CLASSICAL ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY (TH 684)
CLASSICAL ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY (TH 684)Yahya M. MichotHartford Seminary, Winter-Spring ty(8th- 9thcenturies)untilthegoldenageofinter- h- edievalLatins(al- Kindî,al- Fârâbî,Avicenna,al- Ghazâlî,Averroes nt:theIkhwânal- Ṣafâ’,Miskawayh,IbnṬufayl,al- Râzî,al- Ṭûsî,al- Qûnawî ilosophy,IslamandthehistoryofMuslimsocieties(7th- 14th.centuries)wouldbeusefulforthiscourse.Class will meet twice a week for 12 weeks: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 4 to 5:45 p.m., beginning Tuesday 23 January2018. Each of these twelve classes will be divided in two sessions: A) Lecture; B) Discussion of the required readings.The teacher can be contacted at ymichot@hartsem.edu. Office hours TBA.Course Objectives1) Students should be able to find their way around in the major reference works on classical Islamic philosophy.2) They are expected to gain an acquaintance with the thought and writings of the most important falâsifa.3) They should be able to benefit from the methodological approach adopted in these classes and apply them for theirown studies and/or research projects.Seminary Learning OutcomesTo demonstrate knowledge and skills for dialogical and constructive engagement with diversity (MARS 4).Competence to teach this area in religious communities and academia (PhD 3).Course Requirements1) It is strongly recommended that the student arrive at the first class already having a general knowledge about thereligion of Islam, as well as about the history and geography of Muslim peoples. They should also be able to find theirway around in the major reference tools for Islamic Studies (Encyclopaedia of Islam, Index Islamicus ).2) Attendance in class is required. If you know that you will be unable to attend a class please inform the professor inadvance. Missing two classes will result in an automatic lowering of your final grade by 30%. Missing three or moreclasses will result in automatic failure of the course.3) For each session A of weeks 2-12, students shall submit a summary of the reading assignments and be ready tospeak about them in class. Each student can skip any two weeks during that time for a total of 10 submissions. Here arethe guidelines for these summaries:- Approximately 2 pages (3 pages maximum)- One modern study must be used in each summary
4) A final research paper and a viva voce, as described below.5) PhD students are moreover expected to read two books concerning Falsafa chosen in consultation with the professorfrom the general references listed in this syllabus and to use them in their final paper.The final grade will be based upon the following:1) Weekly summaries (20%) and class participation (20%).2) A final research paper of a least 15 pages* (For PhD students, 25 pages) on an aspect of classical Islamic philosophy(8th–14th c.). The topic should be chosen by the end of class VI in consultation with the Professor. This paper will bedue by the end of class XII (35%).4) On Tuesday May 1, 2018, a final viva voce exam discussing the course, with an emphasis on the final research papersubmitted (25%).* All written work is to conform to the seminary writing guidelines, which can be found online perguide.pdf. It must use the transliteration system given in class I.It must be run through a grammar and spell-check program or read by the writing tutor if necessary before submission.The Hartford Seminary Grading Guidelines will be the standard of evaluation for work in the course.IMPORTANT: Plagiarism, the failure to give proper credit for the words and ideas of another person, whetherpublished or unpublished, is strictly prohibited. All written material submitted by students must be their own originalwork; where the words and ideas of others are used they must be acknowledged. Credit will not be given for workcontaining plagiarism, and plagiarism will lead to failure of a course. Please see the Hartford Seminary Catalogue forthe full plagiarism policy.General referencesENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM, INDEX ISLAMICUS ENDRESS, Gerhard, Islam: An Historical Introduction. Translated by Carole HILLENBRAND (Edinburgh: Edinburgh UniversityPress, 2002 –2d ed.), viii & 301 p., ISBN 0- ‐7486- ‐1620- ‐9.(DS35 .6.E5313 2004)DRUART, Thérèse-Anne, Brief Bibliographical Guide in Medieval Islamic Philosophy and Theology rt/bibliographical-guide.cfm.ADAMSON, Peter, Philosophy in the Islamic World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, “A History of Philosophy without any Gaps,vol. 3,” 2016), xxiii & 511 p., 978-0-19-957749-1.EL-ROUAYHEB, Khaled, & SCHMIDTKE, Sabine (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 2017), xiii & 700 p., 978-0-19-991738-9.ADAMSON, Peter & TAYLOR, Richard C. (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005), xviii & 448 p., 0-521-52069-X.(B741 .C36 2005)TAYLOR, Richard C. & LÓPEZ-FARJEAT, Luís Xavier (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Islamic Philosophy (London & NewYork: Rouledge, 2015), xviii & 433 p., 9780415881609.NASR, Seyyed Hossein & LEAMAN, Oliver (eds), History of Islamic Philosophy, 2 vols. (London - New York: Routledge, 1997), xx& 1211 p., ISBN 0-415-15667-5.(B741 .H58 2001)MCGINNIS, J., & REISMAN, D. C., Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2007).GUTAS, Dimitri, The Study of Arabic Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. An Essay on the Historiography of Arabic Philosophy,in British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 29/1, 2002, p. 5-25.STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY. On: https://plato.stanford.edu/.ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY ONLINE. On: http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/.Class ScheduleClass I. A: Jan. 23. B: Jan. 25. The « House of Wisdom » (bayt al-ḥikma)General references:ROSENTHAL, Franz, The Classical Heritage in Islam. Translated from the German by E. & J. MARMORSTEIN (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975), xx & 298 p., ISBN 0-7100-7864-1.(DS36.82 .G7 R6713)NASR, S. H. & LEAMAN, O. (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy, vol. I, Part I/1: Religious, intellectual and cultural context, p.21-118.WALZER, Richard, Greek into Arabic. Essays on Islamic Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962), 256 p.D’ANCONA, Cristina, Greek into Arabic: Neoplatonism in translation, in ADAMSON, P. & TAYLOR R. C. (eds.), The CambridgeCompanion to Arabic Philosophy, p. 10-31.
Reading Assignment:GUTAS, D., Greek Thought, Arabic Culture. The Graeco–Arabic Translation movement in Baghdad and Early ‘Abbāsid Society(London - New York: Routledge, 1998). — Pages 11-60.Class II. A: Jan. 30. B: Feb. 1. Al-KindîGeneral references:ADAMSON, Peter, Al-Kindi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).—, Al-Kindî and the reception of Greek philosophy, in ADAMSON, P. & TAYLOR R. C. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion toArabic Philosophy, p. 32-51.—, Abû Ma‘sar, al-Kindî and the Philosophical Defense of Astrology, in Recherches de Théologie et Philosophie Médiévales,69/2, 2002, p. 245-270.— & PORMANN, P. E., The Philosophical Works of al-Kindî (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2012), lxxv & 363 p., 978-019-906280-5.GANNAGÉ, Emma, The Rise of Falsafa: al-Kindî (d. 873), On First Philosophy, in EL-ROUAYHEB, Kh., & SCHMIDTKE, S. (eds),The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy, p. 30-62.PINGREE, David, Abū Ma‘shar al-Balkhī, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. I (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons,1970), p. 32-39.LEMAY, R., ABŪ MA‘SHAR AL-BALKHĪ (ALBUMASAR). Kitāb al-Mudkhal al-kabīr ilā ‘ilm aḥkām al-nujūm - Liber introductoriimaioris ad scientiam judiciorum astrorum. Éd. critique, 9 vols (Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1995).Reading Assignment:IVRY, Alfred L., Al-Kindi’s metaphysics. A Translation of Ya‘qûb ibn Ishâq al-Kindî’s Treatise “ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY” (Fî alFalsafah al-Ulâ), with Introduction and Commentary (Albany: State University of New York Press, « Studies in IslamicPhilosophy and Science », 1974), x & 207 p., ISBN 0-87395-092-5. — Pages 55-114.Class III. A: Feb. 6. B: Feb. 8. Abû Bakr al-Râzî, the « Heretic »General references:GOODMAN, Lenn E., Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyâ’ al-Râzî, in NASR, S. H. & LEAMAN, O. (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy,vol. I, p. 198-215.AL-RÂZÎ, Abû Ḥâtim, The Proofs of Prophecy - A‘lâm al-nubuwwa. Translation by T. KHALIDI (Provo: Brigham YoungUniversity Press, 2011).ADAMSON, Peter, Abû Bakr al-Râzî, The Spiritual Medicine, in EL-ROUAYHEB, Kh., & SCHMIDTKE, S. (eds), The OxfordHandbook of Islamic Philosophy, p. 63-82.GOODMAN, L. E., Râzî’s Psychology, in Philosophical Forum, 4 (1972), p. 26-48.PORMANN, P. E., Al-Râzî (d. 925) on the Benefits of Sex: A Clinician Caught between Philosophy and Medicine, in ArnoudVROLIJK & Jan P. HOGENDIJK (eds), O ye Gentlemen. Arabic Studies on Science and Literary Culture. In Honour of RemkeKruk (Leiden: Brill, 2007), p. 115-127.Reading Assignments:GOODMAN, LENN E., Râzî vs Râzî – Philosophy in the Majlis, in H. LAZARUS-YAFEH (ed.), The Majlis (Wiesbaden: OttoHarrassowitz, 1999), p. 84-107. — Pages 84-107.ANDRÂZÎ, The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes. Translated from the Arabic by Arthur J. ARBERRY (London: John Murray, 1950). —Pages 18-49.Class IV. A: Feb. 13. B: Feb. 15. Ikhwân al-Ṣafâ’: Gnosis and Humanism in the fourth/tenth centuryGeneral references:DE CALLATAŸ,G., Ikhwân al-Ṣafâ’. A Brotherhood of Idealists on the Fringe of Orthodox Islam (Oxford: Oneworld, 2005).LANE-POOLE, Stanley, The Brotherhood of Purity, in Studies in a Mosque (London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1883), viii & 288 p., p.176-207.IKHWĀN AL-ṢAFĀ’, Epistles of the Brethren of Purity: The Case of the Animals versus Man before the King of the Jinn. AnArabic Critical Edition and English Translation of Epistle 22. Edited and Translated by L. E. GOODMAN & R. MCGREGOR(Oxford: Oxford University Press - London: The Institute of Islmaili Studies, 2009), xxv & 389 & 280 p.IKHWĀN AL-ṢAFĀ’, Sciences of the Soul and Intellect. Part I. An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of EPISTLES32–36. Edited and Translated by Paul E. WALKER; Ismail K. POONAWALA and David SIMONOWITZ; Godefroid DECALLATAŸ. Foreword by Nader EL-BIZRI (Oxford: Oxford University Press in association with the Institute of IsmailiStudies, 2015), xxiii & 270 & 202 p., 978-0-19-875828-0.IKHWÂN AL-ṢAFÂ’, Sciences of the Soul and Intellect, Part III: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation ofEPISTLES 39–41. Edited and translated by Carmela BAFFIONI; Ismail K. POONAWALA. Foreword by Nader EL-BIZRI (Oxford
University Press, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2017), xxiii & 378 & 254 p., 978-0-19-879776-0.IKHWÂN AL-ṢAFÂ’, On Companionship and Belief: An Arabic Critical Edition and English Translation of EPISTLES 43–45.Edited and translated by Samer TRABOULSI; Toby MAYER; Ian Richard NETTON. Foreword by Nader EL-BIZRI (OxfordUniversity Press, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2016), xxiii & 167 & 149 p., 978-0-19-878467-8.IKHWÂN AL-ṢAFÂ’, On Magic I. (Oxford University Press in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2011).MICHOT, Y., Misled and Misleading Yet Central in their Influence: Ibn Taymiyya’s Views on the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā’, in TheIkhwān al-Ṣafā’ and their Rasā’il. An Introduction. Edited by N. El-Bizri. Foreword by F. Daftary (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, « Epistles of the Brethren of Purity », 2008), p. 139-179.– Revised version, with important editorial corrections, on www.muslimphilosophy.com.Reading Assignment:VAN REIJN, Eric, The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren (Rasâ’il Ikhwan al-Safa’). An annotated translation of Epistles 43 to 47(London: Minerva Press, 1995), x & 137 p., ISBN 1-85863-418-0. — Pages 50-94. Epistle 46: On faith and the faithful.Class V. A: Feb. 20. B: Feb. 22. Abû Naṣr al-Fârâbî’s alternative societyGeneral references:KRAEMER, Joel L., Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam. The Cultural Revival during the Buyid Age. Followed by:Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: a Preliminary Study. Second revised edition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992), xxx & 329,135-164 p., ISBN 90-04-09736-8.MAHDI, Muhsin, Al-Fârâbî: Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. Translation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001).NETTON, Ian R., Al-Fârâbî and His School (London - New York: Routledge, « Arabic thought and Culture », 1992), XIII &128 p., ISBN 0-415-03595-3.(B745.K53 N48 1992)REISMAN, David, Al-Fârâbî and the philosophical curriculum, in ADAMSON, P. & TAYLOR, R. C. (eds.), The CambridgeCompanion to Arabic Philosophy, p. 52-71.BLACK, Deborah L., al-Fârâbî, in NASR & S. H., LEAMAN, O. (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy, vol. I, p. 178-197.Reading Assignment:FÂRÂBÎ, Abû Naṣr (al-), Al-Fârâbî on the Perfect State, Abû Naṣr al-Fârâbî's Mabâdi’ ârâ’ ahl al-madînat al-fâḍila. A revisedtext with introduction, translation, and commentary by Richard WALZER, Postscript by ENDRESS Gerhard (Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1985), 571 p., ISBN 0-19-824505-X. — Pages 197-259 (Chapters 13-15).Class VI. A: Feb. 27. B: March 1. Ibn Sînâ. I: Milieu, Life, WorksGeneral references:MCGINNIS, Jon, Avicenna (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).GOODMAN, Lenn Evan, Avicenna (London - New York: Routledge, Arabic thought and Culture, 1992), XIII & 240 p., ISBN 0415-07409-6.(B751.Z7 G66 1992)GUTAS, D., Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition. Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works. Second,Revised and Enlarged Edition, Including an Inventory of Avicenna’s Authentic Works (Leiden - Boston: Brill, 2014), xxxi &617 p., 978-9004-20172-9.—, Avicenna’s madhhab. With an Appendix on the Question of his Date of Birth, in Atti del XIII Congresso dell’UnionEuropéenne d’Arabisants et d’Islamisants (Venezia 29 settembre - 4 ottobre 1986), Quaderni di Studi Arabi 5-6 (Venise:Armena, 1987-1988), p. 323-336.—, Biography, in Encyclopædia Iranica, t. III, art. Avicenna, p. 67-70.MARMURA, M., Plotting the Course of Avicenna’s Thought, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111 (Ann Arbor,1991), p. 333-342.MICHOT, Y., IBN SÎNÂ. Lettre au vizir Abû Sa‘d. Editio princeps d’après le manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l’arabe,introduction, notes et lexique (Paris: Albouraq, « Sagesses Musulmanes, 4 », 1421/2000), xii, 130*, 61, 4 & 186 p. ISBN 284161-150-7.—, La réponse d’Avicenne à Bahmanyâr et al-Kirmânî. Présentation, traduction critique et lexique arabe-français de laMubâḥatha III, in Le Muséon, CX (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1997), p. 143-221.—, Al-Fārābī and his influence on the early Avicenna: the evidence from the Kitāb al-mabda’ wa’l-ma‘ād, in UluslararasıFārābī Semposyumu Bildirileri, Ankara, 7-8 Ekim 2004 – Proceedings of the International Al-Fârâbî Symposium, Ankara,October 7-8, 2004. Edited by F. TERKAN & . KORKUT (Ankara: Elis Yayınları, “Elis Yayınları, 30”, 2005), p. 327-340.WISNOVSKY, Robert, Avicenna’s Islamic Reception, in Peter ADAMSON (ed.), Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), p. 190-213.Reading Assignment:GOHLMAN, W. E., The Life of Ibn Sina. A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation, « Studies in Islamic Philosophy andScience », State University of New York Press, Albany, 1974. — Pages 16-89.
Class VII. A: March 6. B: March 8. Ibn Sînâ. II: « al-Shaykh al-Ra’îs »General references:AVICENNA, The Metaphysics of The Healing. A Parallel English-Arabic Text by Michael MARMURA (Provo: Brigham YoungUniversity, “Islamic Translation Series”, 2005).MICHOT, Y., AVICENNE. Livre de la Genèse et du Retour. Traduction française intégrale. Version exploratoire (Oxford, Ṣafar1423 - May 2002). R, S. H., Ibn Sînâ’s “Oriental philosophy”, in NASR, S. H. & LEAMAN, O. (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy, vol. I, p.247-251.GUTAS, Dimitri, Avicenna's Eastern ("Oriental") Philosophy: Nature, Contents, Transmission, in Arabic Sciences andPhilosophy, 10 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 159-180.BELL, Joseph Norment, Avicenna's Treatise on Love and the Non-philosophical Muslim Tradition, in Der Islam, 63/1 (Berlin New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986), p. 73-89.Reading Assignments:INATI, Shams, Ibn Sînâ and Mysticism. Remarks and Admonitions: part Four (London & New York: Kegan Paul International,1996), ISBN 0-7103-0482-X. — Pages 69-108.ANDCORBIN, Henry, Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Translated from the French by Willard R. TRASK (Princeton, PrincetonUniversity Press, « Bollingen series, LXVI », 1988), xiii & 423 p., ISBN 0-691-01893-6. — Pages 137-150: Translation ofthe Recital of Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓân.Class VIII. A: March 13. B: March 15. Autodestructions (Tahâfut), from Abû Ḥâmid al-Ghazâlî to Ibn RushdGeneral references:GHAZÂLÎ, Abû Ḥâmid (al-), The Incoherence of the Philosophers - Tahâfut al-Falâsifa, A parallel English-Arabic texttranslated, introduced, and annotated by Michael E. MARMURA (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, « IslamicTranslation Series », 2000), xxxi & 261 p., ISBN 0-8425-2466-5.(B753.G33 T3313 1997)GRIFFEL, Frank, Al-Ghazālī’s Philosophical Theology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).TREIGER, Alexander, Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazālī’s Theory of Mystical Cognition and its AvicennianFoundation (London & New York: Routledge, 2011).TAMER, Georges (ed.), Islam and Rationality. The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary, vol. I(Leiden - Boston : Brill, “Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, 94”, 2015), xxiii & 454 p., 978-9004-29094-5.GRIFFEL, Frank (ed.), Islam and Rationality. The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary, vol. II(Leiden - Boston : Brill, “Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies, 98”, 2015), xx & 364 p., 978-90-0430695-0.MARMURA, Michael E., al-Ghazâlî, in ADAMSON, P. & TAYLOR, R. C. (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to ArabicPhilosophy, p. 137-154.JANSSENS, Jules, Al-Gazzâlî and His Use of Avicennian Texts, in Problems in Arabic Philosophy, redigit Mikols MAROTH(Piliscsaba: The Avicenna Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, « Acta et studia, II », 2003), ISBN 963-86359-24, p. 37-49.Averroes-Database. 1. Works: http://dare.uni-koeln.de/?q node/32 ; 2. Manuscripts and early printed materials: http://dare.unikoeln.de/?q node/34 ; 3. Secondary literature: http://dare.uni-koeln.de/?q node/129.CRUZ HERNANDEZ, Miguel : Abū-l-Walīd Ibn Rushd (Averroes). Vida, Obra, Pensamiento, Influencia (Cordoba: Monte dePiedad y Caja de Ahorros, 1986).URVOY, Dominique, Ibn Rushd, in NASR, S. H. & LEAMAN, O. (eds.), History of Islamic Philosophy, vol. I, p. 330-345.GRIFFEL, Frank, The Relationship between Averroes and al-Ghazālī as it Presents itself in Averroes’ Early Writings, Especiallyin his Commentary on al-Ghazālī’s al-Mustaṣfā, in J. INGLIS (ed.), Medieval Philosophy and the Classical Tradition in Islam,Judaism and Christianity (Richmond, 2002), p. 51-63.DI GIOVANNI, Matteo, The Commentator: Averroes’ Reading of the Metaphysics, in AMERINI, Fabrizio & GALLUZZO, Gabriele(eds.), A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics (Leiden: Brill, 2013), p. 59-94.Reading Assignments:MONTGOMERY WATT, W., The faith and practice of al-Ghazâlî (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1952). — Pages 19-85:Deliverance from error.ORHOURANI, George F., Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. A translation, with introduction and notes, of IbnRushd’s Kitâb faṣl al-maqâl, with its appendix (Ḍamîm
ADAMSON, Peter, Philosophy in the Islamic World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, “A History of Philosophy without any Gaps, vol. 3,” 2016), xxiii & 511 p., 978-0-19-957749-1. E L -R OUAYHEB , Khaled, & S CHMIDTKE , Sabine (eds), The
Islamic Philosophy(Kegan Paul International, 2001) and M. Fakhry’s A History of Islamic Philosophy(Columbia University Press, 1970/2004). O. Leaman’s An Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy(Cambridge University Press, 2001) offers a somewhat more selective accou
Islamic Grave Voodoo 57 Allah Will Grow Humans from their Graves 57 Islamic Interrogation in Graves 58 Islamic Torment in Graves 59 Islamic Rewards in Graves 61 CHAPTER 8 63 Islamic Medicine Voodoo 63 Islamic Cauterizing and Cupping 63 The Qur'an and Honey are Cures for All Illness 65
The Evolution of Islamic Banking System in Muslim countries: Before describing the evolution of the Islamic banking it is important to understand what Islamic banking is and what are its principles or features. 1.1) What is Islamic Banking? Islamic Banking is banking or financing activity that is based on Shariah (Islamic Law) and all
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What is Islamic Philosophy? offers a broad introduction to Islamic thought, from its origins to the many challenging issues facing Muslims in the contemporary world. The chapters explore early Islamic philosophy and trace its development through key themes and figur
Islamic philosophy is an attempt to harmonise faith (imān) and intellect (‛aql) or Islamic revelation (wahy) and philosophy. As its name implies it refers to the philosophical activity within the Islamic cultural milieu. Its main sources are the Qur’ānic revelation and the Hellenic he
Boscaglia Presence of Islamic philosophy Pessoa Plural: 3 (P./Spr. 2013) 153 found and secondly it directly relates to the history of Islamic philosophy as several Islamic philosophers are named within
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