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TENTWritten as per the latest textbook prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of TextbookProduction and Curriculum Research, Pune.PERFECTPHYSICSNStd. XI Sci.COSalient Features Written as per the new textbook Subtopic-wise segregation for powerful concept building Complete coverage of Textual Exercise Questions, Intext Questions, Activities and TextualExamples (numericals illustrated in textbook)Extensive coverage of New Type of Questions ‘Solved Examples’ offer complete numerical solution ‘Apply Your Knowledge’ section for application of concepts‘Quick Review’ facilitates quick revision‘Important Formulae’ at the end of every chapter compiles all formulae‘Competitive Corner’ presents questions from prominent competitive examinationsReading Between the Lines, Enrich Your Knowledge, Gyan Guru, Connections, NCERT CornerM PLE are designed to impart holistic educationVideo links provided via QR codes for boosting conceptual retentionSA Printed at: India Printing Works, Mumbai Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanicalincluding photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022TEID: 13661P.O. No. 191274

PREFACE“Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” - Albert Einstein.ONTENTHaving this vision in mind we have created “Perfect Physics: Std. XI” as per the new textbook of MaharashtraState board. It focuses on not just preparing students from examination point of view but also equipping themto understand and appreciate the beauty of Physics as a subject.Every chapter, segregated subtopic-wise, encompasses all textual content in the format of Question-Answers.Textual Exercise questions, Intext questions, ‘Can you tell’, ‘Can you recall’, ‘Try this’ and ‘Activity’ areplaced aptly amongst various additional questions in accordance with the flow of subtopic. To offer studentsbetter understanding of the concept discussed in question, ‘Reading between the lines’ (not a part of theanswer) has been provided as deemed necessary. Numericals along with their step-wise solutions are coveredunder heading of Solved Examples at the end of each subtopic. Quick Review has been provided to map thechapter effectively in students’ minds. Formulae covered in the chapter are compiled together as ImportantFormulae at the end of the chapter. Exercise and MCQ sections are added to enable students assess theirrange of preparation and knowledge of each topic. NCERT Corner and Notes are introduced to coveradditional bits of relevant information on each topic as seemed required.While ensuring complete coverage of the syllabus in an effortless and easy to grasp format, emphasis is alsogiven on active learning. To achieve this, we have infused several key features such as, Gyan Guru, Enrich YourKnowledge, Connections, Additional information and QR Codes. Also, additional sections such as Apply YourKnowledge and Competitive Corner pave the way for a robust concept building.The following screenshots will walk you through the core features of this book and elucidate how they have beencarefully designed to maximize the student learning.CGG - Gyan GuruPLEA slingshot is a devicenormally used as a toy bychildren. It makes use of theelastic property of rubber tohit the desired target like afruit or a bird etc.SAMEnrich Your Knowledge presentsfascinating information about theconcept covered.This is our attempt to create interest inthe students about the concept.ConnectionsFor points (ii) and (iv)In chapter 3, you have studied about angularvelocity ( ) and centripetal force.Gyan Guru illustrates real lifeapplications or examples related to theconcept discussed.This is our attempt to link learning to thelife.Enrich Your KnowledgeSince sizes of degrees on the Celsius scale and theAbsolute scale are identical, any one of the scales canbe used for temperature difference.Connections enable students tointerlink concepts covered in differentchapters.This is our attempt to encouragestudents to appreciate the subject as awhole.

Reading between the linesReading between the lines provideelaboration of concept or missingfragments of concept.This is our attempt to explain theconcept without deforming the length ofexpected answer.Explanation for (vi) : TENTR R x ˆi R y ˆj R z kˆ and Q Q x ˆi Q y ˆj Q z kˆNCERT CornerNCERT Corner covers additionalinformation from NCERT textbookrelevant to topic.This is our attempt to bridge the gapbetween NCERT and State Board textbook,thereby benefitting students in theirpreparation of National level competitiveexaminations.21V0NBarrier potential under reverse bias[Note: Students can scan the adjacent QR codeto get conceptual clarity about resolution ofvectors with the aid of a linked video.]COQR code provides access to a video inorder to boost understanding of aconcept or activity.This is our attempt to facilitate learningwith visual aids. Let two vectors R and Q are represented inmagnitude by,Apply Your KnowledgePLEQ.109. The Mariana trench is located in the PacificOcean and at one place it is nearly 11 km beneaththe surface of water. The water pressure at thebottom of the trench is about 1.1 108 Pa. A steelball of initial volume 0.32 m3 is dropped into theocean and falls to the bottom of the trench.SAMQuick review includes tables/ flow chartto summarize the key points in chapter.This is our attempt to help students toreinforce key concepts.2. Qsin Commutative law of vector addition: Steady stateis achieved due toTemperature gradientImportant FormulaeDirection of resultant vector: Quick ReviewThermal conductivity tan 1 P Qcos 3.Apply Your Knowledge includeschallenging questions.This is our attempt to take students onestep further and challenge theirconceptual understanding. P Q Q PImportant Formulae includes all of thekey formulae in the chapter.This is our attempt to offer students toolsof formulae handy while solvingproblems and last minute revision at aglance.

Exercise2.2Vector Analysis1.Ans:2.Ans:Distinguish between scalars and vectors.Refer Q. 2Define the term negative vectors.Refer Q. 5 (iii)Competitive Corner4.Competitive Corner presents questionsfrom prominent competitive examsbased entirely on the syllabus covered inthe chapter.This is our attempt to give competitiveedge to the students.A unit vector is represented as 0.8 ˆi bjˆ 0.4kˆ .Hence the value of ‘b’ must be[MHT CET subtopic-wiseadditional questions, problems andMCQs.This is our attempt to provide additionalpractice to students to gauge sting information covered intextbook.This is our attempt to highlight theadditional information sprinkled in thechapter.COAdditional InformationAccording to the world health organization abillion young people could be at risk of hearingloss due to unsafe listening practices. Amongteenagers and young adults aged 12-35 years(i) about 50% are exposed to unsafe levels ofPLEThe journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve nearlymissed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.orgA book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.Best of luck to all the aspirants!From,PublisherSAMEdition: FirstDisclaimerThis reference book is transformative work based on textbook Physics; First edition: 2019 published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of TextbookProduction and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book which constitutes as fair use of textual contents whichare transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students to understand, memorize and reproduce the same inexaminations.This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers shall not beresponsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of any third party onthe point of view expressed in the reference book. reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material forthe benefit of students.

CONTENTSChapter No.Chapter NamePage No.Units and Measurements12Mathematical Methods3Motion in a Plane4Laws of Motion5Gravitation6Mechanical Properties of Solids7Thermal Properties of Matter8Sound9Optics10Electrostatics11Electric Current Through Conductors38212Magnetism41413Electromagnetic Waves and Communication SANote: 1.195227274304350* mark represents Textual question.2.# mark represents Intext question.3. mark represents Textual examples.4. symbol represents textual questions that need external referencefor an answer.

Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physics1Units and MeasurementsIntroductionSystem of UnitsMeasurement of LengthMeasurement of MassMeasurement of Time1.6 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis1.7 Accuracy, Precision and Uncertainty inMeasurements1.8 Errors in Measurements1.9 Significant Figures1.1 IntroductionCOPhysics is the branch of science which dealswith the study of nature and natural phenomena.It is a quantitative science where variousphysical quantities are measured.A quantity which can be measured and withthe help of which, various physical happenings canbe explained and expressed in the form of laws, iscalled a physical quantity.Examples: length, mass, time, force etc.Q.3. Can you recall? (Textbook page no. 1)i.What is a unit?ii.Which units have you used in thelaboratory for ch system of units have you used?Ans:i.The standard measure of any quantity is calledthe unit of that quantity.ii.PhysicalLength Mass Time TemperaturequantityN1.11.21.31.41.5TENTContents and ConceptsSAMPLEQ.1. What is a measurement? How is measuredquantity expressed?Ans:i.A measurement is a comparison withinternationally accepted standard measuringunit.ii.The measured quantity (M) is expressed interms of a number (n) followed by acorresponding unit (u) i.e., M nu.Example:Length of a wire when expressed as 2 m, itmeans value of length is 2 in the unit of m(metre).Q.2. State true or false. If false correct thestatement and rewrite.Different quantities are measured in differentunits.Ans: True.[Note: Choice of unit depends upon its suitability formeasuring the magnitude of a physical quantityunder consideration. Hence, we choose differentscales for same physical ram, secondskilog- minutesramDegreecelsiusdegreefahrenheitMKS or SI system is used mostly. At times,even CGS system is used.System of UnitsQ.4. Describe briefly different types of systemsof units.Ans: System of units are classified mainly into fourtypes:i.C.G.S. system:It stands for Centimetre-Gram-Second system.In this system, length, mass and time aremeasured in centimetre, gram and secondrespectively.ii.M.K.S. system:It stands for Metre-Kilogram-Second system.In this system, length, mass and time aremeasured in metre, kilogram and secondrespectively.1

Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physicsiv.F.P.S. system:It stands for Foot-Pound-Second system. In thissystem, length, mass and time are measured infoot, pound and second respectively.S.I. system:It stands for System International. This systemhas replaced all other systems mentionedabove. It has been internationally accepted andis being used all over world. As the SI unitsuse decimal system, conversion within thesystem is very simple and convenient.Q.7. State and describe the two supplementaryunits.Ans: The two supplementary units are:i.Plane angle (d ):a.The ratio of length of arc (ds) of ancircle to the radius (r) of the circle iscalled as Plane angle (d )dsi.e., d rrdsd OTENTiii.Enrich Your Knowledgeb.ii.COQ.5. What are fundamental quantities?State two examples of fundamentalquantities. Write their S.I. and C.G.S. units.Ans: Fundamental quantities:The physical quantities which do not dependon any other physical quantity for theirmeasurements i.e., they can be directlymeasured are called fundamental quantities.Examples: mass, length etc.NThe three systems namely CGS, MKS and FPSwere used extensively till recently. In 1971, the14th International general conference onweights and measures recommended the use of‘International system’ of units.Thus, d is angle subtended by the arcat the centre of the circle.c.Unit: radian (rad)d.Denoted as ce.Length of arc of circle Circumferenceof circle 2 r. plane angle subtended by entire circle at2πr 2 cits centre is rSolid angle (d ):a.solid angle is 3-dimensional analogue ofplane angle.b.Solid angle is defined as area of aportion of surface of a sphere to thesquare of radius of the sphere.S.I. unitC.G.S. unitPLEFundamentalquantitiesMassLengthkilogram (kg)metre (m)MSA22SI nKmolecandelamolcddAr2rgram (g)centimetre(cm)Q.6. What are fundamental units? State the S.I.units of seven fundamental quantities.Ans: Fundamental units:The units used to measure fundamentalquantities are called fundamental units.S.I. Units of fundamental ic currentThermo dynamicTemperatureAmount of substanceLuminous intensityi.e., d Oc.d.e. d dAUnit: Steradian (sr)Denoted as ( )Surface area of sphere 4 r2solid angle subtended by entire sphere at4πr2its centre is 2 4 srrQ.8. Derive the relation between radian anddegree. Also find out 1 and 1 in terms oftheir respective values in radian.Ans: We know that,2 c 360 c 180 180180 1c 57.296 π 3.1416π 3.1416 Similarly, 1 180180 1.745 10 2 rad

Chapter 1: Units and Measurements[Note: Students can scan the adjacentQR code to get conceptual clarity aboutdegree and radian with the aid of alinked video.]FormulaUnit of displacementUnit of ocityCOQ.9. What are derived quantities and derivedunits? State two examples. State thecorresponding S.I. and C.G.S. units of theexamples.Ans:i.Derived quantities:Physical quantities other than fundamentalquantities which depend on one or morefundamental quantities for their measurementsare called derived quantities.ii.Derived units:The units of derived quantities which areexpressed in terms of fundamental units fortheir measurements are called derived units.iii.Examples and units:AccelerationUnit of velocityUnit of timem/s2cm/s2MomentumUnit of mass Unit of velocitykg m/sgcm/sMQ.10. Classify the following quantities intofundamental and derived quantities:Length, Velocity, Area, Electric current,Acceleration, Time, Force, Momentum,Energy, Temperature, Mass, Pressure,Magnetic induction, Density.Ans: Fundamental Quantities: Length, Electriccurrent, Time, Temperature, Mass.DerivedQuantities:Velocity,Area,Acceleration, Force, Momentum, Energy,Pressure, Magnetic induction, nsteradianhertzsquare metreteslavoltcoulombfaradQ.12. List the conventions followed while using SIunits.Ans: Following conventions should be followedwhile writing S.I. units of physicalquantities:i.Unit of every physical quantity should berepresented by its symbol.ii.Full name of a unit always starts with smallerletter even if it is named after a person,eg.: 1 newton, 1 joule, etc. But symbol for unitnamed after a person should be in capitalletter, eg.: N after scientist Newton, J afterscientist Joule, etc.iii.Symbols for units do not take plural form.iv.Symbols for units do not contain any full stopsat the end of recommended letter.v.The units of physical quantities in numeratorand denominator should be written as oneratio. For example the SI unit of accelerationis m/s2 or m s–2 but not m/s/s.vi.Use of combination of units and symbols forunits is avoided when physical quantity isexpressed by combination of two. Forexample, The unit J/kg K is correct whilejoule/kg K is not correct.vii. A prefix symbol is used before the symbol ofthe unit.a.Prefix symbol and symbol of unitconstitute a new symbol for the unitwhich can be raised to a positive ornegative power of 10.For example,1 ms 1 millisecond 10–3 s1 μs 1 microsecond 10–6 s1 ns 1 nanosecond 10–9 sb.Use of double prefixes is avoided whensingle prefix is available10–6 s 1 μs and not 1 mms10–9 s 1 ns and not 1 mμsviii. Space or hyphen must be introduced whileindicating multiplication of two units e.g., m/sshould be written as m s–1 or m-s–1.TENT FundamentalunitsmetrecandelaamperekelvinmolN Ans:As, 1 60 1.745 10 2 2.908 10 4 rad.1 60As, 1 60 2.908 10 4 4.847 10 6 rad.1 60Q.11. Classifythefollowingunitsintofundamental, supplementary and derivedunits:newton, metre, candela, radian, hertz,square metre, tesla, ampere, kelvin, volt,mol, coulomb, farad, steradian.3

Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physicsd 1.737 10 5 3.84 102 6.43 10–5 sr 8 2Measurement of LengthQ.15. Define a metre.Ans: The metre is the length of the path travelled bylight in vacuum during a time interval of1/299,792,458 of a second.Q.16. What is parallax?Ans:i.Parallax is defined as the apparent change inposition of an object due to a change inposition of an observer.ii.Explanation: When a pencil is held in front ofour eyes and we look at it once with our left eyeclosed and then with our right eye closed,pencil appears to move against the background.This effect is called parallax effect.Q.17. What is parallax angle?Ans:i.Angle between the two directions along whicha star or planet is viewed at the two points ofobservation is called parallax angle(parallactic angle).SCOAns: Solid angle subtended by moon at Earth is6.43 10–5 sr.[Note: Above answer is obtained substituting valueof as 3.142.]1.3TENT Q.13. What is the solid angle subtended by themoon at any point of the Earth, given thediameter of the moon is 3474 km and itsdistance from the Earth 3.84 108 m?Solution:Given:Diameter (D) 3474 km Radius of moon (R) 1737 km 1.737 106 mDistance from Earth r 3.84 108 mTo find:Solid angle (d )dAFormula:d 2rCalculation: From formula,πR2d 2 .( cross-sectional arearof disc of moon R2)Ans: Solid angle at perihelion distance is2.146 10–13 sr and at aphelion distance is7.798 10–14 sr.NSolved ExamplesSAMPLEQ.14. Pluto has mean diameter of 2,300 km andvery eccentric orbit (oval shaped) aroundthe Sun, with a perihelion (nearest) distanceof 4.4 109 km and an aphelion (farthest)distance of 7.3 109 km. What are therespective solid angles subtended by Plutofrom Earth’s perspective?Assume that Earth’s distance from the Suncan be neglected.Solution:2300kmGiven:Radius of Pluto, R 2 1150 kmPerihelion distance rp 4.4 109 kmAphelion distance ra 7.3 109 kmTo find:Solid angles (d p and d a)dA R 2Formula:d 2 2rrCalculation: From formula, d p 1150 4.4 10 9 2 3.142 1150 D 1150 bii.*Q.18. Star A is farther than star B. Which starwill have a large parallax angle?AAns: A2B 4.4 10 9 23.142 1150 7.3 109 DB9 222 7.798 10–14 srDA B2 7.3 10 DbIt is given by Dwhere, b Separation between two points ofobservation,D Distance of source from any pointof observation. 2.146 10–13 srand d a 4 42 i. b‘b’ is constant for the two stars1 D

Chapter 1: Units and Measurementsii.E1vi. E2The angle between the two directions alongwhich the planet

SAMPLE CONTENT 1 Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Physics Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of nature and natural phenomena. It is a quantitative science where various

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