Response Of Groundnut To Plant Density And Phosphorous .

Int. J. Biosci.2016International Journal of Biosciences IJB ISSN: 2220-6655 (Print), 2222-5234 (Online)http://www.innspub.netVol. 9, No. 1, p. 291-302, 2016RESEARCH PAPEROPEN ACCESSResponse of Groundnut to Plant Density and PhosphorousApplication in the Sudan Savanna Zone of NigeriaHakeem A. Ajeigbe1*, Alpha Y. Kamara2, Ayuba Kunihya1, Abubakar H. Inuwa1, AliyuAdinoyi1International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT),1Kano Station, NigeriaInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria2Key words: Fertilizer, Groundnut, Plant density, Sudan Savanna, 02Article published on July 30, 2016AbstractDespite the recent release of several improved varieties of groundnut in Nigeria the productivities have notincrease significantly due to lack of commensurate recommendation in agronomic practices. Two groundnutvarieties were evaluated for their response to different plant density and phosphorus application in two locationsin the Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013. The groundnut were planted at density of 44444, 66667,and 133333 hills ha-1 with average of two plants per hill. Phosphorus was applied at rate of 0 or 20 kg P ha -1. Pfertilizer application increased pod and haulm yields by 26% and 16% respectively in Minjibir. It increased podand haulm yields by 62% and 27% respectively in Wudil. Pod and haulm yields, harvest index, revenue, profitand cost benefit ratio increased with increasing plant density. Samnut-24 produced pod yields that weresignificantly higher than Samnut-22 across treatments. Pod yields at density of 133,333 hills ha-1 was 31% higherthan at 66667 and 40% than at 44,444 hills ha-1. Application of fertilizer increased profit by 22% and 49% inMinjibir and Wudil respectively. Planting at density of 133,333 hill ha-1 increased profit by 19% and 27% over66,667 and 444444 hill ha-1 respectively in Minjibir, while it increase profit by 9% in Wudil. Cultivation ofSamnut-24 at high density with phosphorus application will make groundnut production a more profitableventure in Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria.* CorrespondingAuthor: Hakeem A. Ajeigbe h.ajeigbe@cgiar.org291 Ajeigbe et al.

Int. J. Biosci.2016Introductionsemiarid and sub-humid Savannas, is often limited byGroundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a leguminousbiophysical constraints, including poor soil fertilitycrop of economic importance around the world, with(Manu et al., 1991; Giller et al., 2011;). Groundnut is aabout 94% of the world production coming from theleguminous plant and it can fix its own nitrogen fromrain-fed crop grown largely by resource-poor farmersthe atmosphere, however, it needs other macro and(Dwivedi et al., 2002). Nigeria is the largestmicronutrient in the soil. Phosphorus deficiency is thegroundnutAfricamost frequent nutrient stress for growth andaccounting for 40% production of the region. InproducingcountryinWestdevelopment of grain legumes including groundnutNorthern Nigeria, Groundnut contributes 23% of(Kwari 2005; Kamara et al., 2008; Kamara et al.,household cash revenue (Ndjeunga et al., 2010) and2011). Phosphorus is essential for many processeswas grown on 2.4 million hectares in 2012 producingthat occur in the growing plants such as biological3.07 million tons with an average pod yield of 1.268nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, respiration, energytons/ha (FAOSTAT, 2015).storage and cell division. Sharma and Yadov (1997)reported that phosphorus plays a beneficial role inThe average yields of groundnut in Nigeria and mostlegumegrowthandpromotesextensiverootparts of West Africa are lower (903 kg ha-1) thandevelopment and thereby ensuring good yield.those in South Africa (2000 kg ha-1), Asia (1798 kgKamara et al. (2011b), reported response of soybeanha-1), or the rest of the world (1447 kg ha-1)to P fertilizer in the savannas of northern Nigeria,(FAOSTAT, 2015). The main constraints limitingwhile Kamara et al. (2011a) reported linear increasegroundnut production in the Nigerian savannas arein pod yields of groundnut with increase in P ratesdiseases (early and late leaf spot and rosette),from 0 to 40 kgP/ha. Addition of phosphorusdrought, low soil fertility and poor agronomicfertilizer enhances root development which improvespractices (Ndjeunga and Ajeigbe, 2012). Naab et al.the supply of other nutrients and water to the growing(2005) noted that the lower yields in West Africa areparts of the plants, resulting in an increasedlargely due to leaf spot disease as well as low soilphotosynthetic area and therefore, more dry matterfertility and water limitation (drought). Drought is anaccumulation (Maity et al., 2003; Atayese, 2007).important constraint in the dry savannas and it cancome early, mid or late season drought. While earlyFarmers in Nigeria and many other West Africamaturing varieties may escape early or end of seasoncountries plant grain crops in rows spaced 75 cmdrought, varieties with drought resistant or tolerancebecause most tractor and animal drawn ridgersare required to produce economic yields when mid-available are fixed at width of 75 cm leaving theseason drought occurs.farmers with no option in reducing row spacing. Thislong established practice has been in line with theRecently released varieties (Samnut 24, Samnut 25,recommended groundnut spacing (75 cm x 20cm)and Samnut 26) in Nigeria (NACGRAB 2014,) arecorresponding to plant density of 66,667/ha usingresistant/tolerant to most of the important diseasesabout 50 to 60 kg of seed (Ousmane and Ajeigbe,and are early maturing to escape drought. These2009). This density though higher than the initialvarieties are being promoted in the dry savannas ofrecommendation of 44,000/ha (NAERLS, 1977), itNigeria through several initiatives (Monyo andmay not be optimal for maximising groundnut yield.Gowda, 2014). However poor agronomic practices,In India for example, between row spacing variesespecially the practice of wide spacing and limited orfrom 20 - 100 cm and within row spacing from 7.5 cmlack of fertilizer application particularly phosphorusto 15 cm (Nigam et al., 2006) ensuring hill density oflimits on-farm yield (Ajeigbe and Singh, 2006) and100 to over 200,000 hill/ha. Kamara et al. (2014)profitabilityCropreported soybean yield increased by 62-100% whenproduction in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in thedensity increased from 266,666 to 666,700 ha-1 in theofgroundnut292 Ajeigbe et al.production.

Int. J. Biosci.Guineasavanna2016ofNigeria. Theynotedthatdays of 43 and 38 in 2012 and 2013 respectively.appropriate plant density enhances productivitythrough efficient use of soil moisture and nutrient asCultural practiceswell as adequate photosynthetic light capture. NigamThe fields were harrowed and ridged at 75cm betweenet al. (2006) suggested that optimum plant standridges using tractor drawn implements before plotremains the key to higher yields in groundnut. Mostlayout and sowing. Groundnut seeds were sown at theof the newly released groundnut varieties are erectrate of 2 seeds per hole at depth of 3-5 cm. Weedstypes of early duration with much smaller foliagewere controlled manually using hand hoe at 3, 6 andcompared to the older varieties which are spreading9 weeks after sowing stics of most of the modern varieties haveExperimental design and treatmentschanged, the recommended seeding rate of 50-60 kgThe experimental design was a split-split-plot with 4seed ha-1 and planting densities have remainedreplications. The groundnut varieties; SAMNUT 22 (aunchanged. Combining adaptedearly maturingmedium maturing Virginia type variety released ingroundnut varieties with phosphorous application2001) and SAMNUT 24 (an early maturing Spanishand optimal plant density may increase groundnuttype variety released in 2011) were the main plots.productivity and make groundnut cultivation a moreThe fertilizer application; 20 kg P ha-1 applied atprofitable enterprise for smallholder farmers. On thissowing and a control with no fertilizer were the sub-basis, field trials were established in two locations inplots.the Sudan Savanna ecology of Nigeria to evaluate theresponse of two contrasting groundnut varieties to PThe 20 kgP ha-1 was applied as SSP by drawing aapplication and increased plant density.furrow on the ridge. The required SSP was spreadevenly in the furrow and covered with soil. One blankMaterials and methodsrow was left in between the sub-plots. The sub-sub-Experimental siteplots were the density treatments of 44,444, 66,667The experiments were carried out in 2012 and 2013and 133,333 hills ha-1 obtained using a spacing of 75 xcropping seasons at Wasai (latitude 8.67oE and30, 75 x 20 and 75 x 10cm respectively. The sub-sub-longitudeplots sizes were 12 m2 (4 rows 4 m long).12.15oN),Minjibirlocalauthority (LGA) and Wudil (latitudelongitude11.82oN),government8.78 oEandWudil LGA of Kano State. SoilData collectionsamples were taken from the two locations, air dry inThe two middle rows per plot were used for datathe shade and analysed in the soil analyticalcollection. Data were collected on % soil cover at 3laboratory of ICRISAT Niamey. The results of soiland 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) which was theanalysis for both locations are presented in Table 1.proportion of the plated area covered by theThe soils were slight acidic with very low organicgroundnut at 3 and 6 weeks respectively after sowing.matter, N and P. most of the other nutrients areDays to 50% flowering (number of days from sowinglimiting.to when at least 50% of the plants in the net plot hadat least one flower), days to physiological maturityRainfall (Table 2) in both locations had mono-modal(days to when at least 90% of the plants in the netdistribution which starts in June and end inplots have attained physiological maturity). PlantSeptember with most of the rains falling in July andheight (cm) at maturity (mean height from base toAugust. Rainfall in Minjibir was 994 mm in 2012 andhighest point of five plants), number of branches per1054 mm in 2013 with raining days of 32 and 36 inplant, pod and haulm yields (Pod and haulm weights2012 and 2013 respectively; Wudil had 945.8 mmwere obtained after sun-drying all the plantsrainfall in 2012 and 907.4 mm in 2013 with rainingharvested from the two middle rows per plot to293 Ajeigbe et al.