Temporal Logic And Tense/Aspect - Brandeis University
Temporal Logic and Tense/AspectJames PustejovskyBrandeis UniversityOctober 17, 2008CS 112
Tense Grammatical expression of the time of the situationdescribed, relative to some other time (e.g.,moment of speech)PASTPRESENTGeorge admires Mary.George admired Kennedy.FUTURE
Reichenbach Tensed utterances introduce references to 3 ‘time points’–––SISpeech Time: SEvent Time: EReference Time: Rhad [mailed the letter]E [when John came & told me the news]RE R S RStimeThe concept of ‘time point’ is an abstraction –- it can map to an intervalThree temporal relations are defined on these time points– Eat, before, after13 different relations are possible
Reichenbachian Tense Analysis RelationE R SE R SR E SR S EReichenbach’sTense NameAnterior pastSimple pastEnglish TenseNamePast perfectSimple pastPosterior pastExampleI had sleptI sleptI wouldsleepE R SR S EE S RS R ES R EAnterior presentSimple presentPosterior presentPresent perfectSimple presentSimple futureI have sleptI sleepI will sleepJe vaisdormirS E RS E RAnterior futureFuture perfectI will havesleptE S RS R ES R EE R SSimple futurePosterior futureSimple futureI will sleepJe dormiraiI shall begoing tosleepTense is determined byrelation between R and S– Aspect is determined byrelation between E and R– E R, E R, E RRelation of E relative to Snot crucial– R S, R S, R SRepresent R S E asE R SOnly 7 out of 13 relationsare realized in English––6 different forms, simplefuture being ambiguousProgressive no differentfrom simple tenses But I was eating a peach I ate a peach
Tense as Operator: PriorRelationE R SE R SR E SR S ER S EE S RS R ES R EReichenbach’sTense NameAnterior pastSimple pastPRIORPosterior pastPFpAnterior presentSimple presentPosterior presentPppFpPPpPpEnglish TenseNamePast perfectSimple pastExample I had sleptI slept–I wouldsleepPresent perfectSimple presentSimple futureI have sleptI sleepI will sleepJe vaisdormirS E RS E RAnterior futureFPpFuture perfectI will havesleptE S RS R ESimple futureFpSimple futureS R EPosterior futureFFpI will sleepJe dormiraiI shall begoing tosleepFree iterationcaptures many moretenses, I would have sleptPFPφBut also expressesmany non-NL tenses–PPPPφ [It was thecase]4 John hadslept
Aspect Two Varieties– Grammatical Aspect Distinguishes viewpoint on event– Lexical Aspect Distinguishes types of events (situations)(eventualities) Also called Aktionsarten
Grammatical Aspect Perfective – focus on situation as a whole– John built a housebuilt.a.h Imperfective – focus on internal phases of situation– John was building a housewas building.a.h
Aktionsarten STATIVES know, sit, be clever, be happy, killing,accident– ACCOMPLISHMENTS build, cook, destroycan refer to state itself (ingressive) John knows , or toentry into a state (inceptive) John realizes–*John is knowing Bill, *Know the answer, *What Johndid was know the answer ACTIVITIES walk, run, talk, march, paint–if it occurs in period t, a part of it (also an activity) must occur for every/most sub-periods of t–X is Ving entails that X has Ved–John ran for an hour,*John ran in an hour–culminate (telic)–x Vs for an hour does not entail x Vs for alltimes in that hour–X is Ving does not entail that X has Ved.–John booked a flight in an hour, John stoppedbuilding a houseACHIEVEMENTS notice, win, blink, find,reach–instantaneous accomplishments–*John dies for an hour, *John wins for anhour, *John stopped reaching New YorkStativeTelic Dynamic-Durative Activity- Accomplish mentAchieveme nt -E.g.know,havewalk,paintdestroy,buildnotice,win
Different types of tense systemsacross languages Using verbal inflection:–Languages with a two-way contrast: –English: Past (before the moment of speaking) vs. Nonpastpast -ed:She worked hard.nonpast (unmarked): We admire her. I will leave tomorrow.Dyirbal (Australian language): Future vs. nonfuture:future -ñ:bani-ñ‘will come’nofuture -ñu:bani-ñu‘came, is coming’Languages with a three-way distinction: Catalan, Lithuanian: Past vs. Present vs. Future(Cat.)past:treball-à.(Lit.)Dirb-au.present: treball-a.Dirb-u.future: treball-arà.Dirb-siu.‘I worked’‘I work’‘I will work’
Different types of tense systemsacross languages A much richer distinction:– ChiBemba (Bantu language):For past: Remote past (before yesterday)Removed past (yesterday)Near past (earlier today)Immediate past (just léé-bombaBa-kà-bombaBa-ká-bomba‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’‘they’ll work’For future: Immediate future (very soon)Near future (later today)Removed future (tomorrow)Remote future (after tomorrow)
Aspect Internal temporal organization of the situation described byan event. Most common:– Perfective: Situation viewed as a bounded whole.– Imperfective: Looking inside the temporal boundaries of thesituation. Habitual Progressive Other related aspectual distinctions:– Iterative: The action is repeated.– Inceptive: The action is began.– Inchoative: Entering into a state.
Different types of aspect systemsacross languages Some languages use auxiliaries and particles associated withthe verb:English:– Perfective: have Past Participle– Progressive: be Present Participle– Habitual:use to Base formCatalan:– Habitual:soler InfinitiveSol parlar.Solia cantar.– Iterative:I have eaten.I am eating.I used to sing.‘She generally talks.’‘She used to talk’anar(past) (‘to go’) Present PartVatornant ‘She keeps coming back’gopast coming back
Different types of aspect systemsacross languages Other languages use a derivational component:Russian: by means of a system of verbal prefixes– Imperfective: simple verbsJa ˇcitál– Perfective: prefixed verbsJa proˇcitál‘I was reading’‘I (did) read’Finnish: by means of the case of the object– Perfective:Hän luki kirjan(acc.) ‘He read the book’– Imperfective: Hän luki kirjaa(part.) ‘He was reading the book’.Basic meaning: only part of the object being referred to is affected bythe situation.
Tense and Aspect Aspect and Tense generally cross-classify:– Russian: Present:– Only imperfective: ˇcitáju Past:– Imperfective:Ja ˇcitál– Perfective:Ja proˇcitál Future:– Imperfective:?– Perfective:Ja proˇcitáju‘I read’‘I was reading’‘I (did) read’‘I shall read’
Tense and Aspect– Basque: Present:– Imperfect (Gerund Present tense auxiliary)– Perfect (Past Participle Present tense aux.)it’ekartzen duekarri du‘he is bringing it’‘he has brought Past:– Imperfect (Gerund Past tense aux.) ekartzen zuen ‘he brought, used tobring’– Perfect (Past Participle Past tense aux.) ekarri zuen ‘he brought, had brought’ Future:– Simple (Future Participle Pres. tense aux.)ekarriko du‘he will bring it’– Past Future (Future Participle Past tense aux.) ekarriko zuen ‘he would bring’
An interesting case Tense and Aspect in 2 different creoles, evolvedindependently from each other:Base Form(he walks, he walked)Progressivehe is walking, he was walkingPerfectivehe has walked, he had walkedPerfective Progressive(he has/had been walking)Irreal(he would walk, he will walk)Irreal Progressive(he would/will be walking)Irreal Perfective(he would/will have walked)Irreal perfective Progressivehe would/will have beenwalkingHawaiian CreoleHe walkHaitian CreoleLi machéHe stay walkL’ap maché(Li ap maché)Li té machéHe bin walkHe bin stay walkHe go walkHe go stay walkLi t’ap maché(Li té ap maché)L’av machéL’av ap maché(Li av ap maché)He bin go walkLi t’av maché(Li té av maché)He bin go stay walk Li t’av ap maché(Li té av maché)
Temporal Logic and Tense/Aspect Brandeis University James Pustejovsky October 17, 2008 CS 112. Tense Grammatical expression of the time of the situation described, relative to some other time (e.g., moment of speech) George a
1 the past tense of write _ 2 the past tense of begin _ 6 last year he _ football 7 the past tense of watch _ 10 the past tense of rain _ 12 the past tense of eat _ 13 the past tense of stand _ 14 the past tense
Words for Za and Zthe [ and alphabet 27 Pronouns (I, you, he, she.) 28 Regular PRESENT TENSE 29 Irregular PRESENT TENSE 30-31 Question words 31 GUSTAR 32 VERBS Infinitive (Useful structures) 33-35 Regular PRETERITE TENSE 36 Irregular PRETERITE TENSE 37 The IMPERFECT TENSE 38 Regular FUTURE TENSE 39
Simple present tense vs. present 7 continuous tense Grammar Station 1. We (wash / are washing) our socks every week. 2. Mum (folds / is folding) the clothes now. 3. Uncle Ted (goes / is going) to church on Sundays. Simple present tense Present continuous tense To talk about habits and truths Signal words: every She reads books every evening.
Perfect Tense in French The perfect tense in French is called the Passé Composé . Perfect Tense in French The perfect tense in French is also formed using the present tense of avoir (to have) and the past participle of
continious tense. From those tense, some students find some difficulties in understanding simple past tense. To understand simple past tense is not easy especially in indonesian students because the translation of these tenses have no differences in indonesian. According to Baker in (Jabbary, 2013) Tense is a grammatical category which involves
3.2 Tense and aspect in English The English language has two tenses, present and past. According to Denison (2013), the past tense and the present tense are the verb tenses used to indicate the time period. There are no future tense forms of English verbs. The future tense is formed through use of ‘wil
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