Indicators Of Sustainable Development For Tourism
Indicators of Sustainable Developmentfor Tourism DestinationsA Guidebook
Copyright 2004 World Tourism OrganizationCalle Capitán Haya, 4228020 Madrid, SpainIndicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations: A GuidebookISBN 92-844-0726-5Published and printed by the World Tourism Organization, Madrid, SpainFirst printing in 2004All rights reservedThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication does not imply theexpression of any opinions whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Tourism Organizationconcerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.World Tourism OrganizationCalle Capitán Haya, 4228020 Madrid, SpainTel.: ( 34) 915 678 100Fax: ( 34) 915 713 733Web site: www.world-tourism.orgEmail: omt@world-tourism.org This publication may be reproduced for such purposes as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching,scholarships, or research, or for use by member country governments, in which the use is for noncommercial purposes – is freely authorized, with due credit to the WTO source. The WTO wouldappreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication in these circumstances as a source.No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever withoutprior permission in writing from the WTO. For applications see www.world-tourism.org/pub/rights.htm.
Table of ContentsAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3How to Use this Guidebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Part 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781.2 Why Use Indicators? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.1 Indicators at Different Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.2 Types of Indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.3 Measurement and Expression of Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.4 Indicators and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.2.5 Indicators as a Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810111213151.3 Progress in Indicators Development and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.1 Growing Indicators Initiatives Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.2 Advances in Indicators Methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.3 Indicators Initiatives of Other Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.4 Indicators and Performance Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16161718191.4 Expected Use and Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Part 2Indicator Development Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.1 Key Steps to Indicators Development and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Initial Phase: Research and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 1 Definition/Delineation of the Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 2 Use of Participatory Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 3 Identification of Tourism Assets and Risks; Situation Analysis. . . . . .Step 4 Long-term Vision for a Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Indicator Development Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 5 Selection of Priority Issues and Policy Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 6 Identification of Desired Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 7 Inventory of Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 8 Selection Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 9 Evaluation of Feasibility/Implementation Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 10 Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 11 Accountability and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Step 12 Monitoring and Evaluation of Indicators Application . . . . . . . . . . . . .2424263235353537384043434650522.2 Use of Other Sections of the Guidebook within this Process . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 2004 World Tourism Organization - ISBN 92-844-0726-5
IIPart 3Sustainablility Issues and Indicators in Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55The Presentation of the Issues and Their Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553.1 Wellbeing of Host Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.1.1 Local Satisfaction With Tourism Baseline Issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Attitudes, Dissatisfaction, Community Reaction3.1.2 Effects of Tourism on Communities Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . .57Community Attitudes, Social Benefits, Changes in Lifestyles, Housing, Demographics3.1.3 Access by Local Residents to Key Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Access to Important Sites, Economic Barriers, Satisfaction with Access Levels3.1.4 Gender Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Family Wellbeing, Equal Opportunities in Employment, Traditional Gender Roles,Access to Land and Credit3.1.5 Sex Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Child Sex Tourism, Education, Prevention Strategies, Control Strategies3.2 Sustaining Cultural Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1 Conserving Built Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7676Cultural Sites, Monuments, Damage, Maintenance, Designation, Preservation3.3 Community Participation in Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833.3.1 Community Involvement and Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83Information, Empowerment, Participation, Community Action3.4 Tourist Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .863.4.1 Sustaining Tourist Satisfaction Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86Expectations, Complaints, Problems, Perceptions3.4.2 Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Mobility, Older Tourists, Persons with Disabilities3.5 Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .943.5.1 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94Public Health, Community Health, Food Safety, Worker Health and Safety3.5.2 Coping with Epidemics and International Transmission of Disease . . .101Facilitation, Contingency Planning, Impacts on Tourism3.5.3 Tourist Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Risk, Safety, Civil Strife, Terrorism, Natural Disasters, Impacts, Management Response,Contingency Planning, Facilitation3.5.4 Local Public Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Crime, Risk, Harassment, Public Security, Tourist Anxiety3.6 Capturing Economic Benefits from Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1113.6.1 Tourism Seasonality Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111Occupancy, Peak Season, Shoulder Season, Infrastructure, Product Diversity,Employment3.6.2 Leakages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117Imported Goods, Foreign Exchange, Internal Leakage, External Leakage,Invisible Leakage3.6.3 Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Training, Quality, Skills, Turnover, Seasonality, Pay Levels119
III3.6.4 Tourism as a Contributor to Nature Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Financing for Conservation, Local Economic Alternatives, Constituency Building,Tourist Participation in Conservation3.6.5 Community and Destination Economic Benefits Baseline Issue . .128Capturing Benefits, Tourism Revenues, Tourism Contribution to the Local Economy,Business Investment, Community Investment, Taxes, Satellite Account3.6.6 Tourism and Poverty Alleviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Equity, Micro Enterprises, Employment and Income Opportunities, SMEs3.6.7 Competitiveness of Tourism Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Price and Value, Quality, Differentiation, Specialization, Vitality,Business Cooperation, Long-term Profitability3.7 Protection of Valuable Natural Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1473.7.1 Protecting Critical Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147Fragile Sites, Endangered Species3.7.2 Sea Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Contamination, Perception of Water Quality3.8 Managing Scarce Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1523.8.1 Energy Management Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Energy Saving, Efficiency, Renewables3.8.2 Climate Change and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155Mitigation, Adaptation, Extreme Climatic Events, Risks, Impacts onDestinations, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Transport, Energy Use3.8.3 Water Availability and Conservation Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . .165Water Supply, Water Pricing, Recycling, Shortages3.8.4 Drinking Water Quality Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Purity of Supply, Contamination Impact on Tourist Health and Destination Image3.9 Limiting Impacts of Tourism Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1713.9.1 Sewage Treatment Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171Wastewater Management, Extent of System, Effectiveness, Reducing Contamination3.9.2 Solid Waste Management Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173Garbage, Reduction, Reuse, Recycling, Deposit, Collection, Hazardous Substances3.9.3 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180Air Quality, Health, Pollution from Tourism, Perception by Tourists3.9.4 Controlling Noise Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183Measuring Noise Levels, Perception of Noise3.9.5 Managing Visual Impacts of Tourism Facilities and Infrastrucure . . . . .185Siting, Construction, Design, Landscaping3.10 Controlling Tourist Activities and Levels Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1923.10.1 Controlling Use Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192Stress on Sites and Systems, Tourist Numbers, Crowding3.10.2 Managing Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sport Events, Fairs, Festivities, Crowd Control196
IV3.11 Destination Planning and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2043.11.1 Integrating Tourism into Local/Regional Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204Information for Planners, Plan Evaluation, Results of Plan Implementation3.11.2 Development Control Baseline Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207Control Procedures, Land Use, Property, Management, Enforcement3.11.3 Tourism-Related Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210Mobility Patterns, Safety, Transport Systems, Efficiency, In-Destination Transport,Transport to/from Destination3.11.4 Air Transport - Responding to Changes in Patterns and Access . . . . .219Environmental Impacts, Planning and Security3.12 Designing Products and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2233.12.1 Creating Trip Circuits and Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223Corridors, Links, Cooperation3.12.2 Providing Variety of Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Product Diversification, Range of Services3.12.3 Marketing for Sustainable Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228“Green” Marketing, Products and Experiences Emphasizing Sustainability,Market Penetration, Tourist Response, Marketing Effectiveness3.12.4 Protection of the Image of a Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236Branding, Vision, Strategic Marketing3.13 Sustainability of Tourism Operations and Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2413.13.1 Sustainability and Environmental Management Policies andPractices at Tourism Businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241Environmental Management Systems, Social Responsibility3.14 Baseline Issues and Baseline Indicators of Sustainable Tourism . .Part 4244Destination Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2474.1 Coastal Zones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2474.2 Beach Destinations and Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2514.3 Small Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2534.4 Destinations in Desert and Arid Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2574.5 Mountain Destinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2594.6 Natural and Sensitive Ecological Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2634.7 Ecotourism Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2684.8 Parks and Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2694.9 Communities Within or Adjacent to Protected Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2724.10 Trails and Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2744.11 Built Heritage sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2784.12 Small and Traditional Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2814.13 Urban Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2824.14 Conventions and Convention Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2864.15 Communities Seeking Tourism Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291
V4.16 Theme Parks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2934.17 Water Parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2944.18 Cruise Ships and Their Destinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Part 5Indicators Applications: Uses in Tourism Planning and Management .3035.1 Indicators and Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3035.2 Using Indicators to Strategically Plan for Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3055.2.1 Using Indicators to Measure Plan Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3075.3 Indicators and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308Legislation, Monitoring Compliance5.4 Carrying Capacity and Limits to Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309Sensitivity, Limits of Acceptable Change, Thresholds5.5 Public Reporting and Accountability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3125.5.1 Considerations Regarding from and Content of Information Provided .3135.5.2 Measuring Success and/or Results of Indicators Applications . . . . . . .316Reach, Penetration, Action5.6 Indicators and Certification/Standards Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3185.6.1 Certification Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3185.6.2 Validation of Indicators for Certification Programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3215.7 Performance Measurement and Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322Part 6Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3276.1 ACCOR Hotels Environmental Sustainability Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327Hotels, Analysis, Reporting, Management Indicators, Private Sector6.2 Albufera de Valencia (Spain): Measuring Carrying Capacity in a FragileEcosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330Carrying Capacity, Model, Multivariate Analysis; Wetlands, Data Integration,Sensitive Natural Areas, Ecotourism,6.3 Antarctica: Sustainable Tourism Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338Hotels, Analysis, Reporting, Management Indicators, Private Sector6.4 Arches National Park (USA): Indicators and Standards of Quality forSustainable Tourism and Carrying Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342Image, Crowding, Visitor Percepcions, Virtual Response, VERP, Ecotourism6.5 Balearic Islands (Spain): Integrated Tourism Management ThroughSustainable Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345Demographics, Pressures, Comprehensive Measures, Islands, Prioritization6.6 The Canary Islands (Spain): A Planning Model for a Mature Destination . . . . .351Scenarios, Touirsm Planning, Islands, Limits to Growth, Carrying Capacity6.7 Cape Breton Island (Canada): Indicators of Sustainable Tourismand Ecotourism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355Ecotourism, Sensitive Natural Areas, Parks, Community Participation6.8 The Caribbean Sustainable Tourism Indicators Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
VIEcotourism, Sensitive Natural Areas, Parks, Community Participation6.9 Chiminos Island (Guatemala). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368Private Sector, Ecolodge, Management Indicators6.10 El Garraf Natural Park, Catalonia (Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371Ecotourism, Sensitive Natural Areas, Parks, Community Participation6.11 European Environmental Agency Indicators: Tourism and the Environmentin the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377Regional Indicators, Impacts, Public Reporting6.12 France: Aggregated National Reporting on Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382Aggregation, Scale, Reporting, Communication6.13 India: Community Based Tourism in Corbett National Park UsingAppreciative Participatory Planning and Action (APPA) Methodology . . . . . . .386Community Participation, Small Communities, Qualitative Indicators, Project evaluation,Perfomance Indicators6.14 Kangaroo Island Touris
3.6.4 Tourism as a Contributor to Nature Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Financing for Conserva
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