Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence - Veritas Prep

Brian GalvinChris KaneText Completion &Sentence Equivalence

AuthorsBrian GalvinChris KaneCo-FoundersMarkus MobergChad TroutwineContributing EditorsJoanna GrahamLindsey JonesRavi SreeramaAshley TriscuitCover DesignNick MasonGeorge RenfroInterior DesignDennis AndersonWordzworth LimitedALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Printed in the U.S.A.Second Edition, copyright 2016 by Veritas Prep, LLC.GRE is a registered trademark of the Educational TestingService, which is not affiliated with this book.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the prior written permission of Veritas Prep, LLC.All the materials within are the exclusive property of VeritasPrep, LLC. 2016

This book is dedicated to Veritas Prep’s instructors, whose enthusiasm and experiencehave contributed mightily to our educational philosophy and our students’ success.It is also dedicated to the teachers who inspired Veritas Prep’s instructors. The lessonthat follows was only made possible by a lifelong love of learning and of undertakingeducational challenges; we have teachers all around the world to thank for that.Finally and most importantly, this book is dedicated to our thousands of students, whohave taught us more about teaching and learning than they will ever know. And to you,the reader, thank you for adding yourself to that group.Personal DedicationsThousands of teachers have inspired the Veritas Prep instructors who created this lesson.It is not possible to thank everyone by name, but the authors would like to specificallythank some of their favorite teachers:Ellison Franklin (East Middle School); Lenore Goshorn (Allen Elementary School); RoryHughes (Thurston High School); Barbara Kanne (Kehrs Mill Elementary School); PatriciaKenney (University of Michigan); Paula LeBrot (Chaminade High School); RichardLittlefield (Villa Duchesne/Oak Hill School); Scott McKeon (Stanford Graduate School ofBusiness); Chuck Olson (Salem High School); Charles Schmidt (North Hunterdon HighSchool); Nancy Sullivan (Allen Elementary School)

TABLE OF CONTENTSLESSON PREVIEW 1Recurring Themes in the Veritas Prep Pyramid 2How This Book Is Structured 3SKILLBUILDER 5Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence 5Root Words & Related Words 6Prefix Pre-Quiz 7Roots 10Prefixes In Action 11Sentence Equivalence Drill 12Solutions & Strategic Implications 13A Note About Suffixes 15Roots and Related Words 17Using Roots Drill 19Using Roots Solutions 20Exceptions to the Rules 21Roots Post-Test: Challenge! 23Roots Post-Test Solutions 24Related Words 25Create Your Own Related Words 28Skillbuilder Conclusion: Skillbuilding is Ongoing 31Do It Yourself: Skillbuilder Homework 32LESSON 33Text Completion & Sentence Equivalence Lesson 33Anatomy of Text Completion Problems 34Text Completion Strategy Outline 36

TABLE OF CONTENTSSECTION 1: TEXT COMPLETION 37Strategy #1: Focus on Transition Language 37Strategy #2: The Whole Sentence Matters 43Strategy #3: Fill in the Blanks Yourself 47Strategy #4: Fill In The Easiest Blank First 51Strategy #5: Use Process of Elimination 57SECTION 2: SENTENCE EQUIVALENCE 63Anatomy of a Sentence Equivalence Problem 63Strategy #1: Focus on Transitional language 65Strategy #2: Fill In The Blanks Yourself 67Strategy #3: Use Process of Elimination 69Strategy #4: Beware – Synonymous Words Don’t GuaranteeSynonymous Sentences! 73SOLUTIONS TO LESSON PROBLEMS 80

CREATING Think Like the TestmakerCreating is the top of the pyramid in Bloom’s Taxonomy. When you have completely mastered the GRE, youare able to Think Like the Testmaker. You are on top of the pyramid looking down! You don’t just have goodcontent knowledge and lots of practice with GRE problems; you understand how a problem has beenmade, what makes it hard, and how to break it down. This is what sets apart the Veritas Prep curriculumfrom others: To break into the 80th percentile you not only need mastery of skills (remembering) and lotsof practice (applying), but also a deep understanding of how the test is made (creating).APPLYING Skills Meet StrategyAnother hallmark of the Veritas Prep curriculum is an emphasis on Learning by Doing. What makesthe GRE difficult is not just the underlying skills and concepts, but rather the way those skills andconcepts are tested. Rote lecturing in the classroom and rote memorization of skills have limited utilityin preparation for a reasoning test such as the GRE. To be successful, you must learn how to marry skillproficiency with strategic thinking into what we call “guiding principles.” Our curriculum emphasizeslearning through challenging problems to help you:1.Learn how to combine skills and strategies to effectively solve any GRE problem.2.Stay focused and engaged, even after a long day in the office.3.Most effectively utilize the classroom time you spend with a true GRE expert.REMEMBERING SkillbuilderThe stated goal of the GRE is to test verbal and quantitative reasoning, critical thinking, and problemsolving skills. In order to achieve that goal, testmakers must have some underlying content from which tocreate questions. On the GRE, this content is mostly math curriculum through early high school and basicgrammar skills through the elementary school level. To succeed on the GRE, you must have a thoroughmastery of this content, but many students already have a relatively strong command of this material. Inorder to maximize the value added from instruction in the classroom, we have taken out all core skills thatsimply require refreshing and/or memorizing and put them first in a Skillbuilder section. By doing this:1.Students who need to thoroughly review or relearn these skills can do so at their own paceand then focus on strategic thinking and problem solving during in-class time.2.Students who have a solid command of the underlying content will not become disengagedbecause of tedious review of material they’ve already mastered.

PREVIEWLESSON PREVIEWPREVIEWAs you learned in the Foundations of GRE Logic lesson, the educational philosophy atVeritas Prep is based on the multi-tiered Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives,which classifies different orders of thinking in terms of understanding and complexity.To achieve a high score on the GRE, it is essential that you understand the test from thetop of the pyramid. On the pages that follow, you will learn specifically how to achievethat goal and how this lesson in particular relates to the Veritas Prep Pyramid.1

REMEMBER:Don’t mistake activityfor achievement! Focuson recurring themes, notjust underlying content.Recurring Themes in the Veritas Prep PyramidEmbrace Pattern ThinkingAs you learned in the Foundations of GRE Logic lesson, there are importantrecurring themes that you will see in most GRE problems. Those individualthemes are highlighted below:THINK LIKE THE TESTMAKER RECURRING THEMES Abstraction Reverse EngineeringUsing Large and/or Awkward NumbersExploiting Common MistakesSelling the Wrong Answer and Hiding the Correct AnswerMisdirectionContent Specific ThemesSKILLS MEET STRATEGY RECURRING THEMES Guiding PrinciplesProblem Solving StrategiesLeveraging AssetsLearning By DoingSKILLBUILDER—RELEVANT CONTENT AREAS2

PREVIEWHow This Book Is StructuredCurriculum Designed to Maximize the Value of Your Time1.PREVIEWEach book in the Veritas Prep curriculum contains four distinct sections:Skillbuilder. The Skillbuilder section will allow you to review and/or relearnthe skills, facts, formulas, and content of the GRE. It will cover the underlyingcontent in which there is less value added from an instructor but is still veryimportant for the test. Some of the lessons have more underlying contentthan others, so the Skillbuilders will vary in length for each book. (For instance,the Quantitative Strategy lesson does not have a Skillbuilder because you arealready building on three previous lessons.) Each student will have his own setof skills that are “rusty” or even brand new, and will find other items that comeback quickly (or never left in the first place).For that reason, we suggest that you complete each Skillbuilder lessonbefore class at your own pace, and return to the Skillbuilders when yourecognize a content deficiency through practice tests and GRE homeworksets.2.Lesson. The lessons are designed to provide students with maximum valueadded from an instructor by doing in class problems together (Learning byDoing) and analyzing those problems for the recurring takeaways (GuidingPrinciples and Think Like the Testmaker). With each problem, there will be adetailed explanation that will emphasize the concept of Learning by Doingfrom the middle of the Veritas Prep Pyramid. That will help you understand howthe problem is testing a particular concept or series of concepts, what makesthe problem hard, and what underlying skills are required to solve it. Whenrelevant, there will be particular boxes for Think Like the Testmaker, GuidingPrinciples, and/or Core Skills when you should be focused on particular aspectsof the how the question is made or how the underlying content is being tested.NOTE: When doing in-class and homework problems, you should do your workbelow the problem and you should not circle the answer on the actual question(just note it on the bottom of the page). That way if you want to redo problems,you can simply cover up your work and proceed as if you have never done it.3

43.You Oughta Know. The “You Oughta Know” sections will follow the lessonand cover either more obscure or, occasionally, more advanced topics that arenot common on the GRE but that do get tested. While these content areas donot warrant in-class time, they are still important for the test, and you shouldcomplete these sections before moving to the homework problems. As withthe Skillbuilders, the length of these will vary, depending on their importance.4.Homework Problems. The entire Veritas curriculum is designed for successon ACTUAL GRE questions and to this end, we have supplied you with both theverbal and quantitative supplement guides. Specific assignments will be notedout of these books during the course.