A Beginner’s Guide To Investing Online
A beginner’s guide toinvesting onlineManaging your own investments online is simple, convenient and affordable.This guide explains the basics and shows you how to get started.Qtrade Direct Investing
You don’t need to bea financial expertin order to join theranks of self-directedonline investors.You simply have to beserious about taking controlof your investments.A beginner’s guide to investing online2
ContentsA beginner’s guide to investing online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Benefits of online investing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Costs5Types of accounts5Opening a new account5Planning and setting goals6Asset allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Investor profiles and asset allocation8Diversification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Beware of “home country bias”9Fulfilling your asset allocation strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Discovering investment ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Evaluating stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Stock trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Monitoring the markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Reviewing your holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Five tips for successful online investing12Qtrade Direct Investing: Write your own future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13How to open a Qtrade Direct Investing account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Transferring other investments to your new online account13Not quite with us yet?13VirtualWealth: Hands-free investing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14For help withgetting startedwith stock trading,please speakto one of ourinvestmentrepresentatives.Call 1.877.787.2330or 604.605.4199,or send an email toinfo@qtrade.ca.A beginner’s guide to investing online3
A beginner’s guideto investing onlineManaging your own investments online is simple, convenient and affordable.The best of Canada’s online brokerages offer low commissions, easy-to-usetrading platforms, plus planning and research tools to help you make wellinformed decisions.You don’t need to be a financial expert in order to join the ranks of self-directed online investors.You simply have to be serious about taking control of your investments.You can learn the basics quickly, but start investing gradually. You could begin with a small portfolio,or transition a portion of your investments to an online account. Then, shift more of your investmentsonline as you gain experience and confidence.Although specific investing advice is not part of the service, online brokerages provide extensiveeducational resources to help you build your investing knowledge. And with a phone call or email,the brokerage’s customer service representatives should be able to answer any question, or resolveany issues.A beginner’s guide to investing online4
Benefits of online investing Low cost: low trading commissions and fees,so you can keep more of your money investedand working on your behalfControl: you’re in charge of your investments,which is a good thing, since no-one wants tosee your money grow as much as you doConvenience: with just a few clicks or taps, youhave immediate access to the markets and toyour account details, any time; receive alerts toyour smartphone or desktop email when stockmarket events or price changes occur Speed: your trade orders are executed andfilled rapidly Choice: access to a wide range of investmentsto fulfil your portfolio goals, including U.S. andCanadian stocks, exchange-traded funds,bonds, options, mutual funds, GICs and more Information: access to research tools andanalysts’ reports, along with the latest company,market and economic newsCostsOnline brokerages are the most affordable way tomanage your investments. Competitive commissionsand other fees help you manage your trading costs,and keep more of your dollars invested. For example,most brokerages now offer stock trades for under 10. Depending on the broker, other value-addedperks could include. Discounted trading commissions for those whotrade often or have a larger account balance A selection of ETFs that you can buycommission-free Free mutual fund trades No administration fees when you maintain aminimum account balance Free eStatements and eConfirmationsTypes of accountsYou can open a wide range of self-directedregistered and non-registered investment accountsto suit your needs.Registered accounts provide valuable tax incentivesto encourage Canadians to save. Popular registeredaccounts include: Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RSP) Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP)Non-registered cash and margin accounts aretrading accounts where earnings are taxable.A cash account is a straightforward investing accountfor buying and selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds,and a range of other investments.A margin account allows you to borrow funds fromyour broker, using the cash and securities in youraccount as collateral for the loan.Opening a new accountOpening a new online account is simple. Whicheverbrokerage you choose, you’ll need to provide somespecific information which regulators require allbrokerages to collect for each new client: Government-issued ID (e.g., JPG, PNG) Social insurance number Investment e-Statements (e.g., PDF, JPG) Details of your income, assets and net worth(See pages 13–14 for a quick guide to opening an accountwith Qtrade Direct Investing or VirtualWealth.)A beginner’s guide to investing online5
Planning and setting goalsWithout question, up-front planning is the key tobeing a successful online investor. So the effort tocreate a written plan is worthwhile. Your plan willguide you towards your investing goals and help youavoid making decisions based on emotions.How much market volatility can you tolerate?Imagine that the markets turn negative. How muchwould the value of your portfolio drop before youbecame truly concerned? Your answer will informyour goals, the strategies you pursue and theinvestments you choose.Planning starts with self-awareness about your:Your objectives Level of investing knowledge Available time to manage your investments Tolerance for risk Objectives Time horizonAnother “fundamental” to address is: why you areinvesting? Is it for your retirement, your child’seducation or a major purchase? Are you focusingon long-term investment growth, or do you need togenerate income right away? What rate of returnare you aiming for? Being clear on your reasons forinvesting will help you determine the overallobjective(s) for your portfolio.Investing knowledgeBeginner, expert, or somewhere in between?Whatever level of investing knowledge you beginwith, if you’re curious and ready to learn, yourconfidence will steadily increase. You are a growth investor if your primaryobjective is capital appreciation over time Income is paramount if you need your investmentportfolio to help pay your expenses Safety is an appropriate objective for any portionof your assets earmarked for an importantexpenditure in the near future Your objective may be a hybrid, for examplesafety/income, or income/growthAvailable timeHow much time you commit towards managing yourown investments will depend on how much timeyou have available, as well as your level of interestin personal finance.Tolerance for riskThere is a degree of risk inherent in every investment.It’s a fundamental principal that to earn a higherreturn over time, you have to be comfortable takingon more risk in the short term.The three major asset categories have differentrisk/return characteristics:Stocks: historically, the highest short-term risk butthe highest long-term returnsBonds: generally less volatile than stocks, but delivermore modest returnsCash and cash-equivalents (for example, short-termGICs or term deposits, T-bills, money marketinstruments): the safest investments, but offer thelowest returnsTime horizonWhen will you need to access the funds in yourinvestment account? The potential impact of marketvolatility is greater in the short term than it is overthe long term. With a short time horizon, safety isparamount because your portfolio may not have timeto recover from a downturn. With a longer timehorizon, you can choose more growth-orientedinvestments, because your portfolio has time torecover from short-term volatility.Definitions of time horizons vary, but generally, atime horizon of 10 or more years is long term, whilefive years or fewer is a short-term horizon.Most brokerages offer free calculators and plannersto help you discover how much you need to save inorder to reach your goals, with various time-horizonand rate-of-return scenarios.A beginner’s guide to investing online6
Asset allocationOnce you’ve established the fundamentals, then you’reready to determine one of the most criticalcomponents of your investment plan. Your assetallocation strategy establishes the relative proportionsof equities, fixed income and cash-based investmentsin your portfolio.Your asset mix is personal to you, because it must beappropriate in relation to your tolerance for risk, timehorizon and objectives. Basically, your aim is tochoose an asset model that is calibrated to meet yourgoals, while exposing you to a level of risk that you arecomfortable with.Depending on your level of knowledge, your availabletime and your tolerance for risk, as well as otherconsiderations, you can choose the most appropriateasset allocation model.For example:ConservativeIncomeBalancedGrowthAggressive Growth20% equities70% fixed income10% cash20% equities80% fixed income40% equities50% fixed income10% cash70% equities30% fixed income100% equities30% equities70% fixed income50% equities40% fixed income10% cash80% equities20% fixed income60% equities35% fixed income5% cashEquitiesFixed incomeCashA beginner’s guide to investing online7
Investor profiles and asset vePreserving the value of capital is the priority. The conservative investor iswilling to accept lower growth prospects in exchange for low volatility in theirportfolio. They hold relatively safe assets, such as cash-based and high qualityfixed income investments, in addition to a small percentage of equities.The objective is to generate regular, dependable income from the portfolio.The income investor is focused on achieving a consistent rate of return, withminimal fluctuations in the value of the underlying capital. High quality fixedincome investments comprise a majority of their portfolio.Comfortable with moderate short-term fluctuations in the value of theirinvestments, the balanced investor seeks a combination of capitalappreciation and income. Their assets are a balanced mix of equities forgrowth potential, fixed-income and/or dividend-paying stocks for income, andcash-based investments for stability.Growth is the goal, and the growth investor is willing to take on more risk toget it. Their time horizon is long enough to give their portfolio a chance torecover from the impact of short-term market volatility. They have a highpercentage of equity-based investments in their portfolio.The aggressive investor is looking to maximize growth. They areknowledgeable about investing in the stock market, trade frequently, closelymonitor their positions, and have a high tolerance for market volatility. In fact,they seek to profit from short-term fluctuations in the market. Margin trading,short selling and options trading are among the strategies they deploy.A beginner’s guide to investing online8
DiversificationThe practice of spreading money among differentinvestments is called diversification. The basic ideais that different kinds of assets tend to responddifferently in various market cycles. For example,historically, rising equity prices have been associatedwith falling bond prices. So by investing in more thanone asset category, you can reduce volatility and giveyour portfolio a smoother ride.Asset allocation and diversification are closely linkedconcepts, but they’re not exactly the same thing. It’spossible to choose an asset allocation model thatisn’t well diversified—all fixed income, for example,or all stocks.There are diversification considerations within eachasset class. For example, equities can be diversifiedin many ways, including: Industry sector (for example: health care,energy, technology, consumer staples,industrials, utilities) Level of market capitalization (large cap,mid cap, small cap) Market or region (Canada, U.S., developedmarkets outside of the U.S., emergingmarkets, etc.)Because markets are unpredictable, it’s generallywise to seek diversification. A well-diversifiedportfolio will allow you to participate in the gainsof the best-performing assets, while limiting yourexposure to declining assets.Beware of “home country bias”Canada’s equity market represents just3–4% of the world’s equities. And overtwo-thirds of Canada’s equity market isconcentrated in just three of the world’s10 major sectors: financials, energy andmaterials. So a portfolio of Canadianstocks is heavily weighted in those threesectors. Investing in different regions ofthe world exposes your portfolio tobroader opportunities while helpingmitigate the risks associated withinvesting in a single country or region.Canadian sector weightsGlobal sector rTelecomConsumer staplesHealthcareITUtilitiesA beginner’s guide to investing online9
Fulfilling yourasset allocation strategyOnce you have a solid investment plan, how do youdecide which investments to choose for your portfolioin order to fulfill your asset allocation strategy andachieve your desired level of diversification? This isthe part of online investing that many people findmost interesting.A lot depends on your level of investing knowledge,your available time and your level of interest.Here are some of the free tools and resources youcan expect as an online brokerage client: Screeners allow you to filter stocks, ETFs andmutual funds using prebuilt screens, such asundervalued stocks or high dividend yield stocks,or screen them using customized criteria suchas sector or market capitalization. Curated Daily news packages give you the day’stop headlines and insights, so you can scan thelatest company, market, business, andeconomic news. New issues centre gives you access to IPOs(Initial Public Offerings), so you can be one ofthe first to invest in new securities when theystart trading.As a general guideline, stick to investments that youfully understand, so you’re aware of the potential risksand rewards. As you build your knowledge, you’ll beready to apply more sophisticated investing strategies.If you have enough time, and you enjoy following themarkets, researching companies, and learninginvesting strategies and techniques, then you cantake a more active approach to trading. You can builda portfolio of individual stocks and bonds. And youcan pursue more sophisticated strategies, such astrading on margin, or using options to try to improveyour results.If you have less available time, or simply prefer tospend your time on other pursuits, you can stillmaintain control of your self-directed portfolio. Youcan simply choose strategies and investments thatrequire less attention. For example, you may wantto focus on building your portfolio using a set ofcarefully chosen exchange-traded funds (ETFs), orprofessionally managed mutual funds. And a buy-andhold strategy is much less time consuming than anactive trading approach.Discoveringinvestment ideasHow exactly do you find investment ideas? Onlinebrokerages provide tools and features to help yousort through thousands of stocks, ETFs, mutualfunds, bonds, and other securities and find the onesthat suit your goals and objectives.Evaluating stocksOnline brokerages also provide extensive informationto help you evaluate stocks and other investments.Examples include: Analysts’ recommendations provide wellresearched, expert reviews of Canadian and U.S.investments, including top picks for growth,value and income stocks. Value Analyzers help discover stocks that aregood candidates for value investing. They offerintuitive views of key metrics for a particularstock, allowing investors to screen stocks usingfilters like earnings and revenue consistency. Fundamental research for any company coverskey performance metrics from its most recentfinancial statements, along with data on itsperformance history, ratings and more—everything you need to evaluate the companyand compare it to its peer group. Technical research allows you to search andfilter potential investments and evaluate entryand exit points based on bullish or bearishtechnical indicators.A beginner’s guide to investing online10
Stock tradingMonitoring the marketsOnline brokerages give you convenient access tothe markets. You can trade stocks, ETFs, options,and other securities quickly and easily, from yourcomputer or from your mobile device.Your online brokerage account will allow you to stayconnected to news and developments related tocompanies, markets and the general economy, withfeatures such as:You can use simple market orders to buy and sell.Or you can set specific parameters that give youmore control and help you reduce (but not eliminate)risk of losses. For example, you can create a sellorder that becomes actionable only if the stock pricefalls to a pre-determined level. Or you can create abuy order that sets the maximum price you will pay. Real-time quotes that allow you to followcompanies and market indices. News feeds that detail company earnings anddevelopments, augmented with economic, marketand industry news from around the world. Watchlists that allow you to create a portfolioof stocks you would like to monitor. You can also set alerts to be notified whenmarket events or stock price changes occur. Market order: an order that you submit to befilled at the best price obtainable at the time theorder is executed. Since markets are dynamic,the order may be filled at a price that is higheror lower than it was at the moment when yousubmitted it.Stop-market order: an order that becomesexecutable once a pre-determined price (stopprice) is hit; at that point the order is filled atthe market price. Limit order: an order that sets the maximum orminimum at which you are willing to buy or sella particular stock. Stop-limit order: an order where you set a stopprice and a limit price. Once the stop price is hit,the order converts to a limit order, to be filledonly at the limit price or better.Reviewing your holdingsAs a self-directed investor, you need completeinsight into your accounts, any time.You should beable to review the status of your portfolios and yourholdings, compare performance against benchmarks,and switch easily among multiple ways of viewingyour portfolio.You should also be able to review all transactionson your account since inception including buys, sells,transfers, deposits, stock splits, and dividends.A beginner’s guide to investing online11
Five tips for successful online investing1Keep emotions in checkAs an investor, you may experience emotional highs and lows depending on whether yourinvestments are currently exceeding or falling below your expectations. But don’t let emotionslike fear and greed dictate your investment decisions—if you do, you’re likely to sell low, and buyhigh. Instead, have a plan, and stick to it. And do the necessary research about your investmentsso you understand and accept the short-term risks.2Maintain a diversified portfolio3Stay informed4Think globally5To smooth
A beginner’s guide to investing online Managing your own investments online is simple, convenient and affordable. The best of Canada’s online brokerages offer low commissions, easy-to-use trading platforms, plus planning and research tools to . A selection
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