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Gandhian Vision ofDevelopment its need , the concept andthe challengesP.L.Dhar

SYNOPSIS Why Gandhian Model ? . India’sDevelopment Experience Gandhiji’s critique of Industrialism Gandhian Model of development Challenges of Implementing the vision Discussion Imperatives of Gandhian Model2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development2

The Model of Development Increase wealth of nation through Plannedgrowth in agriculture and industry--emphasison centralized technologies The wealth would trickle down to masses thusalleviating poverty Help to village industries only a stop gaparrangement for ‘quick employmentgeneration’

India’s Development ExperienceITEMFood grainsSugarSteelCottonElectricity genBicyclesGDP croresYEAR195050.8 mt1.134 mt1.041 mt4215 m sqm6.575 b kWhr99 k1,40,477YEAR 1998203.5 mt15.520 mt373.1 mt17948 m sqm448.6 b kWhr10373k10,83,047

India’s Development Experiencetopnext120010008006004002000bottomUSDPer capita Incomedistribution in India1999 35% below poverty lineExternal Debt : 21% ofGDP, interest repayment :64% tax revenue Unaccounted money incirculation: 30-50% ofGDP 9th most corrupt countryamong the 54 studied Increasing crime andviolence skewed economicgrowth and moralshrinkage

Task force on Employment .report submitted to PlanningCommission (2002) Only if GDP growth 8-9% employmentopportunities would increase .if itcontinues at average of 6.5% it will not lead toany significant improvement in employment Almost near jobless growth in 1990s Unemployment about 10 crore youthWhat are its implications?2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development6

The Danger ahead -Globalisation Increasing unemployment-increasing inequity Stark inequalities can be a recipe for sociopolitical and economic destabilistaion in aglobalising economy{PMs Council}

Gandhiji’s Critique of“Industrialism” based Development Crossing river on the basis of average depth !– Need for equity Based on Exploitation- of Man, Nature– Need for non violence , concept of ahimsa Unhealthy dependence & vulnerability– Need for self sufficiency in basic necessities , concept ofswadeshi Unnecessary mechanization– Need for appropriate technology –less capitalrequirement , more employment , meaningful jobs Pampers baser instincts– Self control is a virtue , concept of swaraj

Gandhian Modelof Development Development should be holistic { economical ,intellectual, emotional & spiritual} & Nonexploitative, i.e. sustainable Possible only in “Self sufficient Village Republics ” :Gram-swaraj & Swadeshi Gandhiji: I do visualise electricity, ship building, ironworks, machine making and the like existing side byside with village handicrafts. But the order ofdependence will be reversed . The mantra : rural industrialization -wealthgeneration in a distributed manner & not redistribution of wealth generated centrally– the need for S ,T & M inputs

Alternative Criteria forTechnology Choice Maximise employmentminimise resource depletionReduce vulnerability- promote self sufficiencyreduce inequitypromote job satisfactionshouldn’t pamper baser instincts – not thwartsatisfaction of higher needs2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development10

Challenges in ImplementingGandhian Model Technical feasibility : Is it possible to meetour basic requirements in this decentralisedmode of production ? Can we have production by masses in amanner that can compete with massproduction? Social feasibility – will these technologiesand the life style be socially acceptable ?2/20/201011

Let us Discuss the possibility ofresponding to these challengesCan we afford to continuewith the present model ofdevelopment ?

Imperatives of theGandhian Vision ofDevelopment

Conceptual Acceptanceof the Gandhian Visionof Development

What is development ? Human Development Index { HDI }– life expectancy at birth– educational attainment– GDP per capita Its limitations– countries with high values of HDI have the highest levels ofcrime, suicide rates and divorces ! Need for a deeper holistic vision economic social moral spiritual development

What is development ? UNDP Definition : Enlarging people’s choicesand opportunities to :––––––lead a long, healthy & meaningful lifeto acquire knowledgeto have access to resources for decent standard of livingwhile preserving it for future generationsensuring human dignity & security, andachieving equality for all men and women

RIO-DECLARATION onEnvironment & Development 5: Eradicating poverty.decreasedisparities an indispensable requirementfor sustainable development 8 :Eliminate unsustainable patterns ofproduction and consumption 22: recognize and support indigenousknowledge and traditional practices

UNDP –echo of Gandhian vision UNDP report {HDR-2003} : top policy priority is increasing equity not justeconomic growth growth should be broad based and labour intensiverather than capital intensive income disparities have reached grotesque levels– richest 5% / lowest 5% 114– richest 10% / lowest 10 % 16.6 (USA) ; 13.4 (UK);14.2 (Germany);20.3 (Russia) ; 65.8 ( Brazil); 9.5(India) Promote labour intensive small & medium enterprises

Alternative Vision Sustainability demands emphasis on renewableresources Produce sophisticated equipment using capitalintensive “advanced” technology Produce bulk of items by using decentralisedproduction systems using “intermediate”technology– success stories in India of VI sector Need for sustainable consumption– shift in values , life style , technologies

Alternative Vision Some examples of technologies in tune with thisvision :– Organic farming using bio-manure, bio pesticides ,animal powered implements– Decentralised agro-food-dairy industries along withconcomitant engg. Industries– Decentralised bio-fuel production in rural areas { Biodiesel, producer gas , bio gas etc.}– herbal foods, cosmetics and medicines– Organic cotton natural dyes– Decentralised rural industrial estates

Technical Feasibility ofGandhian Vision ofVillage Republics

FertiliserAgriculturePopulationDomestic utilitiesAnimalsCommercial EnergyElectric genVill. IndustSelf-sufficient Village Republic Modelling

Feasibility Analysis of GandhianVillage Republics .I Mathematical modeling : multiple objectiveoptimization problem { 194 variables, 156constraints, 5 goals} Results for a village of 200 families––––min initial capital : 36 lacsland required : 273 acresanimals needed : 200net annual income : 45 lacs2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development23

Feasibility Analysis of GandhianVillage Republics .II Results for a village of 200 families–––––min fossil fuel & synthetic fertiliser modelinitial capital : 100 lacsland required : 960 acresanimals needed : 864net annual income : 126 lacs2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development24

Can “Production by masses”compete with Mass production? Need to provide all the necessary inputs{scientific, technical, managerial, financial,marketing, quality assurance etc.} in a wellcoordinated manner to accelerate ruralindustrialization IITD is involved in setting up a NationalInstitute for Rural Industrialization atWardha{MGIRI} to coordinate such efforts{as a project from KVIC}2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development25

Social feasibility Creating an awareness of need for change over tosustainable development Improving sustainable technologies (economical& user friendly)– agriculture, water resource management, decentralisedenergy & manufacturing systems, alternativehealthcare, low cost infrastructure Values for sustainable development.– non acquisitiveness, voluntary simplicity, sharing andcaring ,compassion, social justice2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development26

Social feasibility values A society based on aggrandizement of wealth,promoting pride and envy can never be happy ! Imbibing fundamental values of love , sharing,compassion is a pre-requisite for happiness both atindividual level and societal level Technology can’t solve ethical problems , it can atits best reduce the avenues for unethical conduct– lie detectors , advances in forensic sciences, use ofinformation technology to bring transparency inadministration2/20/2010P.L.Dhar :value education\Gandhiji development27

Values & Development A nation is truly developed only if the citizensimbibe fundamental human values That would automatically ensure directly ,aswell as indirectly through propertechnological choice, that growth is neitherskewed nor accompanied by moral shrinkage

Values & Development The technological strengths of a nation are likethe “hardware” whose final output depends onthe values - the “software” This Software should be free from “viruses” --- greed, pride, apathy, jealousy, anger, hatred,aggressiveness Infusion of Basic human values especiallyamong the urban elite is a pre-requisite forsustainable “development” Transfer of attention to underprivilegedbrethren

Concluding Remarks Poverty alleviation is fundamental to safetysecurity & sustainability of the society To achieve this objective “Industrial”development should be based on Gandhian Model Value education is a pre-requisite for acceptanceof this model of development Ignoring these may result in temporaryeconomic growth but could push the worldinto a social turmoil S,T & M institutions need to take lead in thisreorientation process

Thankyou!

Gandhian Model of Development Development should be holistic { economical , intellectual, emotional & spiritual} & Non-exploitative, i.e. sustainable Possible only in “Self sufficient Village Republics ” : Gram-swaraj &

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