Print Management At “Mega-scale”: A Regional Perspective .
Print Management at “Mega-scale”:A Regional Perspective on Print BookCollections in North AmericaBrian LavoieResearch ScientistConstance MalpasProgram OfficerJD ShipengroverSenior Web & User Interface DesignerOCLC ResearchA publication of OCLC Research
Print Management at “Mega-scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections inNorth AmericaBrian Lavoie, Constance Malpas, and JD Shipengrover, for OCLC Research 2012 OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.Reuse of this document is permitted as long as it is consistent with the terms of the CreativeCommons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 (USA) license by-nc-sa/3.0/.July 2012OCLC ResearchDublin, Ohio 43017 USAwww.oclc.orgISBN: 1-55653-450-7 (13-digit) 978-1-55653-450-8OCLC (WorldCat): 799083301Please direct correspondence to:Brian LavoieResearch Scientistlavoie@oclc.orgSuggested citation:Lavoie, Brian, Constance Malpas and JD Shipengrover. 2012. Print Management at “Megascale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North America. Dublin, Ohio:OCLC Research. 2012/2012-05.pdf.
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaContentsAcknowledgements . 6Introduction . 7Context . 8A Framework for Models of Print Consolidation . 10Mega-regions: A Framework for Consolidation . 14Some Definitions . 18The North American and Mega-regional Print Book Collections . 19Stylized Facts . 24Key Implications . 46Conclusions . 56References . y/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 3
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaTablesTable 1. North American print book collection in WorldCat . 19Table 2. Holdings to publications ratio, by regional collection. 22Table 3. Regional coverage of the North American print book collection . 23Table 4. Regional overlap of top 250 most frequently occurring topical subject headingswith North American print book collection . 34Table 5. Cumulative coverage of the North American print book collection . 40Table 6. HathiTrust coverage of regional print book collections . y/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 4
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaFiguresFigure 1. A framework for print collection consolidation . 11Figure 2. Mega-regions of North America . 16Figure 3. Two distinct publications of the same work by Stephen Foster. . 18Figure 4. Sizes of the North American mega-regional print book collections. (Circles are scaledto reflect the number of print book publications in each regional collection.) . 21Figure 5. Print books as percent of total holdings, by mega-region . 26Figure 6. Share of regional print book holdings, by institution type . 27Figure 7. Share of ARLs in academic print book holdings, by region . 28Figure 8. “Rareness” at the intra-region and inter-region levels . 31Figure 9. Global diversity in regional collections . 32Figure 10: Uniqueness and global diversity as percentages of regional collections . 36Figure 11. Bi-lateral overlap with the BOS-WASH collection, by region . 38Figure 12. PHOENIX, DENVER, and SO-FLO overlap with other regional collections . 39Figure 13. Top five concentrations of print book holdings outside the mega-regions, USand Canada . y/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 5
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaAcknowledgementsWe wish to thank Michelle Alexopoulos, Ivy Anderson, James Bunnelle, Lorcan Dempsey, DavidLewis, Rick Lugg, Lars Meyer, Roger Schonfeld, Emily Stambaugh, and Thomas Teper for theirthoughtful comments on a draft version of this report; their feedback was immensely helpfulin improving the final version. We also thank Michelle Alexopoulos for her aid in obtaining theZIP/postal code data used to construct the mega-regional collections analyzed in the report.We owe debts of gratitude to several OCLC colleagues: Bruce Washburn, for his assistance inproducing the HathiTrust overlap findings; and Lorcan Dempsey, to whom the credit belongsfor perceiving the mega-regions framework as a valuable context for exploring library data,and who encouraged us to find application for the framework in our rary/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 6
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaIntroductionThe future of print book collections has received much attention, as libraries considerstrategies to manage down print while transitioning to digital alternatives. The opportunityfor collaboration is a recurring theme in these discussions. The OCLC Research report Cloudsourcing Research Collections: Managing Print in the Mass-digitized Library Environment(Malpas 2011) considers the prospects for shifting the locus of print book management modelsfrom local collections to regionally-consolidated shared collections, and concludes that whilethe necessary policy and technical infrastructures have yet to be developed, a “system-widereorganization of collections and services that maximize the business value of print as acooperative resource is both feasible and capable of producing great benefit to the academiclibrary community” (p. 64).As the Cloud-sourcing report acknowledges, much work remains to be done before a system ofconsolidated regional print collections becomes a reality. Nevertheless, it is interesting tospeculate on an imagined future where such a system has materialized. A key question is thenature of the consolidated regional collections themselves—what would they look like? Howsimilar or dissimilar would they be? Taken together, would the regional collections constitutea system of similar print book aggregations duplicated in different geographical regions, orwould each collection represent a relatively unique component of the broader, system-wideprint book corpus? These and other questions are relevant to a variety of broader issues,including mass digitization, resource sharing, and preservation.The answers depend on how the collections are consolidated, or in other words, how theregions are defined. Several regional models for shared print book storage facilities are inevidence today. For example, the Five College Library Depository is shared by Amherst,Hampshire, Mount Holyoke, and Smith Colleges, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.All of these institutions are clustered in the Connecticut River Valley in westernMassachusetts. On a larger scale, the Northern and Southern Regional Library Facilitiesprovide book storage capacity for the northern and southern campuses, respectively, of theUniversity of California system. And on an even larger scale, the Western Regional StorageTrust (WEST) project proposes a distributed print repository service serving research librariesin the western United ibrary/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 7
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaInvestigating the characteristics of a system of regionally-consolidated shared print bookcollections requires two elements: a model of regional consolidation, and data to supportanalysis of collections within that framework. This paper employs the mega-regionsframework for the first and the WorldCat bibliographic database for the second. Mega-regionsare geographical regions defined on the basis of economic integration and other forms ofinterdependence. The mega-regions framework has the benefit of basing consolidation on asubstantive underpinning of shared traditions, mutual interests, and the needs of anoverlapping constituency.This report explores a counterfactual scenario where local US and Canadian print bookcollections are consolidated into regional shared collections based on the mega-regionsframework. We begin by briefly reviewing the conclusions from the Cloud-sourcing report,and then present a simple framework that organizes the landscape of print book collectionconsolidation models and distinguishes the basic assumptions underpinning the Cloud-sourcingreport and the present report. We then introduce the mega-regions framework, and useWorldCat data to construct twelve mega-regional consolidated print book collections. Analysisof the regional collections is synthesized into a set of stylized facts describing their salientcharacteristics, as well as key cross-regional relationships among the collections. The stylizedfacts motivate a number of key implications regarding access, management, preservation,and other topics considered in the context of a network of regionally consolidated print bookcollections.ContextThe analysis in this paper builds upon findings from the Cloud-sourcing report, which wasmotivated by a growing concern within the academic library community about the perceiveddecline in use (measured by circulation) of print collections, as well as the anticipated shifttoward use of, not to say preference for, digital surrogates produced through massdigitization programs. The report addressed these issues by investigating the overlap acrossprint book collections in US academic libraries and the growing corpus of digitized books.Given that few (if any) library directors would withdraw a local print book collection in favorof digital surrogates without a guarantee of continued access to print originals, and in view ofthe cost-efficiencies of shared library storage, the report also measured the level ofduplication between digitized books and physical inventory in existing shared repositories.Several key findings emerged from this investigation. First, a significant share of the printbook collections in Association of Research Libraries (ARL) institutions is duplicated in theHathiTrust Digital Library digitized book corpus; moreover, the rate of duplication brary/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 8
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North Americaa steady growth over a twelve-month period. The median level of duplication 1 was about19 percent in June 2009, and exceeded 30 percent a year later. Estimates projected themedian overlap with HathiTrust to reach 36 percent by June 2011. 2 While this analysis doesnot take into account issues concerning the substitutability of digital surrogates for printoriginals, it does demonstrate that the content in HathiTrust substantially duplicates—by asmuch as a third or more—the print content managed at much greater expense in local ARLprint collections.Another finding was that the locally-held print content duplicated in the HathiTrust library istypically held by many libraries. In other words, much of this content is neither obviously “atrisk” from a preservation point of view, nor in short supply from a fulfillment perspective.Consequently, the operational concerns associated with shifting print management and accessoperations to a trusted partner are relatively modest. Once an acceptable digital access anduse platform emerges, many academic institutions will likely seek to externalize or“outsource” their traditional print repository functions to other providers. A risk inherent in alarge-scale transformation of the system-wide print book collection is that a disorderlytransition from local to group management may exacerbate disparities in access and evenjeopardize the preservation of distinctive print resources. A prime motivation for the presentstudy was a concern that a reconfiguration of print books held by a relatively small number ofinstitutions could have a dramatic effect on the library system as a whole.The Cloud-sourcing report found a high level of overlap (about 75 percent) between theholdings of HathiTrust and a sample of holdings from the aggregate inventory of several largescale shared print storage repositories. However, the overlap between an individual ARLuniversity library, the sample print storage inventory, and the HathiTrust collection wassurprisingly low, suggesting that bi-lateral agreements between individual institutions andstorage repositories were unlikely to generate the kind of space and cost savings that librarydirectors (or university administrators) are likely to seek in an outsourcing arrangement. Thereport considered two potential solutions to this problem. First, a cooperative agreementamong existing large-scale library storage facilities might prove to be more effective in termsof collective preservation and on-demand fulfillment. Alternatively, individual storagefacilities might choose to adopt a collection development policy that would be optimized fora shared print service, by deliberately accessioning resources that would be of value to manyinstitutions in the region.1. Comparing discrete publications in HathiTrust against print book holdings in individual ARL libraries.2. Subsequent analysis confirmed this projection. The slowed growth in overlap between 2010 and 2011 is partlyexplained by the evolving composition of the HathiTrust partnership and collection. The overlap will continue tofluctuate as a result of changing content contribution patterns (which affect the composition of the aggregatedcorpus), and changes in library acquisition trends (which alter the baseline against which overlap is ons/library/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 9
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North AmericaThe solutions explored in the Cloud-sourcing report focus on print collections held inacademic research libraries and assume physical consolidation of individual print collectionsinto an above-the-institution aggregation. This paper takes an alternative approach, based ona broader view of library print collections—including those held in public libraries—andassumes that local print collections remain local, but are virtually consolidated at theregional level. The next section places this in the larger context of potential printconsolidation models.A Framework for Models of Print ConsolidationFor the purposes of this report, print consolidation refers to any strategy undertaken by agroup of institutions to achieve a mutual purpose by imposing some degree of integrationacross their local print collections. This definition is admittedly vague, because as will beseen, its two key components—“mutual purpose” and “degree of integration”—can bemanifested in multiple ways. However, the definition is useful because it identifies the twofundamental dimensions along which any model of print consolidation can be characterized:why and how print collections are being consolidated.Each dimension can be characterized in numerous ways, but to keep the discussion tractable,we will focus on two facets within each dimension. In terms of the first dimension (why printcollections are consolidated), we identify two general goals or objectives. First, consolidationof print collections could be motivated by the desire to create a shared back-up collection ofprint originals, with end-users relying primarily or even exclusively on digitized surrogates foraccess. 3 Alternatively, the consolidated collection could serve as a shared resource for use,with the aggregated print book holdings of multiple institutions leveraged over a wider baseof potential users.In terms of the second dimension (how print collections are consolidated), we consider twogeneral strategies for achieving consolidation. First, local collections can be physicallycombined into a single shared collection and housed at a centralized repository (or limitednetwork of shared repositories). Alternatively, consolidation can be achieved virtually,where local print collections remain in the custody of their respective institutions, but are3. This strategy was examined at length for the journal literature in an analysis conducted by Ithaka S R(Schonfeld brary/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 10
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North Americalinked through a layer of services, such as a shared discovery environment and fulfillmentsystem. 4Combining these two dimensions yields a simple framework (see figure 1) that serves the dualpurpose of providing a high-level mapping of the print consolidation landscape, and orientingthe analysis in this report within the spectrum of potential print consolidation models.Lavoie, Malpas & Shipengrover for OCLC Research. 2012.Figure 1. A framework for print collection consolidationThe framework identifies four basic models of print consolidation: Hub model: shared use of print materials is achieved through some form of physicalconsolidation of local collections. Flow model: shared use of print materials is achieved through some form of virtualintegration across local collections.4. The present study does not address the relative preservation benefits of physical or virtual consolidation of printcollections (Maniatis et al. 2005). More recently, Paul Conway and colleagues have examined a variety of utilitybased metrics for assessing the quality of digital surrogates as a replacement for print materials (Conway brary/2012/2012-05.pdfLavoie, Malpas and Shipengrover for OCLC ResearchJuly 2012Page 11
Print Management at “Mega-Scale”: A Regional Perspective on Print Book Collections in North America Stock model: shared back-up of print originals is achieved through a centralizedconsolidation of print materials into a shared repository. Distributed model: shared back-up of print originals is achieved through a virtualcollection distributed across, and
Lavoie, Brian, Constance Malpas and JD Shipengrover. 2012. Print Management at “Mega- scale”: A Regional Perspect
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