FUNDAMENTALS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY AND

2y ago
106 Views
9 Downloads
266.22 KB
56 Pages
Last View : 22d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Ryan Jay
Transcription

READING MATERIALFUNDAMENTALS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY ANDEDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYCOURSE NO: AEXT 291, B.Sc. (Ag.) II YEARPREPARED BYDr. S.V.PRASADASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND HEADDEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATIONS.V.AGRICULTURAL COLLEGETIRUPATI-517502ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYCOURSE OUTLINE1. Course No.: AEXT 2912. Course Title: Fundamentals of Rural Sociology and EducationalPsychology3. Credit Hours: 2(1 1)4. General Objectives: To impart knowledge to the students on sociological andpsychological aspects of rural people and to acquaint withsome important features of rural society5. Specific Objectivesa) TheoryBy the end of course, students will be able toi.Understand concept of rural sociology, its importance in agricultural extension,characteristics of Indian rural societyii.Understand social groups, social stratification, culture, social values, social controland attitudes, leadership and gy,intelligence,personality,perceptions, emotions, frustration, motivation, teaching and learningb) PracticalBy the end of practical exercises, students will, be able toi.Acquaint with characteristics of rural society, village institutions and socialorganizationsii.Select lay leaders and train themiii.Assess personality types, leadership types and emotions of human beingsiv.Create a training situation under village conditionsA) Theory Lecture Outlines1. Sociology and rural sociology, extension education, agricultural extension - meaningand definitions2. Importance of rural sociology in agricultural extension and their interrelationship3. Characteristics of Indian, rural society - differences and relationships between ruraland urban societies4. Social group(s) - classification - formation and organization of groups role of socialgroups in agricultural extension5. Social stratification - meaning - forms - class system and caste system6. Culture and different cultural concepts and. their role in agricultural extension7. Social values, social control and attitudes types and their role in agriculturalextension8. Leadership - meaning - classification of leaders - roles of a leader and differentmethods in selection of a leader9. Training of leaders - lay and professional leaders - advantages and limitations inusing local leaders in agricultural extension2

10. Psychology and educational psychology - meaning - scope and importance11. Intelligence - meaning - types - factors and importance in agricultural extension12. Personality - meaning - types - factors and importance in agricultural extension13. Perception, emotions and frustration - meaning - types - factors and importance inagricultural extension ,14. Motivation - meaning - types of motives - theories of motivation importance ofmotivation in agricultural extension15. Teaching, learning, learning experience and learning situation - meaning anddefinition -elements of learning situation and its characteristics16. Principles of :learning and their implications in teaching - steps in extensionteaching,B) Practical Class Outlines1. Visit to a village to study the characteristics of rural society2. Visit to village institutions - school or cooperative society or gram Panchayat3. Visit to social organizations - youth club or milk cooperative centre or Water UsersAssociation4. Visit to a village to conduct the selection of a lay leader based on sociogramtechnique5. Visit to a village to identify different social groups to which the farmers areassociated6. Visit to a village to list out the taboos, folkways, rituals and social values in thevillage7. Administering psychological tests by students to assess level of intelligence ofhuman beings8. Administering psychological tests by students to assess the personality types ofhuman beings9. Conducting role play technique by the students to exhibit different leadership styles10. Simulated exercises to exercise positive and negative emotions of farmers in village11. Simulated exercises to reveal the positive and negative emotions of the students inreal life situation12. Simulated exercises on identification of positive and negative emotions andemotionally balanced behaviour13. Nature of learners behaviour in motivation14. Creating a learning situation under village conditions for a specific teaching activity15. Training need assessment of farmers of a village16. Visit to a village for conducting a training programme3

ReferencesAdivi Reddy, A. 2001. Extension Education. Sri Lakshmi Press, Bapatla.Chitamber, J.B. 1997. Introductory Rural Sociology. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.Daivadeenam, P. 2002. Educational Psychology in Agriculture. Agrotech PublishingAcademy, Udaipur.Mangal, S.K. 2000. Educational Psychology. Prakash Brothers, Ludhiana.Ray, G.L. 2006. Extension Communication and Management. Naya Prakashan, Kolkata.Vidyabhushan and Sach Dev, D.R. 1998. An Introduction to Sociology. Kitab MahalAgencies, Allahabad.4

CONTENTSS. No.LESSONPAGENO.1.Sociology and rural sociology, extension education, agricultural6extension - Meaning and definitions2.Importance of rural sociology in agricultural extension and their8interrelationship3.Characteristics of Indian rural society, differences and relationships9between rural and urban societies4.Social group/s - Classification, formation and organization of groups,13role of social groups in agricultural extension5.Social stratification - Meaning, forms, class system and caste system166.Culture, different cultural concepts and their role in agricultural18extension7.Social values, social control and attitudes - Types and their role in22agricultural extension8.Leadership - Meaning, classification of leaders, roles of a leader and26different methods in selection of a leader9.Training of leaders – Lay and professional leaders, advantages and32limitations in using local leaders in agricultural extension10.Psychology and educational psychology - Meaning, scope and35importance11.Intelligence - Meaning, types, factors and importance in agricultural37extension12.Personality - Meaning, types, factors and importance in agricultural40extension13.Perception, emotions, frustration - Meaning, types, factors and42importance in agricultural extension14.Motivation - Meaning, types of motives, theories of motivation,47importance of motivation in agricultural extension15.Teaching, learning, learning experience, learning situation - Meaning49and definition, elements of learning situation and its characteristics16.Principles of learning and their implications in teaching. Steps in51extension teaching5

COURSE NO: AEXT 291 TITLE: FUNDAMENTALS OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY ANDEDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGYTHEORY NOTESLECTURE NO.: 1. SOCIOLOGY AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY, EXTENSION EDUCATION,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION - MEANING AND DEFINITIONSSociology – Introduction:The term sociology was coined by Auguste Comte (1789-1875) who is often referred asthe father of sociology who named it from two words, of which one is Latin word ‘socius’meaning companion and the other is Greek word ‘logos’ meaning speech or reek)(Speech or reasoning)The etymological (based on the origin of the word) meaning of sociology is thus ‘thescience of society’. Sociology has been referred to as systematized knowledge in thestudy of human social relationships. The content or subject matter of sociology is notliterary writing as is assured (thought) by many people. It is a detailed and systematic studyof society. There are animal societies also but sociology studies only human societies.Human beings have progressed to a large extent and therefore, sociology is used for thesystematic study of the human being in group relations. Sociology is concerned withpeople and without people or human beings there cannot be sociology, it cannot be inisolation as its main emphasis is on their relationship with other persons. They stay ingroups and therefore the sociologists study people organized in families, friendship groups,temples, schools, industrial plants and in other organizations. The fundamental process inany society is interaction or social interaction. In short sociology studies the socialbehavior of people, their different social groups and the intra and interrelationship of thesesocial groups. Sociology is the web or tissue of human interaction and interrelationship– GinsburgDefinitions and scope of Rural Sociology or what is rural sociology:Rural sociology is a branch of sociology. It is made up of two terms rural andsociology that is science of rural society. It is the study of the sociology of life in the ruralenvironment, which systematically studies the rural communities to discover theirconditions and tendencies and formulate the principles of progress as the term implies. It islimited to the study of various aspects of rural society.6

Definition: According to Smith rural sociology is the body of facts and principles of thesystematized knowledge, which has developed the application of scientific method in thestudy of human relationships in rural environment and people, engaged directly or indirectlyin agriculture occupation. An extension worker is a change agent. Transfer orcommunication of innovations is the main job of these changes agents. But for introducingimproved farm practices, an understanding of the farmer, his social and culturalenvironment within which he operates, his home, his village and the local region isnecessary.Rural sociology provides such knowledge and makes possible the planning of astrategic approach for the desired changes. It allows constant analysis of the rural situationand within reasonable limits prediction of possible results. From this point of view the mainemphasis in the community development programs is on changing human behavior andworking with rural people by using educational methods. For doing this, as stated earlierthe change agent, must have adequate knowledge and skill in methods ofcommunication. In addition to this the change agent must know what is going on, in theminds of rural people, their relationships and interactions, their groups, their institutions,their organizations and the culture they share. All these factors influence the farmers’behavior. The knowledge regarding these factors is provided by rural sociology. In theabsence of this knowledge of rural society the change agent will not be able to plan aproper strategy of change. The change agent at the first instance has to understand theirprogrammes and their objectives. Secondly he must know the currents of thoughts in theminds of the people with whom he works. He needs to understand their motives, theirreactions and their receptivity to new ideas. He should also understand why some peopleare more receptive than others, why some people take the initiative and lead and whyothers hesitateScope of Rural Sociology: Rural sociology works in three areasa. Accumulation and use of sociological knowledge and use it for solving the presentproblems of rural society (subject matter of rural sociology)b. Direct its efforts in obtaining sociological knowledge by empirical research procedures(research in rural sociology)c. Channel its efforts by keeping faith in the methods used in this discipline in solving theproblems of rural society (solving the problems of rural society)Rural Sociology – its importance to extension work:1. In the context of community development and rural development programs deliberateefforts are made to bring about social change in rural areas. This change is broughtabout not in a vacuum but in a structure of human relations, which necessitates thestudy of rural sociology7

2. An extension worker is a change agent. He has to bring about changes in the ruralculture. Therefore, he has to understand the culture in which he has to bring aboutchanges3. In the cross-cultural situation, it is likely that the change agent may develop theethnocentric attitude, which makes him difficult to work successfully. Study of ruralsociology helps to overcome this difficulty.4. Some times. The change agent, while working in rural communities, does not keep theestablished pattern of hierarchy, this creates problems in his working. Rural sociologyhelps him to understand the same and its importance5. The value system of individuals, families, groups and communities is an importantfactor to be kept in mind while trying to bring about changes in the farming communitiesTherefore, it is necessary for a student of rural development to study the subject of ruralsociology to bring about planned change in the rural communities effectively and withoutresistanceLECTURE NO.: 2. IMPORTANCE OF RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN AGRICULTURALEXTENSION AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPExtension education (Agricultural Extension) in the field of agriculture isconcerned with agricultural education aimed at assisting people to bring about continuousimprovement in their physical and social well being through individual and cooperativeefforts. It makes available to the villagers, scientific information and also guidance in theapplication of such information in solving their problems. Villagers are educated to changetheir attitudes so as to raise their standard of livingMeaning of Extension Education:The word Extension is derived from the Latin roots ‘Ex’ meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’meaning ‘stretching’. Thus the term extension education means the type of education,which is stretched out into the villages and fields beyond the limits of schools and collegesto which formal type of education is normally confined. In other words the word ‘extension’used in this context signifies an OUT OF SCHOOL system of education. The three links inthe chain of rural development are research, teaching and extensionEXTENSION(Latin on:Extension education is the process of teaching rural people how to live better bylearning ways that improve their farm, home and community institutions8

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RURAL SOCIOLOGY AND EXTENSIONS.No.1.2.3.Rural SociologyExtensionIt is a scientific study of the laws ofItinformalthe structure and development ofeducation for the rural people with a view torural societydevelop rural society on desirable linesIt studies the attitudes and behaviorIt seeks to modify or change for the better,of rural peoplethe attitudes and behavior of village peopleIt studies the needs and interests ofIt helps rural people to discover theirrural ildseducational programs based on theseneeds and wants4.ItanalysesruralsocialIt fosters (develops) and utilizes shipandorganizations and leadership in ruralfavorable social processes, to achieve itsareas, the social processes likeobjectives of rural developmentcooperation, association, competitionetc, among village people5.6.It studies social situations andIt makes use of such social data as xtensionsocietyprograms for rural areasIt investigates the social, cultural,Itpolitical, and religious problems ofreference to their impact on extensionrural societywork in villagesalsostudiestheseproblemswithLECTURE NO.: 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN RURAL SOCIETY, DIFFERENCESAND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETIESNeed for the Study of the Rural Society:1. The study of rural society is essential for carrying out a programme of rural extension2. It is important to know some of the characteristics of rural society as people havedistinguishing features3. A knowledge of fundamental characteristics of rural situation should contribute much tothe understanding of the structure of rural society, the way it functions4. Rural people are studied in terms of their personal and group relations and as membersof groups, organizations and institutions5. Rural society comprises of all persons residing in administrative unit of village asdefined by the authorities9

Definition of Society:Society is defined as a group of people in more or less permanent association who areorganized for their collective activities and who feel that they belong togetherCharacteristics of Indian Rural Society:1. Agriculture is main economic activity of rural people. It is based predominantly onAgriculture. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The land is distributedbetween certain families. The distribution of land is between a big land owner and restof the community, possession of which (land) has prestige value2. Caste is dominant institution of village. It is peculiar type of grouping found in ruralIndia. The village is governed to a very great extent by traditional caste occupations,carpenters, cobblers, smiths, washer men, agricultural laborers etc all belonging toseparate castes, caste relations are important characteristics of rural life3. The religious and caste composition of village largely determines its character.Different castes exist in village due to social distance. The habitation of each caste isseparated from others. The habitation area has usually a distinct name e.g.Harijanawada4. Each village is independent. All villages have their own organizations, authority andsanctions. Every village has Panchayat which is village self government5. Village settlements are governed by certain traditions. The layout of the village,construction of houses, the dress etc is allowed according to the prescribed patterns ofthe culture of the area. In different areas a certain degree of diversity (differencesbetween villages in the above aspects of the village life) in village organizations ispeculiar6. The rural society is self-sufficient. The unit of production in rural society is the family,which tries to produce much of its required goods. Economic production is the basicactivity of rural aggregates (rural groups)7. As a territorial, social, economic and religious unit, the village is a separate and distinctentity8. It is common to find out a sense of attachment towards own settlement site. In ruralsociety people do not have widely diversified tasks in different parts of the community9. Village is characterized by isolation10. The chief characteristic of rural life is homogeneity, there are not many differencesamong people pertaining to income, status etc.11. The other characteristics are less density of population, less social mobility, lesseducation, simplicity, traditionalism, fatalism, believing superstitions etcDIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIESRural people are different from those living in urban areas. These differences are mainlydue to the environment and its consequent impact on the lives of the people10

S.No.1.Item of comparisonRural communityGeneral environment CloselyandorientationUrban communityassociatedwith Remote from nature.to nature. Direct effect of natural Predominance of man-natureelements like rains, drought, made environmentheat, etc, on their lives2.OccupationMajor occupation is farming. Most of the jobs are nonNon-agriculturaloccupations agricultural and specializedare secondary in importance3.Working conditionsBeingagricultureworkin Workopen airinclosedenvironment.Greaterisolation from nature. Poorfresh air4.FamilyWorks as a unit. More unity or Workindifferentintegrity and more contacts occupations and contact isbetween members5.Size of the communityless between members‘Agriculturalism’ and size of Large. Less land per personcommunityarenegativelycorrelated. Community is smallin size. Land to man ratio ishigher6.Density of populationLow density of populationHigh density of population7.Material possessionLessDifferent types and more8.Homogeneity andMore homogeneous. SimilarityMore heterogeneous. Wideheterogeneityin social and psychologicalvariety of interests,characteristics in theoccupations, languages etc.population. Such as beliefs,language etc,9.Social institutionsMost of the institutions are a Numerous en

definition -elements of learning situation and its characteristics . Meaning, scope and importance 35 11. Intelligence - Meaning, types, factors and importance in agricultural extension 37 12. Personality - Meaning, types, factors and importance in agricultural . Extension education (Agricultural Exten

Related Documents:

Course: Intro to Sociology (SOC-UA1). 1. Sociology is defined as the . Sociology—An Introduction to the Science of Society. . Sociology—Themes and Perspectives Sociology: A Systematic Introduction. . Sociology, 10th Edition. Introduction to Sociology (Seagull Eleventh Edit

Introduction to Sociology. What Is Sociology? www.sociology.org.uk Sociology Central www.sociology.org.uk Introducing Sociology 1. Most, if not all, A-level Sociology students begin their course with a fairly vague idea about what is involved in the “study of society”. A copy of the syllabus is an initial starting point

The Sociology of Climate Change as a Sociology of Loss Abstract . Islands, has lost half of its inhabitable area since 2011 [Albert, et al. 2016]. Sea levels around the world are projected to rise between one to . (urban and rural sociology); the politics of loss (political sociology); knowledge of loss (economic sociology and the

GCSE Sociology is assessed in three exams at the end of Year 11. Paper 1: Sociology Basics (25% of the course) Sociology Basics introduces you to the key elements of Sociology thinking and research practice. For this exam you need to know the key terms for Sociology as well as how gender iden

sociology of politics we make clear that the framework, the approach or the focus of the inquiry is sociological. The phrase 'political sociology' is, on the other hand, unclear. It may be used as a synonym for 'sociology of politics', but it may not. When saying political sociology the focus or the approach of the inquiry generally .

30% curtailed syllabus in SOCIOLOGY for STD XI and XII (General students) Year 2020-21 Chapter wise allocation of marks. Weightage to the content. Sr No Name Of the Chapter Marks Book -1 Introducing Sociology 1 Ch.1. Sociology and Society 15 2 Ch.2 Terms, concepts and their use in sociology 25 3 Ch. 3 Understanding Social Institutions 25

Sociology has given importance to the study of social interaction in everyday life in different socio- cultural and historical perspective. Sociology has placed high premium on the method of research. Research in Sociology is becoming more and more rational and empirical. Sociologists have sought the application Introduction to Sociology Page 7

THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY Lesson Overview: Auguste Comte Herbert Spenser Karl Marx Emile Durkheim Max Weber The Fields of Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups and societies. There was no sociology as a distinct discipline before the advent of 19th century. As a distinct discipline it