Tourism, Nightlife And Violence: A Cross Cultural Analysis .
Tourism, nightlife andviolence: a cross culturalanalysis and preventiverecommendationsAmador CalafatNicole BlayMark BellisKaren HughesAnna KokkeviFernando MendesBarbara CibinPhilipe LazarovLubomira BajcarovaGeorge BoyiadjisMaria Angels DuchMontse JuanCátia C. MagalhàesRosario MendesAndreas PavlakisIoanna SiamouAthanasios StamosSabrina Tripodi
FundingEUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORATE-GENERAL JUSTICEDirectorate B: Criminal JusticeUnit B3: Criminal Justice Support Programme and DaphneProject: JLS/DAP/2007-1/135 30-CE-0227672/00-87 IREFREAI.S.B.N.: 978-84-931947-7-2Depósito Legal: V-168-2011Editor: IREFREARambla, 15, 2º, 3ª07003 Palma de Mallorca (ESPAÑA)info@irefrea.orgwww.irefrea.orgPrint and Layout: MARTÍN IMPRESORES, S.L. · Pintor Jover, 1 · 46013 Valencia
Tourism, nightlife and violence: across cultural analysis and preventiverecommendationsAuthors:Amador CalafatNicole BlayMark BellisKaren HughesAnna KokkeviFernando MendesBarbara CibinPhilipe LazarovLubomira BajcarovaGeorge BoyiadjisMaria Angels DuchMontse JuanCátia C. MagalhàesRosario MendesAndreas PavlakisIoanna SiamouAthanasios StamosSabrina Tripodi
IndexTourism, nightlife and violence: across cultural analysis and preventiverecommendationsPreface. Tourism and violence: the new dynamics of tourism in southern Europe.71. The sociological, economic and cultural importance of tourism. Specificity ofnightlife recreation. 9Tourism as a mass phenomenon 9The new dynamics of tourism in Europe9The late night economy. Tourist industry, tour operators andtourist resorts based on nightlife recreation.910Nightlife recreation as a local, national and international phenomenon.Why do they choose these destinations? The motives of the young tourist.112. Introduction to the problematic aspects of nightlife recreation.13Problems most commonly associated with the nightlife scene.Some additional problems in nightlife-based tourist resorts.13143. Use of alcohol and illegal drugs. 17Consumption and fun. 17Use and abuse. 17Evolution of binge drinking by gender. 18Alcohol and illegal drug use while on holiday.19Differences according to tourist destinations. 19Approach. 204. Violence and nightlife recreation. 23Relationship between violence, consumption and nightlife recreation23Types of violence 23Violence in figures. 24What type of bars/clubs do young people prefer when going out at night?25Perceptions about the holiday resort: do tourists feel safer than at home?26Dealing with the problems. 265
5. Sexuality and nightlife recreation 29Relationship between alcohol and illegal substance use and risk sexuality. Review of the evidence.29The figures: risk sexual behaviours among tourists according to the Daphne studies.30Dealing with the problem. 326. Internet: a window for young tourists3535Do the new communication technologies involve risks?Nightlife recreational destinations from the perspective of Internet.36Implications. 377. Working towards safer nightlife tourism: Recommendations addressedto the social agents involved. 39Recommendations addressed to policy makers at EU levelRecommendations addressed to policy makers at regional and local levels.Recommendations addressed to tour operators.Recommendations addressed to consulates and tourist organizations.Recommendations addressed to the recreational nightlife industry.Recommendations addressed to tourist themselves.3940414142438. Conclusions of the study 45Cooperation between agencies. 47References. 49Appendix: Questionnaire. 536
Tourism and violence: the new dynamics oftourism in southern EuropePrefaceAt first glance, violence and tourism do not seeminappropriate, sometimes vandalistic, aggressiveclosely related. Holidays are that time in whichand frenzied behaviour? This is the question towe get away from our daily routines in searchwhich we try and respond in this report. Over aof fun and rest, somewhere different, spendingperiod of four years (2007-2010) we have collectedleisure time with family and friends, or even alone.data from young tourists visiting the BalearicSo people’s spirits and expectations should beIslands (Spain), as well as other destinations, suchhigh in anticipation of their trip. But why do weas Algarve (Portugal), Venice (Italy), Crete (Greece)frequently hear news about young people dyingor Cyprus.in tourist resorts after falling from the balconiesIn these studies and in others there is a constantof their hotels? Why do we read about fights infactor, which is the abusive consumption of alcohol.discotheques, in which somebody can end upWe know that alcohol is a powerful disinhibitor ofhaving a bottle smashed over their head? Why areexecutive control. This control is exercised in thethe emergency services saturated in some resorts,prefrontal cortex of the brain, telling us what it isespecially in summer, attending to hundreds ofappropriate to do and what it is not, and helpingcases of young people poisoned by alcohol orus to weigh up the consequences and makeother substances? It would seem, indeed, that thedecisions accordingly. In states of intoxicationpanorama is not the idyllic one we might expect.this control disappears. Thus, a large part of suchsomewhatinappropriate behaviours could be attributed to theconjectural, is that the kinds of problems describedabuse of alcohol and drunkenness. But this is onlyabove are caused by the typical behaviour of youngthe first part of the explanation. The next step istourists from central and northern Europe who visitto ask ourselves how these contexts facilitate suchMediterranean resorts. But this cannot be the case:behaviours. In many tourist destinations alcoholicneither is it the majority who behave violently, nordrinks are offered at giveaway prices. Indeed, it isdo they normally behave like that in their countriessometimes as cheap (or as expensive) to buy a beerof origin. What is it, then, that triggers suchas it is to buy a bottle of water. The nightlife scene isAfirstresponse,simpleand7
frequently livened up with images and promotionsproven efficacy. Equally essential is the cooperationwith recreational-sexual content, creating anof the consulates and tourist ministries from theatmosphere of “anything goes”. This strategy cantourists’ country of origin. Without an awareness ofoften be seen in offers from tour operators andthe need for change at an international level andlocal businesses targeting young holidaymakers incommon goals in the medium and long term withparticular. It is hardly surprising, then, that touristsbenefits for all the parties involved, it will be difficultarrive with pre-programmed expectations ofto produce a robust response to this problem.This report sets out, on the one hand, to offer awild parties and a culture of excess, which act asdetailed analysis of the situation, but at the samefacilitators of these inappropriate behaviours.But the health-risk behaviours associated withtime to serve as a resource of concrete and viablethe abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs extendideas and proposals for better practice in all thosebeyond violence to cover, for example, sex-relatedsectors involved in the tourist industry.Webehaviours – promiscuity, sex without condom,haveislands,coasts,seas,cultures,sexual harassment; moreover, being under thegastronomies and climates that are the envy of alleffects of alcohol or other substances makes it moreEurope: so let us take advantage of these resources,likely for one to be the victim of theft, road accidentsand let us all give the Mediterranean the position ofand accidents of other types (e.g., falls). We can see,prestige it deserves, as the beautiful sea on whichthen, a whole range of problems deriving from thisUlysses sailed many centuries ago.holidaymaking style revolving around the nightlifecontext, though naturally it also involves positiveBrief introductory note on thestructure of the chaptersaspects of socialization.Why do we not create the global conditions for thistype of tourism to give way to a more high-qualityThe chapters are grouped thematically, and thekind of tourism, without involving financial lossesmajority of them begin with some introductoryfor the sector? In the countries of origin of theseinformation to put the issue in context, in someyoung tourists, many companies in the nightlifecases with reference to relevant and up-to-dateleisure sector have opted to promote a high-qualityliterature on the topic. Where appropriate (Chapterstype of nightlife recreational context, based on the2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), we include epidemiological datalatest criteria developed in the field. However, it ison the risk behaviours of young tourists in relationnot common for such measures to be applied into their recreational nightlife activity based on theholiday resorts. On the contrary, there seems to besurveys within the TRAVELS, tourism, recreation anda certain reluctance to adopt new measures for fearviolence project, and carried out in the period 2009of losing markets; there is a view that some of theto 2010; we also use some data from the previouschanges mooted would increase costs and lead to astudy (2007-2008) where relevant and illustrative forloss of competitiveness; permissiveness has becomethe section in question. Finally, each chapter closesa selling point. The tourist industry itself will notwith a series of recommendations or descriptionstake the matter seriously until there is a global andof measures already in place or which could besynergic initiative that forces the different groupsintroduced to deal with the problem at hand.involved to seek consensus-based solutions.Such efforts should be supported by a law orby local regulations providing the conditions forachieving standards of quality in our tourism,and by the application of prevention programs of8
1The sociological, economic and culturalimportance of tourism. Specificity ofnightlife recreationTourism as a mass phenomenonexacerbated in recent decades due to increasedcompetition among tourist destinations with similarAt the beginning of the 1960s in Spain and otherclimate and conditions along the MediterraneanMediterranean countries there was a tourist boom.coasts. Emerging locations such as Turkey, Morocco,Having functioned until then on the basis of itsTunisia or Egypt, offering highly competitive prices,primary and secondary sectors, Spain discoveredhave obliged the traditional tourist destinationsthe huge economic and employment potential ofto reformulate their offers and reduce prices eventhe service sector, specifically in the field of tourism.more. This, in combination with the phenomenonThis natural resource started to be exploited, andof low-cost flights, has meant that even for touristsas in other Mediterranean areas, there began thewith low acquisitive power it has become relativelyorganization of a highly seasonal economy based oneasy to visit places with such characteristics. Amongthe supply of tourist services, giving an enormousthese tourists, we naturally find young people.boost to the market.The late night economy. Touristindustry, tour operators andtourist resorts based on nightliferecreationThe new dynamics of tourism inEuropeFrom its origins up to the present day there havebeen changes in the way tourism is promotedand sold. Given the form in which the model wasIndeed, the young population has become aconceived, profit is based on the volume of sales;specific marketing target within this mass tourismput another way, it is a question of offering very lowmodel. A key factor in the promotion of holidaysprices and trying to achieve the maximum possiblefor this sector of the population has been whatnumber of tourists to consume the product, usuallyis called the ‘complementary offer’, consistingsold as a “tourist package”. This situation has beenlargely in an attractive package based around9
nightlife. While some destinations, such as Ibiza,going out at night, as almost the core activity ofhave been paradigmatic within this model, it hasyoung people’s recreational space. The model isbeen extended to other locations, becoming anundoubtedly perverse, since it transmits to theinternational phenomenon. The late 1990s sawyoungsters values associated with freedom andthe emergence of the so-called cream events, runrebelliousness, so that they feel they are definingby a British brand which began to popularize andthis leisure model themselves, when in reality it iscommercialize dance music events (with all thethe model that defines them. Moreover, recreationalassociated paraphernalia) in the internationalnightlife is increasing in intensity in many countriestourist context (Creamfields web site, 2010).–just consider the situation in southern Europe,In this relatively new dynamic, the markets havearound the Mediterranean, where closing times arehad to adapt to selling the demanded product:becoming later and later, and the time devoted toall-night parties, seasoned with plenty of alcohola night out is become more and more prolonged.(and, implicitly, illegal substances), and whoseThere is a strong cultural and instrumentalmarketing has involved ferocious promotions withconnection between recreational life and the usethe inducements of sex and of drinks at low prices.of drugs, and this contributes to the legitimationThe cocktail is a potent one, providing the perfectof their use in recreational contexts (at the samemedium for young tourists to create chaos, fuelledtime as the trivialization of the health risks),by continual drunkenness (sometimes leading toalmost always accompanied by alcohol. Drug usealcoholic comas), and leading to risk behavioursis seen, then, as a facilitator in the rite of passagesuch as jumping impulsively from balconies intofrom everyday life to partying, from a normalswimming pools, sexual promiscuity, sex withoutemotional state to full-on pleasure-tripping.condoms, and so on. All of this will be analyzed inDrugs act as an almost essential element for thisdetail in the following chapters.recreational style, which becomes hegemonicfor young people and adolescents. It is a quickand easy model of fun, in which pleasure isNightlife recreation as a local,national and internationalphenomenonobtained immediately and passively, withouteffort, and conditioned by money. Thus, a largepart of the socialization of many young people isbound up with participation in this recreationalRecreational nightlife is seen today as a conceptcontext, marketed and promoted by the nightlifewith absolute and positive value in all Europeanrecreational industry.societies. Having time and the acquisitive powerIf we focus on young holidaymakers, thingsto enjoy it forms part of the definition of quality ofare no different; indeed, the problems increase,life. Leisure time is lived as something of one’s own,given the abuse of alcohol and the uninhibitedsomething we choose ourselves, as opposed to ourbehaviours typical of the nightlife scene. Touristslife during the rest of the week. Young people, moretend to behave differently from how they usuallythan any other group, experience the weekend,behave at home. This phenomenon, referred toand its nights, as something that is especially theirby some researchers as behavioural inversion,own. This results in demand from a particular sectorcontributes to the suppression of personalof the population, rapidly met by the nightlifelimits at the same time as favouring the abuserecreational industry. The consumption of thisof alcohol and other drugs, with the consequentsupply and the associated marketing helps thehealth-related problems (de Oliveira and Paiva,expansion of the predominant leisure model,2007; Lomba, Apóstolo, and Mendes, 2009).10
their country of origin, an average two-week holidayWhy do they choose thesedestinations? The motives of theyoung touristmight account for a fifth of all the nights they wouldIn the two studies carried out (summers of 2007 andgo out per year in their own country. This is a very2009) it was decided to include an item asking thehigh concentration of nightlife recreational activity,tourists about the reasons for choosing that holidaywith all that that implies.destination. The response options were: price,The data from the survey carried out in summer2009 in five Mediterranean countries show that ifyoung people go out once a week on average inHowever, it should be pointed out thatnightlife, culture, climate, work, and visiting friendsparticipation in nightlife activity is not as intensive,and/or family. In the first survey (2007), carried outnor of the same type, for all the nationalities studied.only in the Balearic Islands (Majorca and Ibiza), theThe highest levels of participation in nightlife wereprincipal motives for choosing the destination werefound among tourists in Majorca, and among“nightlife” in first place, “good weather”, second, andBritish tourists visiting Crete. The following figureat some distance in third place, “price”.illustrates the distribution by countries visited andIn the second study, despite the fact that theby nationalities:sample was much larger (6502 individuals) and fromseveral countries, the results were very similar: inMajorca, Crete and Cyprus, between 60 and 80% ofrespondents reported the nightlife as the principalreason for their choice of destination, followed bythe weather. Venice was an exception, since the mainmotives for visiting are cultural, though the Venetiancase, with its different contextual characteristics, willbe looked at in detail in a later chapter.Attending nightlife frequency during holidays according destinationMajorca Crete Cyprus Algarve Venice11
2Introduction to the problematic aspects ofnightlife recreationProblems most commonlyassociated with the nightlife scenethe bottle in city streets and squares. Such patterns ofmassive alcohol consumption and/or abuse of othersubstances clearly have a series of consequences forthe health of those involved in the nightlife scene.The current model of nightlife recreation is amodel too based on alcohol and illegal substancesIf we consider the principal causes of mortalityas facilitating elements which help the users toamong young people aged 15 to 24, we find thatquickly get into a party mood, to endure manyin the European Union at least 50% of these deathshours dancing or going from one club to another,are the result of road traffic accidents (Zimmermanto lose their inhibitions, and so on. Alcohol, thenand Bauer, 2006). The majority of such accidents for– often accompanied by other substances – is anthis age range occur at weekends, at night or in theinherent part of youngsters’ concept of nightlifeearly hours of the morning, the driver often beingfun. The way young people consume alcohol oftenunder the influence of alcohol or other drugs, chieflyfollows the pattern of binge drinking (defined as thecannabis or cocaine. It could be said, then, that oneconsumption of 5 or more units of alcohol drunkof the significant risks involved in this recreationalsuccessively in a single session), or simply “drinkingmodel is reflected in the night-time accident rate.until you’re drunk”, which largely amounts to theIn a study published in 2009 on young people fromsame thing. In the present study, as we shall see9 different European cities, we found that 37% hadlater in more detail, 71% had got drunk at least onceagreed to travel in a car driven by a friend in a stateduring their holidays. In recent years this form ofof intoxication (through drink and/or drugs), 17%drinking has also become common among women,had themselves driven while drunk, and around 12%traditionally identified as more moderate drinkers. Inhad done so while under the effects of some otherSpain this drinking pattern is exemplified in anotherdrug (Calafat, et al., 2009). Such behaviors are morecontext by the social phen
cross cultural analysis and preventive recommendations Preface. Tourism and violence: the new dynamics of tourism in southern Europe. 7 1. The sociological, economic and cultural importance of tourism. Specificity of nightlife recreation. 9 Tourism as a mass phenomenon 9 The ne
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