Garrett Nagle & Paul Guinness
CambridgeInternational AS and A LevelGeographyGarrett Nagle & Paul GuinnessIsmail Digital smailabdi.wordpress.com/
To Angela, Rosie, Patrick and BethanyHodder Education, an Hachette UK company, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BHOrdersBookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SBtel: 01235 827827fax: 01235 400401e-mail: education@bookpoint.co.ukLines are open 9.00 a.m.–5.00 p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. You canalso order through the Hodder Education website: www.hoddereducation.co.uk Garrett Nagle & Paul Guinness 2013ISBN 978-1-4441-8148-7First printed 2013Impression number 5 4 3 2 1Year 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwisewithout either the prior written permission of Hodder Education or a licence permitting restricted copyingin the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS.Cover photo by Chris GuinnessTypeset by Datapage (India) Pvt. Ltd.Printed by Anthony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, WiltshireThis text has not been through the Cambridge endorsement process.Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made fromwood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform tothe environmental regulations of the country of origin.
Get the most from this bookEveryone has to decide his or her own revision strategy,but it is essential to review your work, learn it and test yourunderstanding. This Revision Guide will help you to dothat in a planned way, topic by topic. Use this book as thecornerstone of your revision and don’t hesitate to write in it— personalise your notes and check your progress by tickingoff each section as you revise.My revision plannerPaper 1 Core Geography1 Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology7 1.1 The drainage basin system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.2 Rainfall–discharge relationships within drainage basins . . . .11 1.3 River channel processes and landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 1.4 The human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Atmosphere and weather19 2.1 Local energy budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 2.2 The global energy budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 2.3 Weather processes and phenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 2.4 The human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Rocks and weathering37 3.1 Elementary plate tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 3.2 Weathering and rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 3.3 Slope processes and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Latitudinalvariationsradiation493.4 The humanimpact .in. TestedExamready . Revised RevisedTestedExamready. 2.2 The global energy budget Use the revision planner on pages 4 and 5 to plan yourrevision, topic by topic. Tick each box when you have:l revised and understood a topicl tested yourselfl practised the exam-style questions. Tick to track your progress. HumanCoreenergyAtmosphericatmosphere is an open energy system receiving energy from both Sun r is veryit has an importantlocal effect,as in the.54Naturalassmall,a componentof populationchangecase of urban climates. Incoming solar radiation is referred to as insolation.58 4.2 Demographic transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .There4.3are importantvariations in the receiptof solar radiation61Population–resourcerelationships. . . . . . . . . . .with. . . . . . latitude. . . . . . . . . . and.season (Figure 2.3). The result is an imbalance: positive budget in the tropics,66 4.4 The management of natural increase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .negative one at the poles. However, neither region is getting progressively hotter5orMigrationcolder. To achieve this balance the horizontal transfer of energy from the695.1toMigrationas placea componentpopulationchange. . . . .to.equatorthe poles takesby winds andofoceancurrents. Thisgives risean importantsecondmigrationenergy budget735.2 Internal. . . .in. . .the. . . . .atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–. . the. . . . . horizontal. . . . . . . . . . . . . .transfer.betweenlatitudes and highlatitudes. tocompensate for differences in global775.3lowInternationalmigration.insolation.81 5.4 A case study of international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90S6 Settlement dynamics60S84 6.1 Changes in rural settlements.30S88 6.2 Urban trends and issues of urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .092 6.3 The changing structure of urban settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30N97 6.4 The management of urban settlements.You can also keep track of your revision by ticking off eachtopic heading in the book. You may find it helpful to addyour own notes as you work through each topic.90S.2 Atmosphere and weatherRevisedPhysical Core60N90N60SONDPaper 2 30SAdvanced Physical MAEquinox60N7 Tropical environments90NSolstice104 7.1 Tropical climates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 7.2 Tropical ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The variations of solar radiation with latitude and season for thewhole7.3globe,assuminglandformsno atmosphere.110Tropical. . . .This. . . . .assumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . explains.the abnormally high amounts of radiation received at the poles in1147.4whenSustainableof tropical environments . . . . . . . .summer,daylight lastsmanagementfor 24 hours each day. Expert tip Make sure summerwhen talking aboutin the southern or northern and winter .Source: Barry, R. and Chorley, R., Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, Routledge, 19984Figure 2.3 Seasonaland latitudinalvariationsin insolationCambridgeInternationalAS andA LevelGeography Revision Guidehemisphere that you refer to months –it is easy to forget that if it is summer inone hemisphere it is winter in the other.Now test yourself11 What does insolation stand for?12 When does the South Pole receive most insolation (Figure 2.3)?13 How much insolation does 80 N receive in December and January.Features to help you succeedAnswers on p.00Pressure variationsExpert tipThroughout the book there are tips from the experts onhow to maximise your chances.RevisedSea-level pressure conditions show marked differences between thehemispheres. In the northern hemisphere there are greater seasonal contrastswhereas in the southern hemisphere more stable average conditions exist(Figure 2.4). The differences are largely related to unequal distribution of landand sea, because ocean areas are much more equable in terms of temperatureand pressure variations.Exam-style questionsExam-style questions are provided for each topic. UsePaper 1 Core Geographythem to consolidate your revision and practise your examskills.23181487 02 Cam 19-36.indd 23Definitions and key wordsExam readyClear, concise definitions of essential key terms areprovided on the page where they appear.Key words from the syllabus are highlighted in bold foryou throughout the book.Typical mistakeAdvice is given on how to avoid the typical mistakesstudents often make.24/10/12 7:01 PMNow test yourselfThese short, knowledge-based questions provide the firststep in testing your learning. Answers are at the back ofthe book.Tested
My revision plannerPaper 1 Core GeographyPhysical CoreRevised1 Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology7 1.1 The drainage basin system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.2 Rainfall–discharge relationships within drainage basins . . . . . .11 1.3 River channel processes and landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 1.4 The human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Atmosphere and weather19 2.1 Local energy budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 2.2 The global energy budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 2.3 Weather processes and phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 2.4 The human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Rocks and weathering37 3.1 Elementary plate tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 3.2 Weathering and rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 3.3 Slope processes and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 3.4 The human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TestedExamready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RevisedTested Examready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Human Core4 Population54 4.1 Natural increase as a component of population change . . . . . .58 4.2 Demographic transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 4.3 Population–resource relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 4.4 The management of natural increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Migration69 5.1 Migration as a component of population change . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 5.2 Internal migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 5.3 International migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 5.4 A case study of international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Settlement dynamics84 6.1 Changes in rural settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 6.2 Urban trends and issues of urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 6.3 The changing structure of urban settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 6.4 The management of urban settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Paper 2 Advanced Physical Geography Options7 Tropical environments104 7.1 Tropical climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 7.2 Tropical ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 7.3 Tropical landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 7.4 Sustainable management of tropical environments . . . . . . . . . . .4Cambridge International AS and A Level Geography Revision Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RevisedTestedExamready RevisedTested Examready 8 Coastal environments116 8.1 Waves, marine and sub-aerial processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 8.2 Coastal landforms of cliffed and constructive coasts . . . . . . . .124 8.3 Coral reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 8.4 Sustainable development of coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Hazardous environments130 9.1 Hazardous environments resulting from crustal(tectonic) movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 9.2 Hazardous environments resulting from massmovements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 9.3 Hazards resulting from atmospheric disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . .139 9.4 Sustainable management in hazardous environments . . . . .10 Arid and semi-arid environments142 10.1 The distribution and climatic characteristics of hotarid and semi-arid environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 10.2 Processes producing desert landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 10.3 Soils and vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 10.4 Sustainable management of arid and semi-aridenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Paper 3 Advanced Human Geography Options11 Production, location and change154 11.1 Agricultural systems and food production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 11.2 The management of agricultural change: Jamaica . . . . . . . . . .160 11.3 Manufacturing and related service industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 11.4 The management of industrial change: India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Environmental management167 12.1 Sustainable energy supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 12.2 The management of energy supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 12.3 Environmental degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 12.4 The management of a degraded environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Global interdependence182 13.1 Trade flows and trading patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 13.2 Debt and aid and their management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 13.3 The development of international tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 13.4 The management of a tourist destination: Jamaica . . . . . . . .14 Economic transition199 14.1 National development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 14.2 The globalisation of industrial activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 14.3 Regional development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 14.4 The management of development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
and the style of the examination. Use the revision planner on pages 4 and 5 to familiarise yourself with the topics. l Organise your notes, making sure you have covered everything on the syllabus. The revision planner will help you to group your notes into topics. l Work out a realist
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS SEVENTH EDITION AND FUNDAMENTALS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FIFTH EDITION R. Kent Nagle University of South Florida Edward B. Saff Vanderbilt University A. David Snider University of South Florida INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL 388445_Nagle_ttl.qxd 1/9/08 11:53 AM Page 1
Umgeni Water embarked on a process to develop a Resource Management Plan (RMP) for Nagle Dam, which is the first RMP to be developed for any of the dams owned by this organisation. Nemai Consulting (RMP Process Facilitator) was appointed by Umgeni Water . 4.5 Strategic Plan 92 5 WAY FORWARD 100 5.1 Business Plans 100 5.2 Review Cycle 100 6 .
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1 Calculator (Only new students will need the Workbook and Textbook) Geography. 1 1B8 Exercise Book Geography Textbook - (or Ringbinder with A4 refill block) Cambridge IGCSE Geography by 67 approx Coloured Pencils Guinness, Nagle . Graph Paper Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology
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Getting Over Garrett Delaney. Abby McDonald. Scholastic. Sadie has been in love with Garrett Delaney for far too long. She finally realizes that no matter how ‘perfect’ she is for him, Garrett will never see her as more than a friend. Sadie picks up the pieces of her
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