Young Lives Ethiopia Lessons From Longitudinal Research .
Country ReportYoung Lives EthiopiaLessons from Longitudinal Researchwith the Children of the MillenniumAlula Pankhurst, Tassew Woldehanna, Mesele Araya,Yisak Tafere, Jack Rossiter, Agazi Tiumelissan andKiros BirhanuJune 2018
Young Lives EthiopiaLessons from Longitudinal Research with theChildren of the MillenniumAlula Pankhurst, Tassew Woldehanna, Mesele Araya,Yisak Tafere, Jack Rossiter, Agazi Tiumelissan andKiros Birhanu Young Lives 2018ISBN 978-1-912485-13-0A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any partof this publication may be made only under the following conditions: with the prior permission of the publisher; or with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd.,90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another nationallicensing agency; or under the terms set out below.This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method withoutfee for teaching or non-profit purposes, but not for resale. Formal permissionis required for all such uses, but normally will be granted immediately. Forcopying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or fortranslation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from thepublisher and a fee may be payable.Core-funded byYoung Lives, Oxford Department of International Development (ODID), University of Oxford,Queen Elizabeth House, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UKTel: 44 (0)1865 281751 Email: younglives@younglives.org.ukYoung Lives Ethiopia, Country Director’s Office, PDRC, International Leadership Institute Building,Gulele Subcity, Woreda 02, ILI/B/102, P.O.Box 1896 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 251(0)111540121 Email: pankhurstdrc@gmail.com
Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the ummaryIntroductionYoung LivesThe Ethiopian contextFindingsPolicy implicationsConclusionsKey messages1.Introducing Young Lives: A study of the Millennium Children1.1.Introducing this summative country report1.2.Young Lives in Ethiopia1.3.Engagement with government and other stakeholders1.4.The establishment of the Ethiopian Centre for Child Research1.5.Learning from Young Lives and taking the agendas forward1.6.Report structureReferences2.The policy context for children and youth in Ethiopia2.1.The first decade of the new millennium: child-focused institutions and policies2.2.The second decade of the new millennium: increasing policy salience ofchildren’s issues2.3.ConclusionReferences3.Poverty Dynamics3.1.Key findings3.2.Policy messages3.3.Introduction3.4.Wealth, consumption and poverty3.5.Multidimensional poverty among children3.6.Multidimensional poverty status3.7.Associations and dynamics of multidimensional poverty3.8.ConclusionReferences4.Child nutrition, health and cognitive development4.1.Key findings4.2.Policy messages4.3.Introduction4.4.Household food security4.5.Food diversity and nutrition4.6.Access to water and sanitation5 7 9 12 13 13 13 14 15 17 18 23 23 24 29 32 32 32 33 37 37 39 41 46 49 49 49 50 52 56 60 62 63 64 67 67 67 68 70 72 74 Page 3
Page 4Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the Millennium4.7.Undernutrition and its effects: growth recovery, faltering, persistent stuntingand thinness4.8.Cognitive achievement, school readiness and early grade progression4.9.Growth recovery, faltering and cognitive outcomes74 79 81 4.10. Parental socioeconomic status and cognitive achievements: mediation processthrough pre-school access81 4.11. The intergenerational cycle of undernutrition4.12. ConclusionReferences5.Education and learning5.1.Key findings5.2.Policy messages5.3.Introduction5.4.Education sector priorities5.5.Pre-primary education5.6.Primary education expansion5.7.Grade progression5.8.Learning levels5.9.School qualityReferences6.Wellbeing and protection of children and youth6.1.Key findings6.2.Policy messages6.3.Introduction6.4.Child-sensitive social protection6.5.Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC)6.6.Child work and labour6.7.Child marriage and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C)6.8.Violence affecting children and youth6.9.Urban development and relocation6.10. ConclusionReferences7.Conclusion: From ‘Millennium Children’ towards youth during theSustainable Development Goals period7.1.Progress, challenges and lessons from longitudinal research7.2.Chapter conclusions and policy considerations7.3.Overall conclusions7.4.Lessons from longitudinal research on childhood life stages7.5.Lessons for further longitudinal research82 83 84 87 87 87 87 89 89 92 94 98 101 103 107 107 107 108 109 113 117 121 126 134 139 142 150 150 150 153 157 159
Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the MillenniumAcronymsACERWCAfrican Union Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the ChildACPFAfrican Child Policy ForumACRWCAfrican Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the ChildAEPAgricultural Extension ProgrammeCCRDAConsortium of Christian Relief and Development AssociationsCRCThe Convention of the Rights of the ChildCRPFChild Research and Practice ForumCSACentral Statistical AgencyDFIDUnited Kingdom Department for International DevelopmentDHSDemographic and Health SurveyECCEEarly Childhood Care and EducationEDHSEthiopian Demographic and Health SurveyEDRIEthiopian Development Research InstituteESDPEducation Sector Development ProgramEGSEmployment Generation SchemesEUEuropean UnionFDREFederal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaFGDFocus Group DiscussionFGM/CFemale Genital Mutilation/CuttingFSCEForum on Sustainable Child EmpowermentGDPGross Domestic ProductGERGross Enrolment RatioGPIGender Parity IndexGTPGrowth and Transformation PlanHDRHuman Development ReportHFIASHousehold Food Insecurity Access ScaleIGEImperial Government of EthiopiaILOInternational Labour OrganisationIMFInternational Monetary FundMDGsMillennium Development GoalsMoAMinistry of AgricultureMoEMinistry of EducationMoFECMinistry of Finance and Economic CooperationMoFEDMinistry of Finance and Economic DevelopmentMODAMultiple Overlapping Deprivations AnalysisMoHMinistry of HealthMoJMinistry of JusticePage 5
Page 6Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the MillenniumMoLSAMinistry of Labour and Social AffairsMoWAMinistry of Women AffairsMoWCAMinistry of Women and Children AffairMoWCYAMinistry of Women Children and Youth AffairsMoYSMinistry of Youth and SportsMoYSCMinistry of Youth, Sports and CultureMPIMultidimensional Poverty IndexNGONon-Governmental OrganisationNNPNational Nutrition ProgrammeNPCNational Planning CommissionOAUOrganisation for African UnityOECDOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOPHIOxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeOSSREAOrganisation for Social Science Research in Eastern AfricaOVCOrphans and Vulnerable ChildrenPASDEPPlan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End PovertyPPPPurchasing Power ParityPPVTPeabody Picture Vocabulary TestPSMPropensity Score MatchingPSNPProductive Safety Net ProgrammeSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSDPRPSustainable Development and Poverty Reduction ProgramSNNPRSouthern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' RegionTGETransitional Government of EthiopiaTIMSSTrends in International Mathematics and Science StudyTVETTechnical and Vocational Education and TrainingUNUnited NationsUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationUNFPAUnited Nations Population FundUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundUSAIDUnited States Agency for International DevelopmentWHOWorld Health OrganisationWMSWelfare Monitoring Survey
Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the MillenniumAcknowledgementsThe Young Lives team wishes to thank the many organisations that have been supportive of ourresearch and with whom we have collaborated over many years, as well as representativeswithin these organisations who are too numerous to mention individually. Over the years we haveworked closely with several Ministries, notably the Ministry of Women, Youth and Children Affairs(more recently the Ministry of Women and Children Affairs), especially in providing inputs for thedevelopment of the National Children’s Policy and the National Strategy on Harmful TraditionalPractices, in preparations for the London Girls’ summit and the National Girls’ summit, and inorganizing the monthly Child Research and Practice Forum seminar series, the Ministry ofEducation, and the Education Strategy Centre, notably in conducting the school surveys andpromoting improvements in the early childhood education system, the Ministry of Labour andSocial Affairs, particularly on the question of child work and labour and the Social ProtectionPolicy and Strategy, and the Ministry of Justice regarding violence affecting children and youth.We have also had close partnerships with many development partners and Internationalorganisations notably Save the Children, with whom we collaborated for many years oncommunicating our findings, UNICEF, especially in promoting the Child Research and PracticeForum and the establishment of the Ethiopian Centre for Child Research, the Organisation forSocial Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa that published the book on Children’sWork and Labour in East Africa, and the various partners in the Child Research and PracticeForum (CRPF), especially African Child Policy Forum, CHAD-ET, Concern Worldwide,Consortium of Christian Development Associations (CCRDA), Forum for Sustainable ChildEmpowerment (FSCE), Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), Plan Ethiopia, RETRAK and World Vision.Special thanks are due to OAK foundation for supporting the CRPF for eight years. We have alsoworked closely with other organisations involved in policy relevant research and programmesnotably the Ethiopian Society of Sociologists, Social Workers and Anthropologists (ESSSWA),Gender and Adolescence Global Evidence (GAGE), Girl Effect and Population Council.In particular, we wish to thank the Young Lives children and their families for generously givingus their time and cooperation. They willingly shared with us a great deal of detailed personalinformation about their family lives, and we have a responsibility to protect their confidentialityand ensure that their identities remain protected. For this reason, the names of the children andtheir communities have been replaced with pseudonyms throughout. We also wish to thank theregional, wereda and kebele administrations, the schools, and local guides for all theircooperation in facilitating the research process.We also wish to extend our thanks to Michael Bourdillon and Sarah Vaughan who kindlyreviewed this report.Young Lives is a collaborative partnership between research institutes, universities and NGOs inthe four study countries (Ethiopia, India, Vietnam and Peru) and the University of Oxford. YoungLives has been core-funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), withadditional funding from the Bernard van Leer Foundation, the Children’s Investment FundFoundation, Irish Aid, the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Oak Foundation, the RoyalNorwegian Embassy in Hanoi, UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, and the William and FloraHewlett Foundation.Page 7
Page 8Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the MillenniumIn Ethiopia, Young Lives has been conducted in partnership with the Ethiopian DevelopmentResearch Institute (EDRI), Pankhurst Development Research and Consulting Plc (PDRC), andfor many years Save the Children. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors.They are not necessarily those of, or endorsed by, Young Lives, the University of Oxford, DFIDor other funders. Young Lives, June 2018Suggested citation:Pankhurst, A., T. Woldehanna, M. Araya, Y. Tafere, J. Rossiter, A. Tiumelissan, and K. Berhanu(2018) Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with Children of theMillennium, Country Report. Oxford: Young Lives.Photo credits:The images throughout our publications are of children living in circumstances and communitiessimilar to the children within our study sample. Young Lives/Aida Ashenafi; Antonio Fiorente.
Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the MillenniumPrefaceThis report presents findings from the Young Lives research carried out over 15 years in Ethiopiaand three other countries. Young Lives is a unique longitudinal study providing important policyrelevant insights for Ethiopia. As a study across four countries it enables comparisons with India,Peru and Vietnam – all three middle-income countries – with useful lessons for Ethiopia’s quest toreach lower middle income status by 2025. The five survey rounds from 2002 to 2016 presentexceptionally rich data over a decade and a half, during which time Ethiopia made considerableprogress with very high growth rates and significant poverty reduction. The broad approach of thestudy allows conclusions for a wide range of sectors including nutrition and food security, health,sanitation and water, and education, as well as for cross-cutting issues on child protection andwellbeing and youth development, presented in the different chapters of the book. The tracking oftwo cohorts with a seven year gap provides evidence of changes over time at ages 8, 12 and 15,confirming considerable improvement, notably in access to services.The collection of data in 20 communities in five regions of Ethiopia with the same households andchildren over the entire period documents changes as the children grow up and providesimportant complementary data to the cross-sectional nationally representative Demographic andHealth, Household Income and Expenditure and Welfare Monitoring Surveys. The longitudinalapproach, tracking children from infancy to early adulthood, enables the study to offer key insightsinto the long term consequences of early deprivations, highlighting the importance of earlyinvestments in nutrition and education for later outcomes. The inclusion of three rounds of schoolsurveys, with additional sites in Afar and Somali regions- bringing the total to 30 sites in sevenregions - provides important insights about differential learning progression and how the educationsystem can be improved to promote quality and equity in learning outcomes. The mixed methodsapproach, with a qualitative sub-sample, allows the voices and aspirations of children and youth tobe heard, and the case material provides important illustrations and explanations of trendsdetected in the surveys. The additional thematic studies address key policy issues, notablyregarding food security and safetynets, child labour, early learning, child marriage, violenceaffecting children and urban relocation.The Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) has led the research in Ethiopia andcarried out the five rounds of surveys ensuring that the data are collected by trained andexperienced researchers to rigorous scientific and ethical standards. The data have beenchecked, stored and publicly archived in collaboration with the University of Oxford with fundingfrom the United Kingdom Department for International Development in order to facilitate globalaccess by researchers worldwide. The fact that the cohorts were tracked over the 15 years with acomparatively very low attrition rate testifies to the rigour and quality of the data collection. EDRIstaff have carried out analysis of the research producing a large number of working papers,journal articles, policy briefs, fact sheets and blogs, together with the rest of the Ethiopia team,often in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Oxford and in the three other studycountries. These are available on the Young Lives international website (www.younglives.org.uk)and the Ethiopia-specific publications on the Ethiopia website (www.younglives-ethiopia.org).EDRI has also organized regular workshops for policy makers, parliamentarians, national andinternational organisations and the public at large in collaboration with Save the Children andPankhurst Development Research and Consulting Plc. The findings and recommendations havebeen disseminated over the five rounds to ensure that the implications of the research are wellunderstood and inform further policy development and effective programme implementation.Young Lives also played a leading role in the establishment of the Child Research and PracticeForum within the Ministry of Women, Youth and Children Affairs which has been holding monthlyPage 9
Page 10Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the Millenniumseminars for eight years, with dissemination to over 500 people by email, regular newsletters andannual summaries of presentations.The Young Lives findings on Ethiopia presented in this report complementing similar reports forthe other countries and cross-country international reports, provide important conclusions andrecommendations on a wide range of topics, with chapters on the policy context, povertydynamics, child nutrition, health and cognitive development, education and learning, and wellbeingand protection of children and youth. The research confirms considerable reduction in poverty,although inequalities based on location, education and gender still present challenges. There hasbeen notable progress in food security and reduction of undernutrition, but levels of stunting andthinness still require further attention. Young Lives has demonstrated that children can recoverfrom stunting after infancy but also face risks of faltering in their growth following undernutrition,which underscores the importance of interventions beyond infancy, notably school feeding.Access to education has been shown to have improved by comparing the two cohorts, butlearning levels still fall short of what is expected and transitions to the labour market require furtheremphasis on skills development. Social protection policies and programmes have beenestablished and offer safetynets, while orphans and vulnerable children have received particularattention, especially in the National Children’s Policy. Legal provisions for protecting children fromexcessive or harmful work, corporal punishment and gender-based violence, child marriage andFGM/C are in place. Young Lives research confirms considerable progress and points to the needfor implementation to involve a wide range of stakeholders within communities, to address socialnorms, prevent resistance and bring about rapid change in line with the targets set by theEthiopian government.In order to ensure that the legacy of the Young Lives study continues, a recent initiativeestablished the Ethiopian Centre for Child Research (ECCR) based within EDRI with an advisorycommittee composed of representatives from national government institutions and Addis AbabaUniversity with support from UNICEF. Important research has already been carried out based onYoung Lives data, notably a study of multidimensional poverty, and in 2017 the Centre co-hosteda major international conference on child poverty.The importance of the Young Lives study for understanding the lives of children during the MDGperiod has been amply demonstrated and this report offers an impressive array of highlights fromthe research findings which are further developed in more than 200 publications available on thewebsites. EDRI believes that it will be crucial to continue to track the Young Lives children intoadulthood during the SDG period. This will be vital to understand the key challenges facing youth,notably transitions from education to the labour market, youth employment, household formationand parenting. Further rounds of surveys will also be important in assessing the extent of int
Young Lives Ethiopia: Lessons from Longitudinal Research with the Children of the Millennium Page 9 Preface This report presents findings from the Young Lives research carried out over 15 years in Ethiopia and three other countries. Young Lives is a unique longitudinal study providing importan
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopia - Land Degradation Neutrality National Report Degraded land under pressure in Hintalo-Wajirat district, South Eastern Zone, Tigray Region, Ethiopia (2015) (Photo by Yared Shumete) This report summarizes the key outcomes of the natio
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called Ethiopia, Awakening Ethiopia, Ethiopia Awakening, or The Awakening of Ethiopia. A later, sixty-seven-inch plaster figure, similar in design, is pictured here (frontispiece).2 Art historians such as David Driskell, Judith Wilson, and Richard Powell have rightly discussed this sculpture in terms of its Pan-African ideals and the way in
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TOPIC 12 Understand Fractions as Numbers 8 LESSONS 13 DAYS TOPIC 13 Fraction Equivalence and Comparison 8 LESSONS 12 DAYS TOPIC 14 Solve Time, Capacity, and Mass Problems 9 LESSONS 11 DAYS TOPIC 15 Attributes of Two-Dimensional Shapes* 5 LESSONS 9 DAYS TOPIC 16 Solve Perimeter Problems 6 LESSONS 8 DAYS Step Up Lessons 10 LESSONS 10 DAYS TOTAL .
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224 Communicating in the 21st Century Essay writing ‘The essay is a form of refined torture. Discuss.’ You almost certainly will never encounter such an essay topic, but you might think it.
