CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT USER MANUAL SERIES

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CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECTUSER MANUAL SERIESU.S. Depanment of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesAdministration on Children, Youth and FamiliesChildren's BureauOffice on Child Abuse and Neglect

The Role of Professional ChildCare Providers in Preventing andResponding to Child Abuse andNeglectKathy KarageorgeRosemary Kendall2008U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesAdministration for Children and FamiliesAdministration on Children, Youth and FamiliesChildrenÊs BureauOffice on Child Abuse and Neglect

Table of ContentsPREFACE .1ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 31.PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW. 72.RECOGNIZING CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT . 9Types of Maltreatment .10Cultural Differences .183.REPORTING SUSPECTED CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT . 21Legal Requirements .21Professional Responsibilities .23Contents of the Report .23Reporting Protocols for Child Care Programs .24Talking with the Child .24Talking with the Parent .27Difficulties Encountered When Reporting .28Next Steps .304.MINIMIZING THE RISK OF MALTREATMENT IN CHILD CARE PROGRAMS . 33Staff Selection Procedures .34Staff Retention .35Staff Training and Development .36Staff Supervision and Support .37Operational Policies .40The Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect

5.PREVENTING AND RESPONDING TO CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT: THE ROLE OFFAMILY CHILD CARE PROVIDERS . 47Licensing and Regulations.47Training .48Family Child Care Practices . 486.RESPONDING TO ALLEGATIONS OF CHILD MALTREATMENT IN CHILD CAREPROGRAMS . 51The Director’s Response .51The Accused Person’s Response.537.CARING FOR MALTREATED AND AT RISK CHILDREN . 55Needs of Maltreated Children.55Caregiving Skills and Techniques .56Child Abuse Prevention: Personal Safety Programs for Children .578.SUPPORTING PARENTS . 59Offering Ongoing Support for Parents .59Responding to Families in Crisis .61Providing Parent Education and Information About Community Resources.63Conclusion .64ENDNOTES . 65iiTable of Contents

APPENDICES:APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 69APPENDIX B RESOURCE LISTINGS OF SELECTED NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSCONCERNED WITH CHILD CARE AND WITH CHILD MALTREATMENT. 75APPENDIX C STATE TELEPHONE NUMBERS FOR REPORTING CHILDMALTREATMENT. 83APPENDIX D HANDOUTS FOR PARENTS. 85APPENDIX E SAMPLE REPORT OF SUSPECTED CHILD ABUSE OR NEGLECT . 103APPENDIX F RISK INDICATORS: TOUCH POLICY . 105APPENDIX G RISK INDICATORS: DEVELOPMENTAL EXPECTATIONS OFCHILDREN, PARTICULARLY THOSE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. 107APPENDIX H RISK INDICATORS: CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION CURRICULUM. 109APPENDIX I FAMILY SUPPORT STRATEGIES . 111The Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglectiii

PrefaceEach day, the safety and well-being of somechildren across the Nation are threatened bychild abuse and neglect. Intervening effectively inthe lives of these children and their families is notthe responsibility of any single agency or professionalgroup, but rather is a shared community concernand responsibility.The Child Abuse and Neglect User Manual Series hasprovided guidance on child protection to hundredsof thousands of multidisciplinary professionals andconcerned community members since the late 1970s.The User Manual Series provides a foundation forunderstanding child maltreatment and the rolesand responsibilities of various practitioners in itsprevention, identification, investigation, assessment,and treatment. Through the years, the manuals haveserved as valuable resources for building knowledge,promoting effective practices, and enhancingcommunity collaboration.Since the last update of the User Manual Series in theearly 1990s, a number of changes have occurred thatdramatically affect each communityÊs response tochild maltreatment. The changing landscape reflectsincreased recognition of the complexity of issuesfacing parents and their children, new legislation,practice innovations, and system reform efforts, aswell as increased knowledge of the importance ofprevention and early intervention of maltreatment,especially in early brain development and attachment.Significant advances in research have helped shapenew directions for interventions, while ongoingevaluations help to explain „what works.‰The Office on Child Abuse and Neglect withinthe ChildrenÊs Bureau of the Administration forChildren and Families, U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services, has developed this thirdedition of the User Manual Series to reflect increasedknowledge and the evolving state of practice. Theupdated and new manuals are comprehensive inscope while succinct in presentation and easy tofollow, and they address trends and concerns relevantto todayÊs professional.This manual, The Role of Professional Child CareProviders in Preventing and Responding to ChildAbuse and Neglect, provides information on theroles and responsibilities of child care providers inpreventing, recognizing, and reporting child abuseand neglect within and outside early childhoodprograms.The manual presents an overviewof prevention efforts, reporting laws, caring formaltreated children, and ways to support parents andprofessionals who work with families. The primaryaudience for this manual includes early childhoodprofessionals in a variety of settings, includingprivate and public child care centers, Head Startprograms, preschools, nursery schools, and familychild care homes. It also includes early childhoodinstructors, home visitors, parent educators, programadministrators, and trainers. In addition, otherprofessionals and concerned community membersThe Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect1

may consult the manual for a greater understandingof child abuse and neglect.The Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse andNeglect builds on the information presented in ACoordinated Response to Child Abuse and Neglect:The Foundation for Practice. Readers are encouragedto consult that manual as it provides a more indepth understanding of what constitutes child abuseand neglect, its underlying causes, and how the childprotection system works.User Manual SeriesThis manual—along with the entire Child Abuse and Neglect User Manual Series—is available from ChildWelfare Information Gateway. For a full list of available manuals and ordering information, contact:Child Welfare Information Gateway1250 Maryland Avenue, SWEighth FloorWashington, DC 20024Phone: (800) FYI-3366 or (703) 385-7565Fax: (703) 385-3206E-mail: info@childwelfare.govThe manuals also are available online at reface

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPRIMARY AUTHORSKathy Karageorge, Ph.D., a senior associate withICF International, has more than 12 years experiencein quantitative and qualitative research design,survey development, and program evaluation onissues related to children, youth, and families. Shedevelops products for Child Welfare InformationGateway, including fact sheets on adoption and onchild maltreatment. She also has worked on a widearray of topic areas, including the costs of preventingchild maltreatment.Rosemary Kendall, Ph.D., a senior associate with ICFInternational, has more than 30 years experience inearly care and education and family education. She iscurrently an Information Specialist with the NationalChild Care Information and Technical AssistanceCenter. Dr. Kendall has written for publications ontopics related to parent involvement, early literacy,and child abuse prevention. She has contributedthroughout her career to collaborative communityefforts, including serving on advisory and governingboards.CONTRIBUTORSLeslie Peterson, formerly a consultant with ICFInternational, and Tracy Myers, an associate whofocuses on early education issues, have extensiveexperience and knowledge related to child care andwere instrumental in guiding the development of thismanual.ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PRIOR EDITIONSThis manual is an update of the 1992 publication,Caregivers of Young Children: Preventing and Respondingto Child Maltreatment, by Derry Koralek. The firstedition of the manual was published in 1979 as EarlyChildhood Programs and the Prevention and Treatmentof Child Abuse and Neglect by Diane D. Broadhurst,Margaret Edmunds, and Robert A. MacDicken. Theearlier works informed and contributed significantlyto the content of this publication.REVIEWERSMarilyn Keel, Office of the Secretary of Defense,Family Advocacy ProgramKim McClennahan Means, National Associationfor the Education of Young Children, Academy forEarly Childhood Program AccreditationKathy Pinto, Howard County, Maryland,Department of Social ServicesThe Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect3

Linda Smith, National Association of Child CareResource and Referral AgenciesSarah Webster, Texas Department of Protective andRegulatory Services (retired)Gretchen Yeager, Regional Vice President,Knowledge Learning CorporationTECHNICAL ADVISORY PANELThe following were members of the January 2001Technical Advisory Panel for the User Manual Seriescontract. The organizations identified reflect eachmember’s affiliation at that time.Carolyn AbdullahFRIENDS National Resource CenterWashington, DCLien BraggAmerican Public Human Services AssociationWashington, DCSgt. Richard CageMontgomery County Police DepartmentWheaton, MD4Robert Ortega, Ph.D.University of Michigan School of Social WorkAnn Arbor, MINancy RawlingsKentucky Cabinet for Families and ChildrenFrankfort, KYBarry SalovitzChild Welfare Institute/National ResourceCenter on Child MaltreatmentGlenmont, NYSarah WebsterTexas Department of Protective andRegulatory ServicesAustin, TXRon ZuskinUniversity of Maryland at BaltimoreSchool of Social WorkBaltimore, MDThe following members subsequently were added tothe Technical Advisory Panel:William R. (Reyn) Archer III, M.D.Hill and Knowlton, Inc.Washington, DCDiane DePanfilis, Ph.D.University of Maryland at BaltimoreSchool of Social WorkBaltimore, MDDavid Popenoe, Ph.D.National Marriage ProjectPrinceton, NJPauline GrantFlorida Department of Children and FamiliesJacksonville, FLBob ScholleIndependent ConsultantPittsburgh, PAJodi HillConnecticut Department of Children and FamiliesHartford, CTBrad Wilcox, Ph.D.University of Virginia, Department of SociologyCharlottesville, VAAcknowledgments

ADDITIONAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTSInformation provided in this manual has beeninformed and augmented by other publications inthe User Manual Series, particularly A CoordinatedResponse to Child Abuse and Neglect: The Foundationfor Practice by Jill Goldman and Marsha K. Salus,The Role of Educators in Preventing and Respondingto Child Abuse and Neglect by Cynthia Crosson, andSupervising Child Protective Services Caseworkers byMarsha K. Salus.This manual in the User Manual Series was developedunder the guidance and direction of Irene Bocella,Federal task order officer, Office on Child Abuseand Neglect, and Catherine Nolan, director, Officeon Child Abuse and Neglect. Also providing inputand review were Dr. Susan Orr, formerly associatecommissioner of the Children’s Bureau, and CathyOverbagh, program analyst, Child Care Bureau.This manual was developed and produced by ICF International, Fairfax, VA, under Contract Number HHS 282-98-0025.The Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect5

CHAPTER 1Purpose and OverviewCertainly, most parents share a desire to providethe best for their children. Research shows thatparents and other caretakers, including child careproviders, who have resources and support are morelikely to provide safe and healthy environments forchildren. Indeed, when children are surrounded bysecure relationships and stimulating experiences, theycan draw from that environment to become confident,caring adults.1Child maltreatment, however, can and does still occur.Child abuse and neglect may be a single incident, suchas a caregiver shaking an infant to try to stop its crying,or a pattern of behavior, such as a parent providinginadequate supervision or sexually abusing a childover several months or years. It is often difficult torecognize, particularly in young children who may notbe seen regularly by anyone other than their parentsor child care providers. Child care providers’ regularcontact with children places them in a key position torecognize suspected child maltreatment. They are alsolegally mandated to report it. (Chapter 3, ReportingSuspected Child Abuse or Neglect, discusses reportingissues in detail). In addition, their close relationshipwith families allows them to support prevention effortsby identifying high-risk situations and by activelysupporting good parenting through discussions withparents, appropriate behavior modeling for parentsthat promotes protective factors, or providing referralsfor family support services. Appendix D, Handoutsfor Parents, provides several guides and tip sheets thatchild care providers can use to educate the parents ofchildren in their care, as well as their own staff.Child care plays a significant role in the lives ofAmerican infants and young children and is providedby relatives and nonrelatives alike. Relatives includesiblings, grandparents, and other family members;nonrelatives include in-home babysitters, nannies,friends, neighbors, family child care providers, andchild care and early education teachers and staff.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 11.6 million(63%) children younger than 5 years of age were insome type of child care arrangement during a typicalweek. Forty percent of all children younger than 5years of age were watched by a relative at least onceduring the week, 35 percent were watched by anonrelative, and 0.2 percent were categorized as selfcare. Almost one-quarter of the children received carein some type of organized facility, such as a child careand early education center or a Head Start program,and almost 14 percent received care in the provider’sor child’s home.2All child care providers have a responsibility toprovide a safe, clean, and nurturing environment forchildren in their care and to support the children’shealthy growth and development. The currentemphasis on early brain development and the desire ofcommunities to have children “ready to learn” whenthey start school means that child care providers mustnurture positive social and emotional development,as well as promote early learning.The Role of Professional Child Care Providers inPreventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect7

This manual examines the roles and responsibilitiesthat all child care providers have in supporting familiesand in preventing and responding to allegations ofchild abuse and neglect, whether in a small familyoperation or a large child care center. Topics addressedinclude: Recognizing physical abuse, sexual abuse,psychological maltreatment, and neglect; Reporting child abuse and neglect; Minimizing the risk of maltreatment in child careprograms; Preventing and responding to child abuse andneglect; Responding to allegations of child abuse orneglect perpetrated by child care providers; Caring for maltreated children and children atrisk for maltreatment; Supporting parents.While family child care providers will find materialin each of the chapters that applies to their workwith children and families, Chapter 5, Preventingand Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect: The Roleof Family Child Care Providers, addresses some of theunique issues that apply to family child care.8Additionally, although this manual is intendedprincipally for professional caregivers of childrenranging in age from birth to age 6, much of theinformation also is relevant to the care of olderchil

the responsibility of any single agency or professional group, but rather is a shared community concern and responsibility. The . Child Abuse and Neglect User Manual Series. has provided guidance on child protection to hundreds of thousands of multidisciplinary professionals and concern

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