Welded Steel Pipe - Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate .
Welded Steel PipeDesign Manual2007 EditionMerits, Design Standards,Technical Data and ReferencesIn cooperation with, andeditorial collaboration byD631-07
AcknowledgementsThe American Iron and Steel Institute wishes to acknowledge, with appreciation,the contributions made by past and present members of the STI/SPFA PipeCommittee. Special thanks are given to Robert Card, Victaulic, Inc.; DennisDechant and Bruce VanderPloeg, Northwest Pipe Co.; Brent Keil, ContinentalPipe Mfg.; George Ruchti, American Spiral Weld Pipe Co.; and George Tupac,Consultant, for assistance in providing this manual. The Committee is gratefulfor the expert assistance of Professor Emeritus Reynold K. Watkins, UtahState University, for his contribution to the new structural analysis section.Photographs used in this volume are courtesy of Victaulic, National WeldingCorp. and STI/SPFA (Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association).Inquiries regarding copies of this publication may be directed to the abovecompanies, or to:American Iron & Steel Institute1140 Connecticut Avenue, NWSuite 705Washington, DC 20036(202) 452-7100www.steel.orgSTI/SPFA570 Oakwood RoadLake Zurich, IL 60047(847) 438-8265www.steeltank.comwww.spfa.com
Welded Steel PipeDesign ManualMerits, Design Standards, Technical Dataand ReferencesA compilation of useful information for the design of water transmission linesand distribution systems using welded steel pipe.Publication Number D631-0807-ePublished byAMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTEIn cooperation with, and editorial collaboration by, STI/SPFA(Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association).
The material presented in this publication is for general information only andshould not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to itssuitability for any given application. The publication of the material containedherein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of AmericanIron and Steel Institute — or of any other person named herein — that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liabilityarising from such use.
Table of ContentsPageWelded Steel PipeResearch and DevelopmentHistory of Steel PipeSearch for Strength and DurabilityLong Service RecordsFuture of Welded Steel PipeProperties of Steel Pipe1. Strength2. Ease of Installation3. High Flow Capacity4. Leak Resistance5. Long Service Life6. Reliability and Versatility7. Economy8. ConclusionsMaterialsStructural Analysis of Buried PipeDesign and AnalysisPerformance LimitNotation and NomenclatureGeneral Analyses1. Internal Pressure2. Handling and Installing3. Ring Stability4. Maximum Height of Cover for Pipe Held Round5. Minimum Height of Cover6. Longitudinal Stress Analysis7. Ring Deflection8. Allowable Ring Deflection9. Backfill and Embedment SpecificationsSpecific AnalysesPertinent VariablesPerformance LimitsDesign for Internal PressureHandlingF-Load at Yield StressRing Deflection at Yield Stress, due to F-LoadSoil MechanicsSoil StressesPipe MechanicsExternal Pressures and Loads1. Ring Compression Stress2. Ring DeflectionRing Stability1. Without Soil 23232325262727272828323333343636
Table of Contents (continued)Page2. With Soil Support and No Water Table or Vacuum3. With Soil Support and Vacuum, Unsaturated Soil4. With Soil Support, Water Table Above Pipe, Saturated SoilFlotationMinimum Soil CoverTrench ConditionsTrench ShieldTrench WidthParallel TrenchEmbankment Over a PipeParallel PipesLongitudinal Analysis1. Thrust Restraint2. Longitudinal Contraction3. Beam Action4. Buried Pipe on PilesBackfilling1. Water Compaction2. Mechanical Compaction3. CLSMCompound Stress Analysis1. Huber-Hencky-von Mises Equation2.Stresses at Mitred BendsStrength of Field Welded JointsThe Effect of Mortar Linings and/or Coatings on Ring StiffnessPlastic AnalysisMeasurement of Radius of CurvatureCrack Width AnalysisFlowable FillRequirements of the EmbedmentFlowabilityVertical CompressibilityBearing CapacityInspectionTest ResultsConclusionsLinings and CoatingsIntroductionExterior and/or Interior SystemsAWWA C-203AWWA C-205AWWA C-210AWWA C-222Exterior SystemsAWWA 557586061616264646464646465666666666767676868
Table of Contents (continued)PageAWWA C-214AWWA C-216AWWA C-218Interior SystemsAWWA C-602Coating ApplicationJointsBell and spigot joints with rubber gasketsWelded lap jointsWelded butt jointsButt-strap jointsMechanical couplingsSplit-sleeve couplingsFlanged JointsAppendix AUseful PublicationsStandards and SpecificationsAppendix B696969696970717171727273737475798081
Welded Steel Pipeuring the 20th Century, advancements were made insteel pipe — in the economy of production and thequality of the product. Noteworthy are the machines andtechnology for cold-forming of flexible pipe from coils ofsheet steel with automated spiral welds. Great strides weremade in quality control, testing, joints and protective coatings. Welded steel pipe is available in wide ranges of sizesand properties of the steel. Included in this manual are thedesign criteria for steel pipe up to 240 inch (6,000 mm) indiameter under either internal or external pressure. Therequirements of buried flexible pipe are: strength, ease ofinstallation, high flow capacity, leak resistance, long servicelife, reliability and versatility, and economy. The propertiesof steel are well adapted to these seven requirements ofburied pipelines. An explanation of each requirement isfound in Properties of Steel Pipe, page 6.D1
Research andDevelopmentTI/SPFA — comprised of two divisions, Steel TankInstitute and Steel Plate Fabricators Association — hasserved water, food, petroleum and chemical markets since1916 as developers of standards and certification programsfor quality, safety and reliability in the manufacture, installation and testing of steel tanks, piping and pressure vessels.Leading North American producers of steel pipe and pipeprotection materials collaborate with pre-eminent pipelineengineers as members of STI/SPFA. The association andits members sponsor research, and maintain facilities thatperform research, on metallurgy, welding, joints, pipe liningsand coatings. New product developments and improvementsin manufacturing processes are frequently under study. Inaddition, representatives of STI/SPFA and their membersserve on committees engaged in the preparation of nationalcodes, standards and specifications for the design, installation and operation of steel tanks and pipelines.SThe American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) serves as thevoice of the North American steel industry in the publicpolicy arena and advances the case for steel in the marketplace as the material of choice. AISI also plays a lead rolein the development and application of new steels and steelmaking technology. AISI’s Market Development mission isto grow the competitive use of steel through a market-drivenstrategy that promotes cost-effective, steel-based solutions.The program focuses on the automotive, construction andcontainer markets. AISI's member companies representapproximately 75% of both U.S. and North American steelcapacity.2
History of Steel Pipeipes for water supply began to be used around 2500 B.C.The Chinese transported water through bamboo. InSouthern Europe and the Near East, tile pipes were craftedto supply water for the baths of kings and emperors. Theage of iron began about 1000 B.C. Classical historiansdon’t spend their time investigating pipes; however, bits ofinformation on pipe development have been recorded byengineers. One such document is History of Steel WaterPipe by Walter H. Cates, who spent his professional lifetimedesigning steel pipes with Consolidated Western Steel, aDivision of U.S. Steel Corp. Parts of the following areabstracted from Walter Cates’ document.PSearch for Strength and DurabilityBefore the 19th Century, iron was used mostly for weapons:spears, swords, muskets and cannons. In England in 1824,James Russell invented a machine for welding iron tubes. In1825, Cornelius Whitehouse invented a method for makingpipe by drawing long, flat strips of hot iron through a bellshaped die. These inventions opened the way for iron pipe.Iron pipe had much more strength and durability than pipesof tile or bamboo.After the Russelland Whitehouseinventions, interest in iron pipesoared. Majordevelopmentoccurred in fourstages:1. In 1830, thefirst furnacewas built inthe UnitedStates formakingwrought ironpipe. Soonthereafter,more furnacescame into pro-City of San Francisco, California – Baycrossing of the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct.66 inches diameter, 3 8-inch and l 2-inchsteel plate.3
In 1858, steel sheets, shipped to San Francisco for buildingneeds, were rolled into pipe 11 inches to 22 inches indiameter and installed in Calaveras County, Calif. The pipehas been in use practically continuously since that time.duction. The demand was enormous because of the needfor water distribution in fast-growing cities. Those wroughtiron pipes were in small diameters and few sizes. Productionwas limited because iron was not available in large quantities.2. The Age of Steel was born in 1855 in England, where SirHenry Bessemer patented a process for production of steel.Development of the open hearth furnace in 1861 madeinexpensive steel available in large quantities — thousandsof tons. Before then, steel had been available only by thepound. Steel made it possible to cold form sheets intopipes of any diameter. Soon after the 1849 gold rush in California, Englishsheet steel was formed into tubes with longitudinal riveted seams. One end ofeach pipe “stick” was crimped so it could be stabbed into the next stick likestove pipes. Sections were joined by simply hammering them together. From1860 to 1900, virtually all water pipe was cold formed from steel sheets andriveted. More than 2 million feet were installed during that period.3. The third major development was Lock-Bar steel pipe in 30-foot lengths. It wasfirst fabricated in 1905 in New York. Two semi-circular pipe halves were joinedby inserting the edges of each into two longitudinal lock-bars with an H-shapedcross section. The edges of the pipe halves were planed and up-set to a slightlygreater thickness to form a shoulder for engaging the lock-bar. The lock-barwas then closed under 350 tons per foot of length. The pipe edges wereclamped in the lock-bar. The seam was 100% efficient. Some single rivetedseams were only 45% efficient, and double riveted seams only 70% efficient.The interior of this new pipe was smoother than riveted pipe. Carrying capabilitywas increased by 15% to 20%, according to the manufacturer. Lock-Bar madeinroads into the steel pipe market. Data from 1915 to 1930 indicate 3.3 millionfeet of Lock-Bar was installed vs. 1.5 million feet of riveted pipe.4. The fourth major development was automatic electric welding. Electric weldingstarted as a novelty in 1920, but made great progress during the 1930s,when welding machines and fluxes were developed. From 1920 to 1940,approximately 7 million feet of welded steel pipe were installed. During WorldWar II, virtually all steel production was diverted into military equipment, armsand armament. Navy ships were welded to shorten the time of construction.Welding technology improved. After the war, the latter half of the 1940s, production began of welded steel pipe by straight seam electrical resistance andfusion welding. Spiral fusion welding was just coming on line. The 1950sbegan an era of longer and larger pipelines.4
1907. Elsie Janis was packing ‘em into the Opera Housewhen a Philadelphia city photographer snapped a pipelayingcrew on Broad Street in 1907. The City was in the processof installing nearly 27 miles of steel pipe in 48-in. and 36in. diameters. Some of the pipe was later removed tomake way for the Broad Street Subway, but most of it isstill in service — after more than 100 years on the job.Following the four major developments in steel pipe production, improvementshave been made in protective coatings and joints, and quality of steel. Manydielectric coatings are now available. Good quality mortar lining is spun into pipeunder the centrifugal force of high-speed rotation of the pipe. Centrifugally spunlining provides corrosion resistance and a smooth surface that assures maximum water flow. Mortar lining stiffens the flexible steel ring for handling andinstalling pipe. Steel provides strength, but extra steel is not needed for ringstiffness, which is of greatest value during handling and installing. Improvementsin the machines for fabrication of steel pipe are remarkable.Long Service RecordsFrom available records, steel pipelines installed more than 100 years ago arestill in service. A significant percentage of that steel pipe is still serviceable.Many of those old pipelines were replaced only because larger pipelines wereneeded to meet the demand for piped-in water and other piped-in services. Thedemand for pipes was felt worldwide, but was especially acute in industrializednations. Appendix A, is a partial tabulation of more than 230 steel waterpipelines in service before 1916 in the United States and Canada.Future of Welded Steel PipeDuring the 21st Century, demand forpipe will increase. A worldwide demandfor more cost-effective transportationwill become urgent. The cost of transportation of fluids per unit weight perunit distance decreases roughly by anorder of magnitude for each transportation mode: from air to surface toship to pipe. Moreover, durable pipewith longer life will be in demandbecause of the too-short design life ofmany buried pipes now in service. Forpipelines of the 21st Century, designlife should be increased significantlybeyond the historical 50-year life.5
Properties of Steel PipeSteel has salient properties that canbe ut
anddistribution systems using welded steel pipe. Publication Number D631-0807-e Published by AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE In cooperation with, and editorial collaboration by, STI/SPFA (Steel Tank Institute/Steel Plate Fabricators Association).
Road crossing with casing pipe Carbon Steel and FRP, carrier pipe pre-insulated Carbon Steel and FRP. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION Carrier Pipe: Carbon Steel, FRP Size of Carrier Pipe: DN 1200mm CS pipe - DN 750mm FRP pipe (pre-insulated) Casing Pipe: FRP Size of Casing Pipe: FRP casing pipe I.D. 1520mm, FRP casing pipe size I.D.
prevent tank uplifting, the following are minimum requirements for different types of common tank supports and surfaces upon which the tank shall be placed. Tank Supports – Tank supports shall be either (a) types that are included under the tank Listing (steel saddles welded to tank), or (b) 1.25" diameter
3- Differential surge tank: an orifice tank having a riser is called differential tank. 4- One- way surge tank: in a one way surge tank the liquid flows from the tank into the pipeline only when the pressure in the pipeline drops below the liquid level in the surge tank. 5- Closed surge tank: if the top of the tank is closed and there is
Design.4 PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems PE Pipe Systems design Pipe Dimensions Table 4.2 PE Pipe Dimensions AS/NZS 4130 Nominal Size DN SDR 41 SDR 33 SDR 26 SDR 21 SDR 17 SDR 13.6 SDR 11 SDR 9 SDR 7.4 Min. Wall Thickness (mm) Mean I.D. (mm) Min. Wall Thickness (mm) Mean I.D. (mm)
1. CUT THE PIPE Cut the pipe using a pipe cutter, making a perpendicular cut and cleaning the pipe end from grease and pipe chips. Fit the plastic ring on the pipe and make sure the pipe is flushed with the upper edge of the ring. 2. PLACE THE RING OVER THE PIPE Insert the pipe into the ring until the pipe reaches the safety stop which exists
ling machines, pipe cold cutting machines, pipe welding stands, pipe jacks, pipe alignment clamps, and pipe chain alignment clamps provide a better productivity for welded pipe and a more convenient and safer working environment. . Internal Pipe Spider Clamps ISEC: 13: O: ur Hydraulic External Pipe Clamps have a wide gap, which allows the .
The welded steel wire fabric was to meet the specifications for welded steel wire fabric as specified in ASTM Specification A185-54T. 3. The welded wire fabric was to be chosen from sizes that are available commercially. The welded wire fabrics used were 6 x 12 -%, 6x 12 - 00000/0, and 4x 12 - 00000/0.
Austin, TX 78723 Pensamientos Paid Political Announcement by the Candidate Editor & Publisher Alfredo Santos c/s Managing Editors Yleana Santos Kaitlyn Theiss Graphics Juan Gallo Distribution El Team Contributing Writers Wayne Hector Tijerina Marisa Cano La Voz de Austin is a monthly publication. The editorial and business address is P.O. Box 19457 Austin, Texas 78760. The telephone number is .
