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Park NewsGreat Basin National ParkNational Park ServiceU.S. Department of the InteriorThe MiddenThe Resource Management Newsletter of Great Basin National ParkThe Legacy of John Tilford and the Bonita MinePhotos by Greg Seymour, Great Basin InstituteBy Greg Seymour, Great BasinInstitute – Research AssociateProgram and Eva Jensen, CulturalResource Program Manager, GreatBasin National ParkLate this summer, Great BasinNational Park and the Great BasinInstitute (GBI) teamed up to researchthe history of the Tilford family andthe Bonita Mine in Snake CreekCanyon and to restore the TilfordSpring Stone Cabin.In 1912, John Tilford lived with hiswife and family up Snake Creek atabout 8,000 feet elevation. In thatyear, he and his partners discoveredtungsten downstream, about threemiles west of the current Parkboundary.Upon the tungsten discovery, Tilfordmoved his family down to the newmine site and built a cabin, whichwas used as a commissary by thefamily, the miners, and the cook, ToyFong. John also built a house, a smallschool, and perhaps barracks and tentplatforms for miners he employed.He named the mine Bonita afterhis newest daughter, Bonnie, whohad been born at the house near theupstream saw mill.Apparently he did well for himselfuntil the end of World War I, whenthe demand for tungsten dropped andthe price plummeted. Then the Tilfordfamily left the Bonita Mine. The mineand other buildings fell into disrepair.Occasional upswings in metal pricesWinter 2014/2015The restored Tilford Spring Stone Cabing (above) and the cabin beforerestoration (below).brought prospectors back but theboom of building never returned.Restoring the cabin was the ultimategoal of the project. Understandingthe building materials andtechniques and keeping as muchof the original construction aspossible was essential to convey thehistorical feeling. The first step ofthe Tilford Cabin restoration was togather old photos and talk to livingdescendants of John Tilford. Withthis information, Greg Seymour ofGBI and the Cultural Resource staffof the Park began the process ofContinued on Page 2In This IssueJohn Tilford & the Bonita Mine.1Researchers in the Park.2Cave Harvestmen Reclassified.3Micro Logger Sensor Network.4Ancient Packrat Middens.5Lake Sediment Records.6Mercury Deposition.7Five-Needle Pine Planning.7Lepidoptera BioBlitz Results.8Bats Return to Lehman Caves.10Regional Groundwater Flow.12Recent Publications.12Sagebrush Recovery after Fire.14Upcoming Events.14Issue 14 Volume 2

collecting clay for the mortar, rock,and other materials necessary forthe job. Some walls had fallen andothers had bulged. The walls wererepaired with the help of historicphotos in order to give the buildingthe original look and feel of theone that John had built 102 yearsearlier. The Park purchased roughcut lumber from a custom sawmill.Boards were cut especially for thejob to duplicate what had beenthere originally. With the help ofthe maintenance staff at the park,the ridge beam was placed on topof the now completed walls. Rafterswere put in place and the roof, withits cover of dirt, was completed.Doors, based on the originalsfrom a photograph, were built andinstalled.During this process, Dave Tilford,the nephew of John Tilford,and lifetime White Pine Countyresident, helped with photographsand information about the family.He visited several times to viewthe work and is happy to see itscompletion. The Tilford Cabin,besides being important to thefamily, is representative of anPhoto courtesy of the Tilford FamilyThe Legacy of John Tilford and the Bonita Mine (continued)Photo of the Tilford family visiting the cabin in 1952 or 1953.important period in our history as acountry. It was small mine operatorssuch as John Tilford that suppliedminerals for the development andadvancement of high strength steel inthe tool and die industry and the warefforts of the United States.This small building is over a centuryold and will live on for many moreyears. As we approach the Centennialof the Organic Act and the NationalPark Service in 1916, this and otherhistorical treasures provide opportunitiesto visit the past. Men and women suchas the Tilford family endured andflourished on lands that are now GreatBasin National Park. Through thiscooperative effort of the Tilford family,Great Basin National Park, and GreatBasin Institute, this building and all itrepresents, remains in its place in thehistory of the Great Basin.Researchers in Great Basin National ParkBy Gretchen Baker, Ecologistthat support research studies.In 2014, Great Basin National Parkissued 15 new scientific researchand collecting permits and renewedor continued 16 research permits.Since the park establishment in1986, 145 different research studieshave been completed in the park,many lasting multiple years. Thisis a high number for the size ofthe park and its distance frominstitutions of higher learning. Infact, the Park ranks 43rd of 287 parksIn 2014, over fifteen peer-reviewedarticles have been published aboutwork done in the park. These articlesshow an amazing variety of research.This issue of The Midden includessummaries of many of these articles tohighlight the fascinating discoveriesresearchers are making. In addition,see the Recent Publications on page13 for a list of the latest publicationsabout the park.2 The MiddenScientific research and collectingpermits are required for collectingspecimens or information in the parkthat will result in a report. Permits canbe applied for on the National ParkService online permitting system:https://irma.nps.gov/rprs/Home. This isalso the place where the public can findannual investigator’s reports, whichsummarize work being done in the park.Many thanks to all the researchers whocontribute knowledge about the Park!

Cave Harvestmen of Great Basin National ParkBy Shahan Derkarabetian andMarshal Hedin, San Diego StateUniversityGreat Basin National Park ishome to numerous caves and cavesystems. Many interesting animalsare known to inhabit these caves,including Cyptobunus ungulatusungulatus Briggs 1971, or morecommonly referred to as the ModelCave Harvestman. This species wasfirst described from Model Cave,but since its original discovery hasbeen found in several other caveswithin the park.species level diversity in these twogenera is greatly underestimated.The distinctiveness of this genus hasbeen called into question several timesthroughout its existence. Some haveargued that Cyptobunus should not bea distinct genus, having evolved fromwithin the related genus Sclerobunusand merely representing a caveadapted form.Our latest research set out todocument and describe thisunderestimated diversity anddetermine the relationships amongall the species in these genera. Overthe past few years, we conductedfieldwork in surface and cave habitatsthroughout western North America,including two caves from GreatBasin National Park. Using thespecimens collected, we exploredmorphological and genetic variationwithin this group using an integrativeapproach. These data identified manydistinct groups, which correspondedto currently recognized species/subspecies and several potentiallynew species. Using nuclear geneticdata, the genetic distinctivenessof each of these potential specieswas then validated, and therelationships among all species werereconstructed.Over the past several years, we havebeen studying these two generausing modern molecular systematictechniques in order to understand theirrelationships, biogeographic history,and the evolution of troglomorphy.Our previous research resultedin several interesting findings: 1)the discovery of many previouslyunknown populations of cavedwelling Sclerobunus; 2) there havebeen at least five independent caveinvasions, resulting in convergentmorphology; 3) the degree oftroglomorphy is correlated with timesince cave invasion; and 4) the actualPhoto by Marshal Hedin, San Diego State UniversityCyptobunus is comprised of twospecies: Cyptobunus cavicolensfrom Lewis and Clark Caverns,Montana, and C. ungulatus, withtwo subspecies, the aforementionedC. u. ungulatus and C. u.madhousensis from caves nearProvo, Utah. They all display thetypical adaptive characteristicsassociated with prolonged cavehabitation (termed troglomorphy),including loss of pigment andelongation of legs.Sclerobunus ungulatus, or Model Cave Harvestman, collected from Model Cave andnewly reclassified as its own species based on genetic work.Based on the results, severalimportant discoveries weremade. Genetic data showed thatCyptobunus was derived withinSclerobunus, indicating that allCyptobunus represent highlymodified cave-adapted forms ofsurface Sclerobunus. This results inthe taxonomic synonymy of thesetwo genera; all Cyptobunus arenow included within Sclerobunus.Additionally, genetic data support allcurrently recognized subspecies asdistinct species. Therefore, the ModelCave Harvestmen, only found incaves in Great Basin National Park,is now a distinct species and shouldbe called Sclerobunus ungulatus.This study is freely available throughPLoS ONE.The Midden 3

Temperature/Humidity Micro Logger Sensor NetworkBy Nathan Patrick, Department ofGeography, Ohio State UniversityFirst, the network instrumentsare simple, robust, and can bemaintained easily. Second, unlikeweather stations which demandspace and are visually obtrusive,the micro loggers blend into theenvironment and can be locatedanywhere someone can hike.Lastly, the network micro loggersare affordable and allow a densedeployment which helps whenstudying climate at small spatialscales. In fact, based on availableliterature, Great Basin NationalPark’s micro logger networkcontains the densest deployment ofsensors above 3000 meters in NorthAmerica.Although it is too early to beginusing the network to identifyclimate trends for Great BasinNational Park, early resultssuggest the Great Basin regionbehaves much differently thanother mountainous regions. Lapserates are useful tools in comparingclimate between different regionsor different times. A lapse rate isdefined as the rate of change ina parameter with respect to anelevation change. For example, it iscommon knowledge that typicallythe higher you climb in themountains, the colder it becomes.4 The MiddenPhotos by Nathan Patrick, OSUBeginning in 2006, Ohio StateUniversity researchers haveinstalled and maintained atemperature/humidity micro loggersensor network to characterizeclimate within Great Basin NationalPark. This network offers someadvantages over traditional weatherstation locations.Top: One of many micro loggers placedin the Park to measure temperature andhumidity differences at various elevationsBottom: Housing to protect dataloggerThis is an example of the physicalprocess and the temperature lapserate is the actual value. A commonglobal temperature lapse rate valueis -6.5 C km-1, or the temperaturedecreasing 6.5 C for every 1 kmincrease in elevation. This commonlapse rate value is calculated forthe free air (think directly up fromthe ground) and does not accountfor terrain impacts. Therefore inmountainous regions, we calculateterrain following lapse rates whichincorporate the effects of the terrainitself.segments, the lapse rates duringcertain times of the year becamequite steep (in excess of -9.0 Ckm-1). Great Basin’s temperaturelapse results suggest greater seasonalamplitudes (difference betweenminimum and maximum) comparedto other selected mountainousregions throughout North Americaand the world. This may suggestGreat Basin’s terrain plays a largerrole in modifying near surface airtemperature. What this might meanfor climate trends is unknown,but lapse rates calculated for othermountainous regions with longerclimate data records provide insightto how mountain climatic regimesmay be changing.Despite the lack of vegetation at thehighest elevations, temperature datafrom 2006-2012 suggest the parkcould support additional vegetationon peaks such as Bald and Buck.This data supports the GLORIAproject findings of new vegetationspecies on these peaks. This raisesthe question: is vegetation beinglimited by wind and precipitationrather than temperature? Or is GreatBasin at higher elevations indeedwarming, allowing temperatureswhich support vegetation? Theseare just some of the questions themicro loggers may help to answerwhen additional years of data arerecovered.Lapse rates for Great Basin werecalculated for three different timescales (annual, seasonal and monthly) Find more about this topic in NathanPatrick’s thesis.and while the annual temperaturelapse rate compared favorably(-6.0 C km-1) to the common globalLehman Cavelapse rate, the monthly lapse rates-1LintandRestoration Camps,varied from -3.8 C km in January-1February 6-8, and March 3-4,to -7.3 C km in June. When2015temperature lapse rates were furtherdivided into different elevationContact Gretchen Baker@nps.gov for more info.

By Katie M. Becklin, University ofKansasThe Earth’s climate is rapidlychanging, which raises theimportant question of how thesechanges will affect plants andanimals in the future. Scientists canbegin answering this question byfirst determining how organismsresponded to climate change eventsin the past.Our lab at the University of Kansasis searching for answers to thisquestion by looking at how plantsfrom the Snake Range functionedduring the last glacial period 21,000years ago. During that time, theSnake Range was both colder andwetter than it is today. Perhapsmore importantly for plants, theconcentration of carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere was less than halfof what it is today. In fact, glacialcarbon dioxide concentrationswere among the lowest levelsexperienced during the evolution ofland plants.Because plants use carbondioxide to make sugars duringphotosynthesis, many scientiststhink that low carbon dioxide levelsduring the last glacial period mayhave greatly reduced plant growth,a phenomenon known as carbonstarvation. One of the questions thatwe have to consider is whether ornot glacial plants were adapted tolow carbon dioxide concentrations.If so, those adaptations could affecthow plants function under currentconditions, and how they willrespond to future changes in carbondioxide and climate.The late Dr. Phillip Wells, aPhoto courtesy of University of KansasAncient Packrat Middens Provide Clues about Climate ChangeAges of packrat middens collected fromthe Snake Range were determinedusing radiocarbon dating. Somemiddens were more than 35,000 yearsold. They showed that bristlecone pinewas the most common glacial conifer inthe Snake Range.researcher at the University ofKansas, collected numerous middensfrom locations throughout theSnake Range, some of which aremore than 35,000 years old. Thesemiddens are a powerful resourcefor studying climate change effectson plants because they containleaves from plants that were aliveduring the last glacial period. Ourlab used measurements of stablecarbon isotopes to determine if thephysiology of these ancient plantschanged from glacial to moderntimes.Our results show that most of theSnake Range conifers altered theirphysiologies in response to changesin the environment since the lastglacial period. Interestingly, plantspecies that are closely related— from the same plant family —showed very similar physiologicalresponses. This indicates that plantevolutionary history is an importantfactor in driving plant responses toclimate change.The Bristlecone pine tree (Pinuslongaeva), which is one of thelongest living organisms on Earth,is an especially interesting speciesin the Snake Range. Based on thepresence of leaves from this speciesin ancient packrat middens, we knowthat Bristlecone pine was the mostabundant conifer species in the SnakeRange during the last glacial period.Our stable isotope results furthersuggest that this species’ physiologycontributed to its ability to surviveunder glacial conditions.So what do these findings meanfor the future as climate conditionscontinue to change and atmosphericcarbon dioxide concentrationsincrease to levels that have not beenseen for millions of years?Our results suggest that plant speciesthat have different evolutionaryhistories may respond differently tochanges in their environment. Somespecies may be more likely to changetheir physiology than others, andfor those that do respond, we maysee differences in how quickly thosespecies can adjust to new conditions.These differences make it challengingto predict the overall effects ofclimate change since communitiesand ecosystems are made up of manydifferent species that interact witheach other.Ultimately, plants are key indicatorsof climate change effects becauseplants form the foundation for therest of the ecosystem. Thus, a morecomplete understanding of plantresponses to climate change, bothpast and present, is vital to makinggood choices about managingecosystems and natural resources inthe future. See the entire article here.The Midden 5

Historical Lake Sediment Records of Climate & PollutionPaleolimnology focuses onextracting information preservedin lake sediment records. Theserecords provide a broad timeperspective on changes inaquatic ecosystem structure andcomposition that can help toidentify the direct and indirecteffects of climate change andpollutant loading on aquaticecosystems. It is important to notethat the changes in biota, nutrients,and geochemical cycles that havebeen identified in western NorthAmerica are linked to both naturaland anthropogenic climate change.To examine these environmentalchanges in Great Basin NationalPark (GBNP), a group from OhioState University (OSU) has mademultiple expeditions over the pastfew years to extract lake sedimentsfrom the sub-alpine lakes in thepark. Here I describe results fromour laboratory analyses of lakesediments extracted from Stella,Dead, and Teresa Lakes duringAugust of 2010 and 2011 thatreveal changes in the aquaticecosystems over the past 100 to150 years.Although different indicatorspreserved in the lake sedimentsrecord distinct environmentalchanges observed in alpineecosystems, in this study wehave focused on two: (1) theremains of sub-fossil aquaticmidge communities documentchanging temperatures; and (2)variations in concentrations ofspheroidal carbonaceous particles(SCPs) and Mercury (Hg) to track6 The MiddenPhoto by Scott Reinemann, OSUBy Scott Reinemann, Departmentof Geography, Ohio StateUniversity-LimaJim DeGrand (OSU staff) and ChristinaZerda (OSU undergraduate) collecting acore from Stella Lake in August 2011.historical changes in the depositionof pollution.Our results indicate that the lakeswarmed during the last century.Midge-inferred lake temperatureestimates were characterized byabove average air temperaturesduring the post-AD 1980 intervaland below average temperaturesduring the early 20th century. Ourstudy adds to the growing body ofevidence that sub-alpine and alpinelakes in the Intermountain West ofthe United States have been andare increasingly being affected byanthropogenic climate change in theearly 21st century.The results of our study alsodemonstrate that remote aquaticecosystems in the central GreatBasin have been affected byregional and global anthropogenicpollutant loading during the 20thcentury. SCPs, which varied inabsolute concentration between thestudy lakes, nevertheless providea consistent signal of increasedpollutant loading to the study sitesbetween A.D. 1950 and A.D. 1970,followed by a subsequent decline,which is likely the result of stricterpollution controls implementedwithin the United States andEurope.Mercury fluxes exhibit a slightlymore complex regional signal. Allthe lakes exhibit a slight increasein the Hg and SCP flux in themost recently deposited sediment.We have found that atmosphericdeposition is the primary sourceof anthropogenic inputs of Hgand SCPs to these high elevationlakes. Mercury deposition in theGreat Basin has most likely beeninfluenced by regiona

In 2014, Great Basin National Park issued 15 new scientific research and collecting permits and renewed or continued 16 research permits. Since the park establishment in 1986, 145 different research studies have been completed in the park, many lasting multiple years. This is a high numbe

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