Tense Reichenbach Time And Tense In . - Brandeis University
Events and RelationsTime and Tense in LanguageEvent expressions;tensed verbs; has left, was captured, will resign;stative adjectives; sunken, stalled, on board;event nominals; merger, Military Operation, GulfWar;James PustejovskyBrandeis UniversityDependencies between events and times:Anchoring; John left on Monday.Orderings; The party happened after midnight.Embedding; John said Mary left.LING 130FALL, 2005ReichenbachTense Tensed utterances introduce references to 3 ‘time points’ Grammatical expression of the time ofthe situation described, relative to someother time (e.g., moment of speech)– Speech Time: S– Event Time: E– Reference Time: RSIhad [mailed the letter]E [when John came & told me the news]RE R SERStimePASTPRESENTFUTURE The concept of ‘time point’ is an abstraction –- it can map to an interval Three temporal relations are defined on these time points– at, before, after 13 different relations are possibleGeorge admires Adolf.George admired Jesus.
Tense as Anaphor: ReichenbachReichenbachian Tense Analysis Tensed utterances introduce references to 3 ‘time points’– Speech Time: S– Event Time: E– Reference Time: RSIRelationhad [mailed the letter]E [when John came & told me the news]REE R SRStime The concept of ‘time point’ is an abstraction –- it can map to aninterval Three temporal relations are defined on these time points– at, before, after 13 different relations are possibleE R SE R SR E SR S EReichenbach’sTense NameAnterior pastSimple pastEnglish TenseNamePast perfectSimple pastPosterior pastReichenbach’sTense NameAnterior pastSimple pastPRIORPosterior pastPF?R S EE S RS R ES R EAnterior presentSimple presentPosterior presentP?F?Present perfectSimple presentSimple futureI have sleptI sleepI will sleepJe vaisdormirS E RS E RAnterior futureFP?Future perfectI will havesleptE S RS R ESimple futureF?Simple futureS R EPosterior futureFF?I will sleepJe dormiraiI shall begoing tosleepE R SE R SR E SR S EPP?P?English TenseNamePast perfectSimple pastExample I had sleptI sleptI wouldsleepFree iterationcaptures manymore tenses,– I would have sleptPFP"But alsoexpresses manynon-NL tenses–PPPP" [It was thecase]4 John hadsleptI had sleptI sleptI wouldsleepR S EE S RS R ES R EAnterior presentSimple presentPosterior presentPresent perfectSimple presentSimple futureI have sleptI sleepI will sleepJe vaisdormirS E RS E RAnterior futureFuture perfectI will havesleptE S RS R ESimple futureSimple futureS R EPosterior futureI will sleepJe dormiraiI shall begoing tosleepTense as Operator: PriorRelationExampleTense is determined byrelation between R and S– – E R, E R, E RRelation of E relative to Snot crucial– R S, R S, R SAspect is determined byrelation between E and RRepresent R S E as E R SOnly 7 out of 13 relationsare realized in English––6 different forms, simplefuture being ambiguousProgressive no differentfrom simple tenses But I was eating a peach! I ate a peachAspect Two Varieties– Grammatical Aspect Distinguishes viewpoint on event– Lexical Aspect Distinguishes types of events(situations)(eventualities) Also called Aktionsarten
AktionsartenGrammatical Aspect STATIVES know, sit, be clever, be happy,– Perfective – focus on situation as a whole– John built a house– built.a.h––if it occurs in period t, a part of it (also anactivity) must occur for every/most subperiods of tX is Ving entails that X has VedJohn ran for an hour,*John ran in an hour– John was building a housewas building.a.hDifferent types of tensesystems across languagesACCOMPLISHMENTS build, cook,destroy–––ACTIVITIES walk, run, talk, march, paint– Imperfective – focus on internal phases ofsituation can refer to state itself (ingressive) Johnknows , or to entry into a state (inceptive)John realizes*John is knowing Bill, *Know the answer,*What John did was know the answer– culminate (telic)x Vs for an hour does not entail x Vsfor all times in that hourX is Ving does not entail that X hasVed.John booked a flight in an hour, Johnstopped building a houseACHIEVEMENTS notice, win, blink,find, reach––instantaneous accomplishments*John dies for an hour, *John wins for anhour, *John stopped reaching New YorkStativeTelic Dynamic-Durative Activity- Accomplish mentAchieveme nt ferent types of tensesystems across languages A much richer distinction: Using verbal inflection:–– ChiBemba (Bantu language):For past:Languages with a two-way contrast: English: Past (before the moment of speaking) vs. Nonpastpast -ed:She worked hard.nonpast (unmarked): We admire her. I will leave tomorrow. Dyirbal (Australian language): Future vs. nonfuture:future -ñ:bani-ñ‘will come’nofuture -ñu:bani-ñu‘came, is coming’–Languages with a three-way distinction: Catalan, Lithuanian: Past vs. Present vs. Future(Cat.)past:treball-à.(Lit.)Dirb-au.present: treball-a.Dirb-u.future:treball-arà.work’‘I worked’‘I work’Dirb-siu. ‘I will Remote past (before yesterday) Ba-àlí-bomb-ele ‘they worked’Removed past (yesterday)Ba-àlíí-bomba‘they worked’Near past (earlier today)Ba-àcí-bomba‘they worked’Immediate past (just happened)Ba-á-bomba‘theyworked’For future: Immediate future (very soon) Ba-áláá-bombaNear future (later today)Ba-léé-bombaRemoved future (tomorrow) Ba-kà-bombaRemote future (after tomorrow)Ba-ká-bomba‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’
Aspect Internal temporal organization of the situationdescribed by an event. Most common:– Perfective: Situation viewed as a bounded whole.– Imperfective: Looking inside the temporal boundaries of thesituation. Habitual Progressive Other related aspectual distinctions:– Iterative: The action is repeated.– Inceptive: The action is began.– Inchoative: Entering into a state.Different types of aspectsystems across languages Some languages use auxiliaries and particles associatedwith the verb:English:– Perfective: have Past ParticipleI have eaten.– Progressive: be Present ParticipleI am eating.– Habitual: use to Base formI used to sing.Catalan:– Habitual: soler InfinitiveSol parlar.Solia cantar.– Iterative:‘She generally talks.’‘She used to talk’anar(past) (‘to go’) Present PartVa tornantgopast coming backDifferent types of aspectsystems across languages‘She keeps coming back’Tense and Aspect Aspect and Tense generally cross-classify: Other languages use a derivational component:Russian: by means of a system of verbal prefixes– Imperfective: simple verbs Ja ˇcitál‘I was reading’– Perfective: prefixed verbs Ja proˇcitál‘I (did) read’Finnish: by means of the case of the object– Perfective: Hän luki kirjan(acc.) ‘He read the book’– Imperfective: Hän luki kirjaa(part.) ‘He was reading thebook’.Basic meaning: only part of the object being referred to isaffected by the situation.– Russian: Present:– Only imperfective: ˇcitáju‘I read’ Past:– Imperfective:– Perfective:Ja ˇcitálJa proˇcitál‘I was reading’‘I (did) read’?Ja proˇcitáju‘I shall read’ Future:– Imperfective:– Perfective:
Tense and AspectAn interesting case Tense and Aspect in 2 different creoles,evolved independently from each other:– Basque: Present:– Imperfect (Gerund Present tense auxiliary)bringing it’– Perfect (Past Participle Present tense aux.)brought it’ekartzen du ‘he isekarri du‘he has Past:– Imperfect (Gerund Past tense aux.) ekartzen zuen ‘he brought, usedto bring’– Perfect (Past Participle Past tense aux.) ekarri zuen ‘he brought, hadbrought’ Future:– Simple (Future Participle Pres. tense aux.)ekarriko du ‘hewill bring it’– Past Future (Future Participle Past tense aux.) ekarriko zuen ‘he wouldbring’Embedded tenses in EnglishThree interpretations of embedded tenses:main clause tenseYesterday John saw a girl who was running this morning.runningtcThis morning John saw a girl who was running yesterday.runningseeHaitian CreoleLi machéL’ap maché(Li ap maché)Li té machéLi t’ap maché(Li té ap maché)L’av machéL’av ap maché(Li av ap maché)Li t’av maché(Li té av maché)Li t’av ap maché(Li té av maché)Constraints on interpretation Tense interpretation displays both structural restrictions andlexical preferencesAbsolute: embedded tense is independent ofseeHawaiian CreoleBase FormHe walk(he walks, he walked)ProgressiveHe stay walkhe is walking, he waswalkingPerfectiveHe bin walkhe has walked, he hadwalkedPerfective ProgressiveHe bin stay walk(he has/had been walking)IrrealHe go walk(he would walk, he willwalk)Irreal ProgressiveHe go stay walk(he would/will be walking)Irreal PerfectiveHe bin go walk(he would/will havewalked)Irreal perfectiveHe bin go stay walkProgressivehe would/will have beenwalkingRelative clause interpretation:At the party John danced with the woman (previously/later) he ate dinnerwith.tcAt the party John met the woman he marriedAnaphoric: embedded tense is anaphoric onComplement clause interpretationthe main clause tenseYesterday John saw a girl who was running.seerunningAt the party John said that he (previously/?later) ate dinner with a certainwoman.tcRelative: embedded tense is interpreted withrespect to the main clause tenseTomorrow John will see a girl who was running earlier.tcrunningsee
Crosslinguistic variationCrosslinguistic variationVariation in relative clause interpretationVariation in complement clauses interpretation JapaneseMariko-wa naiteiru otokonoko-ni hanasikaketaMariko-TOP cry-teiru-PRES boy-to talk-PAST“Mariko talked to the boy who is/was crying” RussianMaˇsa skazala, cto Vova spit.Masha say-PAST-PERF that Voval sleep-PRES“Masha said that Vova was sleeping”Embedded tenses cross-linguisticallyJapaneseRussianBernhard-wa Junko-ga byookida to it-taB.-TOP J.-NOM sick-PRES comp say-PAST“Bernhard said that Junko was sick” RussianMaˇsa videla ˇceloveka, kotoryj placet.Masha see-PAST-IMP man who cry-PRES“Masha saw a/the man who is crying”English luteanaphoricrelativerelativeVia cross-linguistic investigation a picture of embedded tensesemerges: Absolute tense is limited to relative clauses Relative tense is predominant in complement clausesThe Conceptual and Linguistic Basis TimeML presupposes the following temporal entities andrelations. Events are taken to be situations that occur or happen, punctualor lasting for a period of time. They are generally expressed bymeans of tensed or untensed verbs, nominalisations, adjectives,predicative clauses, or prepositional phrases. Times may be either points, intervals, or durations. They may bereferred to by fully specified or underspecified temporalexpressions, or intensionally specified expressions. Relations can hold between events and events and times. Theycan be temporal, subordinate, or aspectual relations.
Allen (1984)Temporal LogicAllen’s 13 Temporal RelationsA Time primitives are temporal intervals.B No branching into the future or the pastAA is EQUAL to BB is EQUAL to AA is BEFORE BB 13 basic (binary) interval relations [b,a,eq,o,oi,s,si,f,fi,d,di,m,mi],(six are inverses of the other six)A All 13 relations can be expressed using meet: Before (X, Y) # Z , (meets(X, Z) % (meets (Z, Y))A MEETS BBA Supported by a transitivity table that defines the conjunction ofany two relations.B is AFTER AB is MET by AA OVERLAPS BBAB is OVERLAPPED by AA STARTS BBABABB is STARTED by AA FINISHES BB is FINISHED by AA DURING BB CONTAINS AAllen’s Temporal Ontology Properties hold over every subinterval of an interval— Holds(p, T) e.g., ”John was sick for a day." Events hold only over an interval and not over any subinterval of it.— Occurs(e, T) e.g., ”Mary wrote a letter this afternoon." Processes hold over some subintervals of the interval they occur in.— Occuring(p, T) e.g., ”Mary is writing a letter today."Situation Type: Formal Constraints Homogeneity– All subevents of P are also of P (downward entailment) though only down to a minimal size– The sum of all subevents of P are also of P (upwardentailment) Subinterval Property– Activity: x Ps for t x P’s for all subintervals of t. excludingthose below a minimal size and excluding certain gaps For is downward entailing, but the maximal interval is morefelicitous– Accomplishment: x Ps in t there is a subinterval t’ of t inwhich Become(x, P) is true In is upward entailing, but the minimal interval is morefelicitous In-adverbials apply to quantized event predicates– A predicate is quantized iff whenever it applies to e it doesn’tapply to subparts of e
Event Structure Quantification over events as individuals: I.e.,events as first-order objects. Finer-grain representation than Prior’s tenselogic. Allows representation of word-basedcausality. Simplifies reasoning with identity andoverlap relations.McCarthy and Hayes (1969)The Situation Calculus Represents actions and their effects on the worldThe world is represented as a set of states.Fluents are time-varying properties of individuals.Actions are functions that map states to states.Used for multiple tasks, especially planningMajor problems:– Concurrent actions cannot be represented– No duration of actions or delayed effectsTheories of Event StructureDavidson (1967): Proposes individuation over events.Kamp (1968): Formal Model for tensed events, extendingPrior’s Tense Logic to predicates.Moens and Steedman (1988): Finite-state model of eventphases.Pustejovsky (1991): Phrase structure model for subeventsemantics for word meaning.Hayes 1985Histories in Naïve Physics A history is an entity that incorporates time and space An object O in a situation s is the intersection of thesituation with the object’s history Permanent locations are bound spatially, but are restrictedtemporally Situations are unbound spatially, but are limitedtemporally by surrounding events Most objects are between these two extremes Events are instantaneous Episodes have a duration The history of an object is described over time
Kowalski & Sergot (1986)Event Calculus Developed for updating databases and for narrative understanding Based on the notion of an event and its descriptions (relationships) Relationships are ultimately over time pointsProperties of EventsEvents have parts:The rock broke the window. e1 e2[action(e1,rock,window) &broken(e2,window) & e1 e2]after(e) the period of time started by event e Udates can only add; deletions add new information aboutthe end of the period of time over which the old relationship holds Uses nonmonotonic, default reasoning since relations change as newinformation arrives (a new event can signal the end of an old one) Allows partial description of events, using semantic cases Defined and interpreted as Horn clauses in PrologActions have consequences:Mary arrived in Boston. e1 e2[action(e1,mary,boston) &in(e2,mary,boston) &e1 e2]
Time and Tense in Language James Pustejovsky Brandeis University LING 130 FALL, 2005 Events and Relations Event expres
1 the past tense of write _ 2 the past tense of begin _ 6 last year he _ football 7 the past tense of watch _ 10 the past tense of rain _ 12 the past tense of eat _ 13 the past tense of stand _ 14 the past tense
Words for Za and Zthe [ and alphabet 27 Pronouns (I, you, he, she.) 28 Regular PRESENT TENSE 29 Irregular PRESENT TENSE 30-31 Question words 31 GUSTAR 32 VERBS Infinitive (Useful structures) 33-35 Regular PRETERITE TENSE 36 Irregular PRETERITE TENSE 37 The IMPERFECT TENSE 38 Regular FUTURE TENSE 39
Simple present tense vs. present 7 continuous tense Grammar Station 1. We (wash / are washing) our socks every week. 2. Mum (folds / is folding) the clothes now. 3. Uncle Ted (goes / is going) to church on Sundays. Simple present tense Present continuous tense To talk about habits and truths Signal words: every She reads books every evening.
Perfect Tense in French The perfect tense in French is called the Passé Composé . Perfect Tense in French The perfect tense in French is also formed using the present tense of avoir (to have) and the past participle of
continious tense. From those tense, some students find some difficulties in understanding simple past tense. To understand simple past tense is not easy especially in indonesian students because the translation of these tenses have no differences in indonesian. According to Baker in (Jabbary, 2013) Tense is a grammatical category which involves
English Tense and the English tenses The term 'tense' can be defined as a secondary grammatical category which serves to locate an event or a situation in time. It accounts for example for the difference in the sentences
Definition of Tense The word 'tense' is derived ultimately from the Latin word 'tempus' meaning 'time'. Tense is a form of verb used to indicate the time. In discussing tense and time A.S Hornby states that "the words 'time' and 'tense' must not be confused. The word time stands for a concept with which all
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