Broadus Outline Syllabus - Wrs.edu
Outline ofON THE PREPARATION AND DELIVERY OF SERMONSby John A. BroadusFourth Edition, Revised by Vernon L. StanfieldJohn A. Battle, Th.D.Western Reformed Seminary (www.wrs.edu)2003
TABLE OF CONTENTSPagesIntroduction3Christian PreachingHomileticsThe PreacherGod’s Message1. Foundations of the Sermon3The TextThe SubjectThe TitleThe PropositionThe Objective2. The Classification of Sermons4Classification by Homiletical StructureClassification by SubjectClassification by Pattern3. Formal Elements of the Sermon6Importance of ArrangementThe DiscussionThe IntroductionThe ConclusionTransition4. Functional Elements of the . The Style of the Sermon3General Observations on StyleAttaining the Qualities of StyleBroadus Outline.2
The Writing of SermonsImagination in Preaching6. The Preparation of Sermons4General PreparationSpecial PreparationPreparation of Special Types of SermonsPlanning a Preaching Program7. The Delivery of Sermons5The Methods of DeliveryThe Voice in DeliveryThe Body in DeliveryContemporary Approaches to Sermon Delivery8. The Conduct of Public Worship4Planning WorshipThe Sermon in WorshipOther Parts of the Worship ServiceBroadus Outline.3
INTRODUCTIONForwardThe Unique position of Christian preachingChapter 1, Christian Preaching1. Nature of Christian preachingLinking personality and message with needs of people2. Central place of preachingJesus (Luke 4:16-21; John 7:28, 37)Apostles (Matt 28:18-20; Mark 3:14ff)Early church (cf. ch. 2)NT terms used:Kerussein, kerugmaEuangeliszesthai, euangelionDidaskein, didache3. Competition to preaching1) Other methods of communicationTypes of media: books, magazines, newspapers, movies, television, the InternetEffectiveness of the mediaActually: increase interest in people communicating2) Other duties of pastorTeaching, pastoring, administrating, counseling, community workNeed for priorities (Acts 6:2, 4, 7)Broadus Outline.4
Ceremonies (in 3rd ed. of Broadus)3) Loss of confidence in preaching(Cf. Heb. 4:12)4. Necessity for effective preachingRelation of preaching to welfare of church historicallyChristianity demands preaching: God’s interpretation of God’s own acting in human historyPreaching the Word as a means of grace (Rom. 10:17)Need to counteract false preachingChapter 2, Homiletics1. Development of homileticsGreek science of education and speaking:Grammatic, study of literatureDialectic, study of logic and reasoningRhetoric, study of public speaking and persuasionRhetoreuo, speak in publicRhetorike, art of speaking in publicJewish reactionHomily, familiar discourseHomileo, homilia, meet, converse, instructTriumph of Greek formConversion of Gentiles and rhetoriciansEarly great Christian preachers: Basil, Gregory, Chrysostom, Ambrose, AugustineBroadus Outline.5
“The science of preparing and delivering a discourse based on Scripture”2. Study of homileticsNeed for continued effort and studySources for study: books, sermons, criticism, later classesImmediate benefits for seminary students:Sermon materialSermon methodsSermon organizationSermon deliveryDangers of study of homiletics (in 3rd ed.):Overemphasis on rules and formsImitationArtificialityChapter 3, The PreacherPreacher not as source, but as channel1. Sense of divine callPersonal call, no stereotypes2. Vital Christian experienceConversion (Chalmers, John Wesley)Christian discipleship (personal life, tithing, etc.)3. Continuation of learningDisciplined, planned study4. Development of natural giftsBroadus Outline.6
Especially clear thinking, forceful speaking, deep feeling5. Maintenance of physical healthRest and/or study day6. Complete dependence upon the Holy SpiritOversees all aspects of sermon: selection, preparation, delivery, receptionJohn Calvin’s prayer before preaching: “Come, Holy Spirit, come.”Chapter 4, God’s MessageCentrality of the message to preachingBible the source of the messageNo need to invent messageReasons for using the Bible1. Makes a sermon truly homiletical (i.e., biblical)2. Makes sermon spiritually relevant3. Saves time in sermon preparation4. Causes the preacher to grow in grace and in knowledge5. Adds variety to preaching6. Enables preacher to treat delicate topics7. Helps people remember sermon8. Gives note of authority9. Pleases GodNecessity of accurate exegesis of the Bible passage Study text minutelyBroadus Outline.7
Meaning of words and phrases Figures of speech Study immediate context Study larger context Teaching of whole book or large section Historical context General teaching of ScriptureNote on progressive revelation (questionable exegesis on p. 26) Cross referencesBroadus Outline.8
PART 1FOUNDATIONS OF THE SERMONChapter 5, The Text1. Meaning of the term“Weave, fabric”; cf. “textile”Early method of preachingShortening of text, lengthening and formalizing of comments2. Use of the textToo long? No text? Moderation3. Rules for the selection of a textFinding & remembering texts for sermons1) The text should be clear.2) Rarely use texts with especially eloquent language.3) Caution should be exercised in choosing texts that will seem odd.4) Do not avoid a text because it is familiar.5) Do not habitually neglect any portion of Scripture.6) Let the needs of the congregation determine the choice of texts.7) Let the text select the person.Chapter 6, The Subject1. The relationship of subject and textPrinciple applicationGeneral particularBroadus Outline.9
Indirect suggestionSuggestive or starting-point texts2. The significance of the subjectFrom text to subject, or from subject to text3. A definition of the subject“What is the sermon about?” — focal point4. Statement of the subjectDifficult, but necessary in preparationUnifying the ideas (e.g. on p. 39)Clearly and simply stated5. The qualities of a good subjectClearSpecificBriefChristianChapter 7, The Title1. The function of the titleAttention, interest, announcement, advertising2. The definition of the titlePurpose: to advertise the sermon3. The statement of the titleVarieties of expression4. The qualities of a good titleInteresting, not sensationalHonestNot vulgar, good tasteBroadus Outline.10
Chapter 8, The Proposition“A statement of the subject as the preacher proposes to develop it.”“Its form should be one complete declarative sentence, simple, clear, and cogent. It should containno unnecessary or ambiguous words.”Helpful to congregation at beginning of sermonImportant to preacher during preparationChapter 9, The Objectiveresults: how should sermon change lives?Sermon must end in imperative.General objectives:please Godsalvation of soulsedify the churchRules in preparation of objectives:objective should be well definedobjective should be limitedBroadus Outline.11
PART 2THE CLASSIFICATION OF SERMONSChapter 10, Classification of Homiletical Structure1. The textual sermonShort text, provides its own divisions1) Find a specific subject.2) Seek for exact divisions.3) Follow best order (not necessarily natural order).4) Need not use all of text.2. The topical sermonDivisions derived from the subjectAdvantages:Better insures unityTrains mind in logicMore convincing and pleasingFits occasionsDangers:Tend to emphasize subjects not emphasized in BibleGood oration unduly importantPreacher’s personal interestExamples of methods — p. 563. The textual-topical sermonDivisions arise from both topic and textSome advantages of #1 and #24. The expository sermonShould be the most common, but is the most neglectedBroadus Outline.12
Increasing use since early in centuryA sermon occupied mainly with exposition of Scripture; divisions arise from the passageUsually longer portion, not necessarilyPrimary requisite: unity and orderly structureChapter 11, Classification by Subject1. The theological sermonPrimary typeDoctrine: general, and denominationalEmphasis on great doctrinesUnpopular doctrines: faithful, fearless, skillful, affectionatecf. Jonathan Edwards’s farewell sermonShould be:Comprehensive over timePositive rather than polemicalClear2. The ethical sermonImportance of moral preaching in Jesus, apostles, etc.Not contradictory to doctrines of graceSuggestions: positive, with answers; constructive; win love and confidence first; one step ata time; preacher also striving3. The church program sermonBest infrequentlyRules:1) Be sure of motive2) Church not an end in itself3) Strong biblical baseBroadus Outline.13
Chapter 12, Classification by Pattern1. The diamond outlineOne main point viewed from various angles2. The ladder outlineEach point builds on previous point3. The label outlineDifferent items, people, etc. classified4. The contrast outlineTwo-point sermon; positive and negative5. The question and answer outlineRaise question(s) and give answer(s)6. The chase outlineRaise question; give false answers, finally true answer7. The diagnosis-remedy outlineTwo parts: problem, solution8. The “Hegelian” outlineThesis, antithesis, synthesisAdds to understanding9. The analogy outlineComparison of spiritual and natural truth10. The proof outlineOffers proof for preacher’s affirmation11. The rebuttal outlineBroadus Outline.14
Opposite of proof outline; to disprove a false view or wrong practice12. The refrain outlineTheme or refrain running through all points13. The “series of statements” outlinePropositions about a single subject14. The “dog fight” outlineSimilar to rebuttal outline, sharper attacks15. The interpretation-application outlineTwo parts; interpret Scripture, apply to life16. The “subversive” outlineAppear to take opposite position, with “damaging admissions”Importance of variety of outline patternsBroadus Outline.15
PART 3FORMAL ELEMENTS OF THE SERMONChapter 13, Importance of ArrangementPreacher as architect, not same as invention or style1. Values of a plan1) Aid to preacher’s development—mental powers, organization of ideas, extemporaneousspeaking, memory, proper use of emotion in speaking2) Effect on audience—discouse intelligible, understood correctly, pleasing, interesting,persuasive, easily remembered2. Qualities of good arrangement1) UnityA single propelling idea2) OrderPoints naturally follow one anotherPoints don’t overlap (“Mutually Exclusive and Jointly Exhaustive”)Points move toward a climax3) ProportionProper allocation of time to each pointPoints fairly symmetrical4) ProgressOpposite of “revolving” sermons3. Study of arrangementAlways room for learning; not an exact scienceSimilar to study of painting; skill necessary before successful inventionBroadus Outline.16
Chapter 14, The DiscussionThree parts of sermon: introduction, discussion, conclusion1. The planSeek the best plan of division possibleSimple, fresh, strikingBut not sensational or odd or greatly formalNot stiff, uniform, predictable, monotonousNeed of a good over-all proposition2. The question of divisionsExtremes: no division vs. minute analysisUsually best to have divisions: for preacher, for audienceFrequently subdivisions also helpfulMinimum of two, three or four better for variety, five or six hard to remember oftenThree points the most used and serviceable3. Character of the divisions1) Taken together, coextensive with the subjectExhaust the subject proposed with general completeness2) Taken separately, distinct and symmetricalPoints should be “Mutually Exclusive and “Jointly Exhaustive”Avoid needlessly repeating ideas under separate headsEach point with same kind of relation to the subject, parallel, but not unnatural4. Problems of order and management1) Order of divisionsBroadus Outline.17
Designed to lead to feelings and will often good to apply at end of each point2) Statement of divisionsExact, concise, suggestiveNot too brief for comprehension, not overly longBe natural; note on alliterations3) Divisions announced beforehand?Good idea when sermon (1) difficult, (2) argumentation to be remembered, (3)needs awakened interestOtherwise, better not to pre-announce headsChapter 15, The IntroductionIntroductions necessary for audience, for preacher.1. Objectives of the introduction1) Gain interest of the hearers2) Prepare hearers for understanding2. Sources of introduction1) The textPerhaps some background to the text2) The subject to be discussed3) The occasionPerhaps local conditionsAvoid apologies for health, ill preparation, etc.4) The problem5) The objectiveBroadus Outline.18
6) The life situationIllustration from common life7) The storyNot isolated from subject, “jokes”8) Striking statementQuotation, sign, placard, song, etc.9) ImaginationMake up story, etc.3. Qualities of a good introduction1) Must be related to sermon subject2) Should be a single thought3) Avoid vague generalities4) Not highly argumentative or emotional; personal and official modesty5) Should be exclusively adapted to the sermon6) Must not be long7) Should be carefully preparedChapter 16, The ConclusionImportance of a good conclusion, brings congregation to point of decision and action; temptation tooverlook in preparation1. Guiding principles1) Careful preparation2) Natural and appropriate terminationNot additional materialBroadus Outline.19
3) Unmistakably personal in aimImportance of “you” in conclusionDifference between sermon and lecture4) Alive and energetic5) Clear, definite, precise in expression2. Methods of conclusionRecapitulationApplicationDirect appeal (invitations?)Not artificially emotionalPastoral exhortation, encouragement, warningSpecificFinal words of conclusionComprehensive and impressive statementConclude with text itselfPoem, hymn, storyNot all the timeTransition right into benediction3. Relevant questions1) How long?Moderate, usually too briefSometimes drawn out2) Announce the conclusion?Broadus Outline.20
Usually better“In conclusion”—better ways to say itExamples, p. 1173) Conclusion always positive?In most casesNegative elements handled earlier in sermon4) When prepared?General character of conclusion near beginning of preparationComposed in detail at end of preparationChapter 17, TransitionImportant:Saves preacher from obscurityKeeps attention of congregationHelps preacher remember points as he goesKeeps sermon movingTests unity of sermonLike joints in body, should not bring attention to themselvesMethods:Relation method (points flow naturally)Connecting word (first, second, etc.; other connectives)Connecting phraseThird idea, “bridge”Summary of previous point(s)Broadus Outline.21
Use of questionRhetorical devices (pause, gesture, voice, etc.)Broadus Outline.22
PART 4FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE SERMONChapter 18, ExplanationFunctions classified as evangelistic, theological, ethical, devotional, inspirational, actionalUse made of explanation, argument, application, illustrationDifferent amounts of above four items, depending on type of sermon1. Explanation in generalImportance of explaining to congregationIgnorance often the problem, more than unwillingnessChildren growing up in churchMake sure you can explain what you set out to explain!Don’t over-explain2. Explanation of texts (as Paul in Thessalonica, Acts 17:3)1) Present results of own exegesis.Not repeating details of workUsing other relevant verses2) Present narrations in manner to reach desired end.Not exhaustive (unless not much material)Not elaboratedIntroductory narration not too long3) Use description to set scene of narrative or sermon.“He is the best speaker who can turn an ear into an eye.”Broadus Outline.23
Must see scene first (in mind at least)Detailed information necessaryUse imagination to picture scene or object in mindDescription not an end in itself—be briefer than a novel would beElaborate descriptions distracting3. Explanation of subjects1) Explaining by definitionDifference between definition and descriptionDefinition may be by contrast or antonymsCareful of difficult-to-follow precision2) Explaining by division(As a topical sermon)3) Explaining by examplesExcellent for fine distinctionsMany sources for examples (esp. Bible stories)4) Explaining by comparisonExamples of Jesus’ parablesChapter 19, ArgumentOften must justify a judgment relating idea presented to other ideas already accepted.Aristotle’s complaint! (p. 142)1. Importance of argument in preachingEncourages those who already “believe”Broadus Outline.24
Replaces mindless acceptance with real faithGood antidote to errorHonesty demands preacher to argue properly2. Principal varieties of argument1) Argument from testimony.One’s own experience and observationsExperiences and observations of othersa) Concerning matters of fact, character and number of witnesses, and character ofthing attested.Witnesses: veracity, intelligence, opportunity for knowledge, personalinclinationsNumber of witnesses importantUnintentional testimony of adversariesThing attested: degree of improbability (note on miracles), nature ofChristian experienceb) Concerning matters of opinion, note “authority” of witness (note on the Fathers)Scriptures as absolute authorityGenerally accepted opinions must be weighed.2) Argument from InductionTruth arrived at through experienceMost common form of argument, often faultyProblems of imperfect observation and hasty inductionDistinguish causes from frequent circumstances3) Argument from AnalogyBroadus Outline.25
Not resemblance, but “proportion”Relation two objects bear to a thirdLeads to probable proof, not absolute4) Argument from Deduction.From general truth to particular caseFormally: syllogistic reasoningPrimarily, deductions from teaching of ScriptureCompare deductions also with Scripture.For preaching, concrete examples more powerful than abstract ideas3. Certain forms of argument1) A prioriFrom cause to effect (deductive)2) A posterioriFrom effect to cause (inductive)Cf. Luke 7:47; 1 Cor 10:53) A fortioriFrom stronger to weakerCf. Matt 6:30; 7:11; Luke 23:31; Rom 8:32; Heb 2:2-4; 1 Pet 4:17-184) Progressive approach (form of induction)5) Dilemma, two assumptions, one being true, both leading to same conclusionCf. Acts 5:38-396) Reductio ad absurdumConclusions drawn out to point of absurdityBroadus Outline.26
Cf. Calvin’s reply to the Faculty of the University of Paris7) Ex concessoConceded by opponent8) Ad hominem“To the man,” considers source of opposing argument; may use his reasoning4. Order of argumentsshould be kept separate & distinctFirst cover proofs necessary to explain proposition.Generally have deductive proofs before inductive verifications.Usually best to put strongest arguments last.If audience unfriendly, better to start with strongest.5. General suggestions for the argument1) Work on improving logical work of one’s own mind2) Seek to prove only what you believe to be true3) Start argument with something people agree with4) Make arguments intelligible and persuasive to common mind5) Depend primarily upon Scriptural arguments6) Don’t use all the arguments, just the best ones7) Avoid formality8) Strive for clarity, precision, force. Eloquence may come if subject exalted enough.Chapter 20, ApplicationBroadus Outline.27
Charles Haddon Spurgeon: “Where the application begins, there the sermon begins.”Should appear in various parts of sermon, not just conclusion1. Focusing the claims of truthSpecific areas of life to be affectedPractical “remarks” as you go alongAvoid “hitting at” individualsLessons: truths that “we” can learn2. Suggesting ways and meansUse good judgment, experience, tactCase of public, political issues; emphasize human responsibility3. Persuasion to responseAfter showing duty, persuade to do it1) Not just urging, but supplying motives: happiness, goodness or holiness, personalworth, security, love, admiration2) Exciting appropriate emotions (from appropriate emotions in speaker—not for itsown sake)Strong use of imagination; terms of sensation, well-chosen detailsUse of comparisons from human lifeChapter 21, IllustrationAuxiliary function, to support any part of the sermon.“Throw light” on the subject; “windows of t
The Writing of Sermons Imagination in Preaching 6. The Preparation of Sermons 4 General Preparation Special Preparation Preparation of Special Types of Sermons Planning a Preaching Program 7. The Delivery of Sermons 5 The Methods of Delivery The Voice in Delivery The Body
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