the Stars The word astronomy comes from two Greek words, which mean “star arranging.” It means to

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