THE EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON YIELD AND YIELD
Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVII, 2014ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785THE EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTSAND SEED QUALITY OF CORN (Zea mays L.)Yakup Onur KOCA1, Öner CANAVAR1,21Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Crop Science DepartmentAydın – 09100, Turkey2Humboldt University, Agriculture and Horticulture Faculty, Crop Science DepartmentBerlin – 14195, GermanyCorresponding author email: koca2002@hotmail.comAbstractThe seed yield of corn (Zea mays L.) consists of different proportional contributions of the effective factor in all growthstages from emergence to maturity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two sowing dates onagronomic and seed quality traits such as oil, protein and starch content of three commercial corn cultivars (31G98,NK-Arma and Aveline). Experiments were carried out at two different sowing dates (30 of April and 26 of May) onemonth between sowing dates in the Aegean region of Turkey during 2012 and 2013 summer growth periods. Theexperiment was a randomized block design with three replications. The results of this study showed that sowing datehad statistically effected on thousand seed weight, the seed number in corncob, corncob length, seed yield, ash, oil,protein, starch contents of corn seed. In particular, it was revealed that thousand seed weight, the seed number incorncob, corncob length, seed yield, protein, ash and oil contents of seed were decreased with the delaying sowing datedue to decreasing the time of growth period and seed filling. On the other hand, starch content of seed was increased bydelaying sowing date in both years. The highest seed yield was obtained from Aveline corn cultivar in late sowing datein both years because of having high thousand seed weight. The percentage of decreased in terms of protein was tohighest in Aveline cultivar with the delaying sowing date. It was suggested that eventough the Aegean climate has along growing period and is a suitable environment for second crop corn growth, the selection of cultivar is veryimportant to grown in terms of seed yield in late sowing date because of the fact that plant can be exposed toinappropriate excessive temperature during the vegetative period in late sowing date in Aegean region.Key words: corn, sowing date, seed yield, protein, NIRS.and performance components of maize. Earlyand intermediate sowings tend to best utilizesolar radiation for grain production (Otegui etal., 1995). The most widely used informationabout how corn hybrids respond to sowing dateand plant population have been generated fromresearch done about for a long time, in whichthe first sowing dates were late April or earlyMay in Turkey.This experiment was conducted to the effect ofdifferent two sowing dates on agronomic andseed quality traits such as oil, protein and starchcontent of three commercial corn cultivars.INTRODUCTIONThe seed yield of corn (Zea mays L.) consistsof different proportional contributions of theeffective factor in all growth stages fromemergence to maturity. For a betterunderstanding of climatic and cultural effectson corn yield and grain quality, intensiveresearch that evaluates different geographiclocations, sowing dates and genotype selectionare needed. In order to minimized negativeeffect of some abiotic and biotic stress on plant,sowing date can play a major role indetermining the seed yield, quality, seedgerminationandunderstandingwholephenological stages in many regions. Someresearchers pointed out that especially, theeffect on sowing date and plant density on cornexpressed that delay in sowing reduces thenumber of kernels in corn (Cantarero et al.,2000). Shunway et al. (1992) explained thatdelay in sowing reduces quality performanceMATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted in the Researchand Experimental Farm at the Adnan MenderesUniversity in Aydın, located in the WesternTurkey at 37º 44’ N 27º 44’ E at 65 m abovesea level in the 2012 and 2013 years the city ofAydın on western Turkey. The results of some227
analysis on soil samples from the experimentfield are given in Table 1. The soil analysisresults are observed that the experiment fieldhas loamy sand content, its reaction hadalkaline characteristics and it has low levels oforganic matter. The average monthlytemperature and precipitation values during thetime of the experiment (2012 and 2013) arepresented in Table 2. It can be seen that themonthly temperature values for the corn season(April – August) in the first year is higher thanthat of the second year (Table 2).The field experiment was carried out by splitplot design for 4 repeats in two years. 31G98,NK-Arma and Aveline, which are hybrid cornvarieties, were used as a experiment material.The main block was sowing date, sub-blockwas varieties. The harvest area for each varietywas 11.2 m2. The experiment’s sowing dateswere 30/April/2012-2013 (normal sowing date)and 26/May/2012-2013 (late sowing date) andthe emerging dates were observed in 27 of May2011 and 07 of May 2012.1000 Seed Weight (g) was obtained by theaverage weight of 4 x 100. The seed number in-1corncob (number plant ) was obtained bycounting the number of seed of 20 randomlyselected cob at each parcel. Data was collectedon seed yield per unit area (t/ha) according tothe follow equation: Seed yield (t ha-1) seedweight (kg/plot) 10.000 m2 /plot area (m2) 100. Per cob yield was calculated by takingtheir average of 20 cobs from parcel. Percorncob length was obtained by the averagecorncob lenght of 20 plants in each plot.Protein, starch and oil content of corn grainwere analyzed by using NIRS-FT (BrukerMPA). Ash determination steps: 5 g of groundsamples were weighed by tarring the crucible.After the samples were dried for 15 min at550 C, 5 h, the heater and furnace were keptwaiting. Then all were kept in a desiccator tocool. The results were analyzed using theTARøST package software (Açıkgöz et al.,1994) to determine the effect of nitrogen andwater dosages on the corn varieties.Table 1. Soil texture and chemical analysis of soilSoil 78101195.659421Table 2. Monthly mean temperature and total rainfall and long-term mean (1975–2011) during the growing seasons of2011 and 2012 at the study site in Aydin Province, 14.619.625.131.028.826.216.311.39.6Temperature ( C)2012Long itation (mm)2012Long 14.03.23.52.20.00.014.460.443.845.687.5202.0110.2
This research showed that early sowingproduced greater yields compared to latesowing in both years, and also the lowest podyield was obtained for the latest sowing date inboth years (Table 4), since seed filling andharvest time were affected by cold weather,rain, and frost after the late sowing date (Naabet al., 2004). In addition, the late sowing datehas a higher probability of experiencing waterstress during the critical seed-filling phase,resulting in lower yields (Nigam et al., 1998).It might be suggested in this study that the lateplanted crop had a shorter period for theproduction of seed and a slightly lower rate ofseed production due to reduced growth, andexposure of plants to warmer and longerphotoperiod (long day) after the late sowingdate. These differences were also largelyrelated to the number of developing seed oncob. Percent of protein content in grainsignificantly affected by dates of sowing inboth the years, the highest protein value wasrecorded in 2012 year.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe results of the analysis of variance showed(Table 3) that sowing date significantlyaffected on thousand seed weight, the seednumber in corncob, corncob length, seed yield,ash, oil, protein, starch contents of corn seed.There were also statistically significantdifferences in terms of corncob length,thousand seed weight and protein contentamong the years (Table 3).It was revealed that corn cultivars differentresponse to sowing date in terms of corncoblength, seed yield, starch and thousand seedweight. In respect to yield attributes such ascob length, weight of cobs per plant were foundsignificantly higher in 26 May sowing date inboth years (Table 4).It could be due to the better growth anddevelopment of crop as Kolawole et al. (2009)reported that due to the fact that goodphotosynthates accumulated in leaves and itstransfer to economic part like grains, cobs etc.Table 3. The result of variance analyses for all components measured of three corn genotypes in different sowing in2012 and 2013 DxG 2LSD0.05 YLSD0.05 GLSD0.05 S.DLSD0.05 YxGLSD0.05 YxS.DLSD0.05 GxS.DLSD0.05 YxS.DxGCalculated of Mean SquareCLGN30.932** ns25.977** ns81.571** 473389.868**49.414** 18902.626**nsns24.707** ns37.656** chns3.484*9.151**nsnsnsnsns0.8090.661nsnsnsns*** P 0.001; ** P 0.05, ns: non-significant, Y: Years, G: Genotype, S.D: Sowing Date, CL: Cob Length, GN: Grain Number per cob, 1000SW:Thousand Seed Weight, d.f: degree of freedom.Table 4. Growth characters of three hybrid corn as influenced by dates of sowing and yearsTreatmentsSowing date30. April26. MayCultivars31G98NK-ArmaAvelineCob lenght (cm)20122013Number grain per cob (number)201220131000 seed weight (g)20122013Seed yield (kg 8229
Table 5. Grain quality parameters of three hybrid corn as influenced by dates of sowing and yearsTreatmentsSowing date30. April26. MayCultivars31G98NK-ArmaAvelineOil content (%)20122013Protein (%)20122013Ash (%)20122013Starch content 872.8572.7673.0571.6673.2773.41The changing of protein content affected bysowing was very different in terms of years andcultivars. Protein content was decreased by latesowing date in 2012, while it wasinsignificantly increased by sowing date in2013 (Table 5).Differences in oil content among sowing dateare usually associated with differences in theproportion of the kernel constituted by theembryo in different stage. In both years oilcontent of cultivars were decreased by sowingdate.The highest oil content from grain was obtainedfrom Aveline corn hybrid in both years (Table5). There are conflict opinion in literature thatGyenes-Hegyi et al. (2001) also reported nosignificant effect of growing season on the oilcontent of the 12 single-cross maize hybridsstudied in their two-year research, whereasother authors (Zhang et al., 1993) reportedsignificant variations in protein and/or oilcontents in different years.And also according to Fabijanac et al. (2006)point outed that the negative associationbetween oil concentration and kernel weightcan be partially explained by differences in thestructural components of the kernel (i.e., theweight of the endosperm and the embryo).Hybrids with small kernels would have a higherproportion of their kernels as embryo andendosperm aleurone layer, which containalmost all of the total grain oil (Kereliuk andSosulski, 1995). Therefore, the oil contentobtained from early sowing, which has smallgrain was higher than that of late sowing.Hence, our results finding was agree with thoseresults.The highest yielding hybrid, which wasAveline cultivars, had the highest grain starchcontent (Table 4 and 5).CONCLUSIONSIn this study, corn hybrids commerciallyavailable at delayed sowing date cannot besuccessfully grown (4 weeks later thanoptimum) in Turkey because of having seasonshorter than full season maturity characteristics.All recently released hybrids, studied in ourinvestigation,thereweresignificantlydifferences among the cultivars in both sowingdate.But in both years Aveline corn hybrid cultivarproduced higher grain yields than the otherscorn hybrid.And also to achieve high oil, starch in corngrain, the cultivars, which have highest seedyield, can be selected in the future breedingprogram.Generally, late sowing date can easily disruptthe quality of grain in all corn cultivars.Therefore, it was suggested that eventough theAegean climate has a long growing period andis a suitable environment for second crop corngrowth, the selection of cultivar is veryimportant to grown in terms of seed yield inlate sowing date because of the fact that plantcan be exposed to inappropriate excessivetemperature during the vegetative period in latesowing date in Aegean region.REFERENCESAçıkgöz N., Akba M.E., Moghaddam A., Özcan K.,1994. Turkish data based statistics programmer forPC. Turkey Field Crops Congress, Ege UniversityPress, p. 264-267.Cantarero M.G., Lugue S.F., Rubiolo O.J., 2000. Effectsof sowing date and plant density on grain number andyield of a maize hybrid in the central region ofCórdoba, Argentina. J. Agric. Sci. 17:3 -10.Fabijanac D., Varga B., Svecnjak Z., Grbesa D., 2006.Grain yield and quality of semiflint maize hybrids attwo sowing dates. Agriculturae ConspectusScientificus. 71:45-50.230
Nigam S.R., Rao R.C.N., Wynne J.C., 1998. Effects oftemperature and photoperiod on vegetative andreproductive growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL.). J. Argon. Crop. Sci. 181:117-124.Otegui M.E., Nicolini M.G., Ruiz R.A., Dodds P.A.,1995. Sowing date effects on grain yield componentsfor different maize genotypes. Agron. J. 87:29-33.Shumway C.R., Cothren J.T., Serna-Saldivar S.O.,Rooney L.W., 1992. Planting date and moisture leveleffects on grain yield, physical grain quality, andalkaline-processing characteristics of food-grademaize. Crop Sci. 32:1265-1269.Zhang F., Mackenzie A.F., Smith D.L., 1993. Corn yieldand shits among corn quality constituents followingapplication of different nitrogen fertilizer sources atseveral times during corn development. J. Plant Nut.16:1317-1337.Gyenes-Hegyi Z., Kizmus L., Zaborszky S., MartonL.C., 2001. Trends in the protein and oil contents andthousand kernel mass of maize under variousecological conditions. Novenytermeles. 50:385-394.Kereliuk G.R., Sosulski F.W., 1995. Properties of cornsamples varying in percentage of dent and flintkernels. L.W.T. 28:589-597.Kolawole E., Samson U., 2009. Growth and yield ofmaize as influenced by sowing date and poultrymanure application. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj.,37:199-203.Naab B.J., Tsigbey K.F., Prasad P.V.V., Boote J.K.,Bailey E.J., Brandenburg L.R., 2004. Effects ofsowing date and fungicide application on yield ofearly and late maturing peanut cultivars grown underrainfed conditions in Ghana. Crop Prot. 24:325-332.231
delaying sowing date in both years. The highest seed yield was obtained from Aveline corn cultivar in late sowing date in both years because of having high thousand seed weight. The percentage of decreased in terms of protein was to highest in Aveline cultivar with the delaying sowing date.
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
sowing from around mid April til the end of May. It has useful tolerance to acid soils. SOWING RATE Higher sowing rates generally increase drymatter production, especially in early grazing, generally the first six to 14 weeks after sowing. High sowing
Effect of sowing method Sowing method has a significant integral effect on resource utilization like water and nutrients, absorption of photosynthetically active radiations. Current result revealed that sowing
Freunde sagen immer „aber, aber, aber“. KL gibt die Texte ohne Angabe der Person aus. In GA lesen TN jeweils einen Text und überlegen, was das wohl für eine Person ist, die das gesagt hat. Wo kommt sie her? Ist sie jung oder älter? Usw. 1 2 3 4
