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STANDARDS & CERTIFICATIONExamples of Use of Codes and Standardsfor Students in Mechanical Engineeringand Other FieldsThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

D E A R ENGINEE RING STUDENT:The articles in this booklet explore different facets of ASME Standards &Certification. ASME Standards & Certification plays an important role in ensuringthe safety of the public and in the standardization of things as common asnuts and bolts. We have selected the articles to draw your attention to someimportant aspects of your professional life and future in the mechanical orrelated engineering field.For an overview of ASME Standards & Certification, see the “Codes andStandards at a Glance” section, which immediately follows the articles.We hope that you find this collection of articles interesting and informative, andthat it provides you with a new window into the field of ASME Standards andCertification. Please let us know what you think at: cs@asme.org.Sincerely,Task Group on ASME Codes and Standards for Mechanical and OtherEngineering StudentsKenneth Balkey, P.E., Consulting Engineer, Westinghouse Electric CompanyDomenic A. Canonico, Ph.D., Canonico & AssociatesAngel Luis Guzman, Project Engineer, ASMEPamela F. Nelson, Professor, UNAMMark Webster, P.E., Vice President Engineering, Pflow Industries, Inc.Steven Weinman, Director, Standardization and Testing, ASMEThis brochure is an update of the previous brochure, which was issued abouta decade ago. The Task Group acknowledges the work of the previous taskgroup of: Gerard G. Lowen, Chair; Guy A. Arlotto; Stuart Brown;Domenic A. Canonico; Ryan L. Crane; John H. Fernandez; Philip M. Gerhart;Halit M. Kosar; Richard Merz and Sam Zamrik.1

ABOUT ASMEASME MissionTo serve our diverse global communities by advancing, disseminating,and applying engineering knowledge for improving the quality of life andcommunicating the excitement of engineering.ASME VisionASME, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, will be the essentialresource for mechanical engineers and other technical professionals throughoutthe world for solutions that benefit humankind.ASME HELPS THE GLOBALENGINEERING COMMUNITYDEVELOP SOLUTIONS TOREAL WORLD CHALLENGESFACING ALL PEOPLE ANDOUR PLANET SME is a not-for-profit membershipAorganization that enables collaboration,knowledge sharing, career enrichment, andskills development across all engineeringdisciplines. Founded in 1880 by a smallgroup of leading industrialists, ASME hasgrown through the decades to includemore than 120,000 members in over140 countries around the globe. Themembership includes a wide diversity oftechnical disciplines who represent allfacets of the technical communities.ASME’s diverse members range from college students and early-careerengineers to project managers, corporate executives, researchers, and academicleaders. ASME serves this wide-ranging technical community through qualityprograms in continuing education, training and professional development,standards and certification, research, conferences and publications, governmentrelations, and other forms of outreach.Many engineers join ASME for career enrichment, lifelong learning, and theopportunity to network with professionals of like-minded interests. Othersbecome active in local sections or in ASME’s administrative structure of boardsand committees, providing leadership and expertise to the Society and theprofession at large.The governance of the Society is the responsibility of member-electedgovernors, who volunteer their vast knowledge and expertise to the organization.The board of governors and other volunteer leaders of ASME work incollaboration with a professional staff to shape the Society’s programs andstrategies and make them available to engineers throughout the world. ASMEadministers its programs through offices and institutes in the United States,Belgium, China and India and through various committees and groups, to ensurethat the myriad technical interests of its members and the global engineeringcommunity are met.2 More information about ASME can be obtained fromhttp://www.asme.org/about-asme

A S T R A T E G I C R OAD MAP GUID E S A SMEASME strategically aligns its programs and initiatives to focus on three mainorganizational priorities — energy, engineering workforce development, andglobal impact — in an effort to provide relevant knowledge-based resources tothe broad spectrum of ASME members and constituents.In energy, ASME is serving as an essential energy technology resource andleading advocate for balanced energy policies. In engineering workforcedevelopment, ASME fosters a broader, competent, vibrant and more diverseengineering workforce, with improved retention in both the profession andASME over all career stages.And in the area of global impact, ASME is committed to delivering locallyrelevant engineering resources to advance public safety and quality of lifearound the world.Among many examples of the Society’s growing outreach in the global arenais Engineering for Change (E4C). E4C is a dynamic community of engineers,technologists, social scientists, NGOs, local governments, and communityadvocates whose mission is to improve people’s lives in communities aroundthe world. E4C features an open, innovative, and user-friendly online platformthat facilitates collaboration and knowledge exchange for the development ofappropriate solutions to issues such as sanitation, access to clean water, energy,transportation food, education and housing. More information about E4C can be obtained fromhttps://www.engineeringforchange.org3

ASME’S ROLE IN THE GLOBALIZATIONOF CODES AND STANDARDSby Donald R. Frikken, P.E., Becht Engineering CompanyMovement to harmonizationof standards requirements hastaken on greater interest ascompanies continue to merge orexpand operations across internationalboundaries, helped by regional tradeagreements such as the North AmericanFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA) andthose established by the European Union(EU), which have facilitated international mergersthrough the lowering of tariffs on imports.The companies involved in these consolidations or expansions are used to sellingto just one market, find themselves selling to global markets. The standards forproducts in these markets are often different, which complicates manufacturingprocedures. Local laws may require the use of a particular standard, yet theselaws are viewed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as technical barriers totrade, and WTO member countries are charged with reducing these and otherbarriers to free global trade.What is the best way for standards-developing organizations like ASME andfor users of standards to find a solution? Possible approaches are to adopt aprevalent standard, to perform a comparison of standards requirements toidentify areas of possible convergence, or to develop an umbrella standard thatreferences other regional and national standards. On new emerging topics ortechnologies, a global consensus standard may possibly be developed fromscratch. ASME is involved in helping promote whichever approach best serves aspecific industry and the users of the applicable ASME standards.ASME standards have changed over the years to include new constructionmaterials, to address new topics, and to incorporate new calculation methods. Asthese changes continue to be introduced, global developments bring even morechange, requiring greater flexibility and adaptation from industry.4

ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS AND MOVING WALKWAYSby Jim Coaker, Coaker & Company, PCA NORMALCONVENIENCE INEVERYDAY LIFEFUNCTIONINGWITHOUT INCIDENTHow many times in the past week have youridden in an elevator, on an escalator, or on amoving walk? These actions are so routine ineveryday life that they happen automaticallyand are too numerous to recall.Behind each mechanism is a web of machinery,power sources, control systems, and redundantsafeguards in both design and operation thatdelivers safe vertical transportation withoutincident. ASME elevator and escalator standards (A17series), consisting of safety codes for elevatorsand escalators (including a code that coversexisting installation requirements), Inspectors’Manuals, and Guidelines covering evacuationand electrical equipment requirements, is oneof the largest areas covered by the Society’scodes and standards program. Elevatorridership in the United States is conservativelyestimated at more than 200 billion passengerrides per year, a figure that makes it easy toappreciate the critical role that codes andstandards play in public safety. Dynamic change defines the world of technicalapplications and ASME’s standards areconstantly updated to keep abreast of changesin technology. Starting with basic designprinciples relating to public safety, these codesand standards establish guidelines andrequirements for equipment design, installation, operation, inspection andmaintenance.Performance-based codes have been developed to provide guidelines andrequirements to allow latest state-of-the art technology, design, and materialsin engineering design of new and renovated elevator systems. Advancements intechnology and updates to codes and standards that support elevator systemshave led to buildings that are ever taller, more efficient, and more resistant tonatural forces helping to sustain the infrastructure of many of our great cities.Even if the end result is invisible — a normal convenience in everyday lifefunctioning without incident — underlying complexities of system applicationpresent stimulation and challenge to the engineering mind. Some professionalsspend their careers in this industry.5

W H A T AR E P E R FOR MAN CE TE ST C O DES?by Philip M. Gerhart, Ph.D., P.E., University of Evansvilleand Samuel J. Korellis, P.E., EPRIPERFORMANCE TESTCODES PROVIDE A“LEVEL PLAYING FIELD”FOR BOTHMANUFACTURERSAND USERS OF THEEQUIPMENT OR SYSTEMSASME Performance Test Codes (PTC)provide rules and procedures for planning,preparing, executing, and reportingperformance tests. A performance test isan engineering evaluation; its resultsindicate how well the equipment performsits functions. erformance test codes originated asP“Power Test Codes” and emphasizedenergy-conversion equipment. The firstASME code was Rules for ConductingBoiler Tests, published in 1884. Today,nearly 45 PTCs are available; they coverindividual components (e.g., steamgenerators, turbines, compressors, heatexchangers), systems (e.g., flue gasdesulfurization, fuel cells), and completeplants (cogeneration plants). In additionto equipment codes, supplementson instruments and apparatus covermeasurement systems (e.g., temperature,pressure, flow) and analytical techniques(uncertainty analysis) common to mostPTC codes.For more than a century, ASME PTC tests have provided results with the highestlevel of accuracy, based on current engineering knowledge and practices,and taking into account the costs of the tests and the value of the informationobtained. All ASME codes are developed using input from a range of parties,who may be interested in the code and/or in the associated equipment orprocess. Codes have the force of a legal document when cited in contracts, asthey frequently are, for determining the method by which equipment performsas guaranteed.PTCs are used by equipment owners, equipment suppliers, and test engineers.ASME PTCs protect users from poorly performing products and enable suppliersto compete fairly by offering reliable products. Performance test codes providea “level playing field” for both manufacturers and users of the equipment orsystems. Purchase specifications are greatly strengthened by citing the resultsof PTC tests. When buying new equipment, purchasers may specify that theequipment guarantee will be based on the results of a specific ASME PTC test.Design engineers consult PTC documents to ensure that proper instrumentconnections will be available. Test engineers install the required instrumentation6

and use the code’s procedures and calculation methods to conduct tests on thenew equipment. Representatives of all parties to the test ensure that the testmethods are in compliance with the code. Finally, the test results are comparedto the performance criteria.Sometimes manufacturers and suppliers want to determine the exactperformance of their equipment to understand the design margins or the effects ofmanufacturing tolerances on performance. In this case, code tests are conductedoutside of any performance guarantees.To ensure that ASME PTCs best serve global industries, existing and additionalproducts and services are always being evaluated. As the preeminent providerof standardized methods for performance testing, monitoring, and analysis ofenergy conversion and industrial processes, systems, and equipment, ASMEcontinues to develop and add new codes.In recent years PTC committees have started working on emerging technologiesearlier (i.e., prior to full commercialization).Some of these areas are: Fuel Cell Power Systems Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Combustion Turbine Inlet Air Conditioning Equipment Concentrating Solar Power Plants Overall Plant Performance with Carbon CaptureBy having a reliable, repeatable performance test code available earlier, we arehelping to facilitate the commercialization of these emerging technologies.7

A LOOK AT THE AS ME BOILE R AND PRESSU REVE S S E L C O D E (BP VC)by Domenic Canonico, Ph.D., Canonico & AssociatesTHE IDEA FOR THEBPVC AROSE IN 1911OUT OF THE NEEDFOR PUBLIC SAF ETY he ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel CodeT(BPVC) is a standard that provides rules forthe design, fabrication and inspection ofboilers and pressure vessels. pressure component designed andAfabricated in accordance with this standardwill have a long, useful service life thatensures the protection of human life andproperty. The BPVC is written by volunteers,who are nominated to its committees basedon their technical expertise and on theirability to contribute to the writing, revising,interpreting and administering of thedocument.F ollowing the invention of the steam enginein the late 18th century, there were thousandsof boiler explosions in the United States andEurope, which resulted in many deaths andlasted throughout the 19th century.T he first Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code(1914 edition) was published in 1915; it wasone book, 114 pages long. Today there are32 books, including thirteen dedicated tothe construction and inspection of nuclearpower plant components and two Code Casebooks. The 2010 edition of the Boiler andPressure Vessel Code is more than 16,000pages. The 32 books are either standards thatprovide the rules for fabricating a componentor they are support documents, such asMaterials (Section II, Parts A through D),Nondestructive Examination (Section V), andWelding and Brazing Qualifications (SectionIX). Code Cases provide rules that permit theuse of materials and alternative methods ofconstruction that are not covered by existingBPVC rules.8

The BPVC is the largest ASME standard,both in size and in the number ofvolunteers involved in its development.At any one time, there are more than950 volunteers serving on one or morecommittees. The fact that the BPVC is acommittee organized and administeredby ASME may give the impressionthat the volunteers are all mechanicalengineers. This is not the case; to writesuch a standard requires a breadth ofknowledge that is not available in any onediscipline. Volunteers on the committeeshave expertise in materials (metallurgicaland materials engineering), structures(civil engineering), physics, chemistry(chemistry and chemical engineering), andother disciplines in addition to mechanicalengineering.MORE THAN 100,000COPIES OF THE BPVCARE IN USE IN 100COUNTRIES AROUNDTHE WORLD, WITHTRANSLATIONS INTO ANUMBER OF LANGUAGESVarious sections of the BPVC have beenadopted into law in all Canadian provincesand all fifty states. More than half of thecompanies certified by ASME Standards &Certification to manufacture pressure partsin accordance with various sectionsof the BPVC are located outside of NorthAmerica.Internationally, the BPVC is recognizedin more than 100 countries. The recordof the BPVC is a testament to its success.The safety record of pressure containingcomponents manufactured in accordancewith the rules of the BPVC is outstanding.The contributions made over the past 100years by thousands of volunteers who haveparticipated in the preparation of the BPVChave made this possible.9

U. S . G O V E R N ME N T USE OF AS MECOD E S A ND STAN D AR DSby David Terao, Nuclear Regulatory CommissionTHE FEDERALREQUIREMENTSGOVERNING THE USEOF ASME CODES ANDSTANDARDS BENEFITASME, THE NRC, ANDMOST IMPORTANTLY,THE PUBLIC n organization wants to construct andAoperate a nuclear power plant; to supplythe reactor steam supply system; to supplyarchitect-engineering services; to supplycomponents (e.g., pressure vessels, piping,pumps, valves); or to supply an entirenuclear power plant design. The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),the federal agency responsible for issuingconstruction permits, operating licenses,or combined (construction and operating)licenses for new nuclear power plants,requires conformance with certain ASMEcodes and standards in its regulations.Therefore, to obtain a license to constructor operate a nuclear power plant, a plantowner and its subcontractors designingand supplying nuclear components mustmeet the requirements of these codes. In the 1980s the federal government’sOffice of Management and Budget (OMB)first issued OMB Circular A-119, whichrequired certain government agenciesto use applicable national consensusstandards, wherever practical, in lieuof developing their own regulations toaccomplish their missions. Also, PublicLaw 104-113, “The National TechnologyTransfer and Advancement Act of 1995,”requires all federal agencies to usetechnical standards that are developedby voluntary consensus standards bodies,such as ASME, as a means to carry outpolicy objectives, where practical. Incomplying with these laws, the NRC incorporates by reference certain industrycodes and standards including Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure VesselCode into its regulations. Section III provides rules for the materials selection,design, fabrication, installation, examination, and testing of nuclear components.It should be emphasized that under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended,the NRC has authority to promulgate regulations governing the design,construction, and operation of commercial nuclear power plants. Generally, theNRC develops and promulgates its own regulations. For its regulation governingthe use of codes and standards, the NRC incorporates by reference into its10

regulations certain consensus standards such as ASME codes. “Incorporationby reference” was established by statute and allows the NRC and other federalagencies to refer to standards already published elsewhere. These standards arethen treated like any other properly issued regulation and have the force of law.To address the safe operation ofnuclear reactors, ASME developedand publishes Section XI, “RulesPHASE TO THE OPERATINGfor Inservice Inspection of NuclearPower Plant Components,” andPHASE, THE NEED FORthe ASME OM Code, “Code forRULES SHIFTS FROM DESIGN Operation and Maintenance ofNuclear Power Plants,” to ensureAND CONSTRUCTION TOthat continued safe operation isINSERVICE INSPECTION AND maintained over the life of the plant.These two codes are also requiredby NRC regulations, making theTESTING OF COMPONENTSperiodic inspection and testingof components and meeting acceptance standards a federal requirement formaintaining a license to continue operation. This gives the NRC and the publica level of confidence that any degradation of the plant during the period ofoperation will be detected early, adequately corrected, and will not reduce safetybelow an acceptable level.FROM THE CONSTRUCTIONIn recent years

power sources, control systems, and redundant safeguards in both design and operation that delivers safe vertical transportation without incident. ASME elevator and escalator standards (A17 series), consisting of safety codes for elevators and escalators (including a code tha

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