Water AnalysisQuality assurance of water
02Metrohm. is the global market leader in titration is the only company to offer a complete range of ion analysis equipment – titration,voltammetry and ion chromatography is a Swiss company and manufactures exclusively in Switzerland grants a 3-year instrument warranty and a 10-year warranty on chemical suppressors forion chromatography provides you with unparalleled application expertise offers you more than 1300 applications free of charge supports you with expert service through local representatives and regional support centers is not listed on the stock exchange, but is owned by a foundation gives the interest of customers and employees priority over maximizing profit
Metrohm – customized water analysisHarmful substances in waterWater is the source and basis of all life. It is essential formetabolism and is our most important foodstuff. As asolvent and transporting agent it carries not only the vitalminerals and nutrients, but also, increasingly, harmfulpollutants, which bioaccumulate in aquatic or terrestrialorganisms. Within the context of quality control and riskassessment there is a need in the water laboratory forcost-effective and fast instruments and methods that candeal with the ever more complex spectrum of harmfulsubstances, the increasing throughput of samples andthe decreasing detection limits.You can count on our supportAs a leading manufacturer of instruments for chemicalanalysis, we are aware of these challenges. For this reason, Metrohm offers you not only the most advancedinstruments, but complete solutions for very specificanalytical issues. Your Metrohm contacts are competentspecialists, who develop customized applications for youand provide you with professional support in all mattersconcerning water analysis.Discover on the following pages what analytical solutionsMetrohm is able to offer the water analysis sector ingeneral and you in particular, to ensure the quality andreliability of your work. Challenge us!03
There is more than we’d like in water .04Thales of Miletus (ca. 625–545 BC), one of the first Greeknatural philosophers and one of the «Seven Wise Men»,considered water as the source of all things, to whicheverything returns. This perception takes on a completely new meaning in view of the 1700 substances, mainlyof anthropogenic origin, that can today be detected inwater. As a source of food and energy, during use inirrigation, as a solvent, cleaning agent or coolant, andalso as a means of transportation and discharge systemfor effluents, water becomes contaminated with fertilizers, pesticides, drugs, hormones, heavy-metal compounds, bodycare and synthetic products. Because of theassociated health risks, the World Health Organization(WHO) has issued guideline values for about 200 substances found in water. These guideline values, togetherwith the hydrogeological conditions of the various countries, form the basis for the setting of country-specificlimits. That is why water is the subject of a host of laws,regulations and standards in most countries.For many of these standards and regulations, Metrohmoffers robust, reliable and very precise analyzers and analytical methods.
Selected standards relating to water analysisThe standards listed below describe the measurement ofconductivity and pH value as well as the determination ofanions and cations in various types of water. Metrohmanalyzers meet all the minimum requirements and limitsset in the respective standards. Whilst some standardsParameterStandardDIN 38404-5EPA 150.1pH valueUSP 791 DIN EN 27888EPA 120.1ConductivityUSP 645 EPA 130.2Total hardnessCa, MgEN ISO 9963DIN 38406-3Alkalinity as CaCO3EPA 310.1Cl–DIN 38405-1––––2Anions, e.g. F , Cl , Br , NO ,NO3–, SO42–, etc.EPA 300.1, Part AEPA 300.1, Part BOxyhalidesEPA 317.0EPA 326.0ASTM D 6581Cations, e.g. Li , Na , K ,NH4 , Mg2 , Ca2 , etc.ASTM D 6919ISO 14911describe simultaneous determination of several analytes(e.g., EPA 300.1), one and the same analyte (e.g., chloride) can also be determined using different analyticaltechniques, depending on the prescribed limit and thesample matrix.MatrixAll types of waterAcid rainDrinking waterSeawaterWastewaterUltrapure water forpharmaceutical useDrinking waterAcid rainDrinking waterSeawaterWastewaterUltrapure water forpharmaceutical useDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterSeawaterWastewaterDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterDrinking waterDrinking waterDrinking waterWastewaterUltrapure waterWastewaterpH valueConductivityAnionsCationsVariousAll types of waterZn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Tl, Ni, CoDIN 38406-16UDIN 38406-17CN–Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe /Fe , CrSample preparation acc.to DIN 38405-13–Cu, Fe, Zn, Co–pH value, conductivity andparameters that can bedetermined by titrationor voltammetryProcess-dependentspecificationsDrinking waterWastewaterDrinking waterGroundwaterRaw waterDrinking waterWastewaterSeawaterBoiler feed waterCooling waterBoiler feed waterCooling waterDrinking waterProcess waterWastewaterIIIIIVIMethodpH measurementpH measurementPage6pH measurementConductivity measurementConductivity measurement7Conductivity itration8Ion chromatography10Ion chromatographyIon chromatographyIon chromatographyIon chromatography10Ion chromatography12Ion chromatographyTitrIC(Titration andIon etry19Voltammetry20Voltammetry21Process analysis2205
pH and conductivity measurement06The pH value is probably the most frequently measuredparameter of aqueous solutions – ranging from mobilemeasurement in drinking water, surface water, groundwater and wastewater through to precise measurementof the pH value of water for pharmaceutical use. Wherever pH values are determined, Metrohm offers the idealsolution for every application.Drinking waterpH determination with 826 pH mobile and827 pH labNo matter whether you are carrying out routine pHmeasurements in the lab or moving from place to place– in neither case do you have to dispense with GLP:three-point calibration, automatic buffer recognition,temperature compensation, sample identification, GLPcompliant printout and a large memory for the measuredvalues – all at an extremely attractive price.pH value, chloride, fluoride and ammonium with780 pH Meter or 781 pH/Ion MeterThe 780 pH Meter is the first choice if you wish to obtainhighly precise results: nine-point calibration, stirrercontrol, electrode test for pH glass electrodes, methodmemory and RS232 interface.In addition to pH measurement, the 781 pH/Ion Meterallows the determination of specific ions (e.g., Cl–, F–,NH4 ) either by direct measurement or by fully automaticstandard addition with a Dosimat.
856 Conductivity Module and 867 pH ModuleThanks to the five-ring measuring cells the new 856Conductivity Module is ideal for measurements in drinking water according to DIN EN 27888 and EPA 120.1.The large range of linearity allows various types of waterto be measured without recalibration. By combining the856 Conductivity Module with the 867 pH Module it iseven possible to measure the conductivity and pH valuesimultaneously in the same vessel.Five-ring conductivity measuring cellsThe main feature of the new five-ring measuring cells istheir large range of linearity (0.005.100 mS/cm). Thismeans it is possible to measure anything from drinkingwater to seawater without any calibration in between.Water for pharmaceutical use(water for injection)ConductivityParticularly strict rules apply to the measurement of theconductivity of water for pharmaceutical use (waterfor injection) according to USP 645 . Apart from thehighest level of precision, all the requirements of the U.S.FDA’s 21 CFR Part 11 must be satisfied. The 856 Conductivity Module, together with the 840 Touch Control,PC Control or tiamoTM (full or multi) guarantees this.Conductivity measuring cell (stainless steel) withPt 1000This measuring cell was developed specifically for watersamples with very low conductivity. The robust and easyto clean stainless-steel device is ideal for conductivityvalues 300 μS/cm and thus for measuring water forpharmaceutical use.pH valueThe 867 pH Module provides all that is needed for measuring the pH value according to USP 791 . With 840 TouchControl, PC Control or tiamoTM (full or multi), intelligentsensors and five-point calibration it meets the requirementsof FDA 21 CFR Part 11. In conjunction with PC Control or840 Touch Control it is possible to carry out an electrodetest. Conductivity and pH value can be measured in thesame vessel if the 856 Conductivity Module is combinedwith the 867 pH Module.07
Titration08Carbonate hardness (temporary hardness,alkalinity or acid binding capacity)Temporary hardness is determined by endpoint titrationwith 0.1 mol/L HCl. The combined pH glass electrodeAquatrode plus was developed specifically for use inaqueous solutions. The rapidly responding membraneglass and the fixed ground-joint diaphragm ensure precise, low-noise measurements and titration results withwaters ranging from ultrapure to water with a high saltcontent.The tiamoTM titration software allows third-party devicesto be incorporated, for example, for turbidity measurements according to DIN EN ISO 7027, or for determiningcolor according to DIN EN ISO 7887.Calcium and magnesiumTotal hardness is determined by complexometric titrationwith Na2EDTA and a calcium-selective electrode. Depending on the concentration ratio between Ca and Mg, adirect distinction can be made between calcium hardnessand magnesium hardness.FluorideFluoride is determined with a fluoride-selective electrode.It is possible to choose between a direct potentiometricdetermination and the standard addition method.ChlorideChloride ions are determined by means of potentiometrictitration with AgNO3 and a combined Ag-ring electrode,the Ag Titrode, following prior pH adjustment with nitricacid. The maintenance-free Ag Titrode uses a pH glassmembrane as reference electrode, which means thatthere are no diaphragm problems and no refilling ofelectrolyte is required.809 Titrando – the allrounder
Fully automated water analyzing systemComprehensive water analysis includes the determination of different sum parameters (e.g., conductivity, pHvalue, alkalinity, hardness) and several individual substances (e.g., ions). Frequently, these parameters – evenin case of a high sample throughput – are sequentiallydetermined on different instruments. This is very timeconsuming and requires repetitive sample preparationsand expensive laboratory space. Why not save time andbenefit from synergy effects by combining Metrohmdevices in a single system that carries out all the mentioned analyses and sample preparations in a single run?MATi 1 stands for Metrohm Automated Titration systemand is just the answer to this question. The system is acustomizable combination of the 815 Robotic USBSample Processor XL, 905 Titrando and 856 ConductivityModule. Apart from the determination of the mentionedparameters, the system automatically performs thenecessary sample preparation steps. This includes themetering of the sample as well as further liquid handlingsteps such as the accurate addition of titrant and auxiliary reagents. Up to 59 samples can be placed on thesample rack.Fully automated water analysis with MATi 1The fully automated water analyzing system not onlysaves time, but also increases sample throughput as wellas precision and repeatability of your results.All the devices are fully controlled and monitoredby the powerful titration software tiamoTM. Resultsare centrally recorded and administered in a wellarranged database.Aquatrode plus with Pt 100009
Ion chromatography10Modern ion chromatography (IC) allows efficient separation and determination of inorganic and low-molecularorganic anions and cations. Various separation mechanisms and types of detection as well as the possibility ofautomation and sample preparation make IC a provenroutine method in water and environmental analysis.Drinking water and mineral waterOxyhalides and standard anions according to EPAmethod 300.1Chlorate, chlorite and bromate are by-products that areformed by oxidation of the halides when drinking waterand mineral water are disinfected. Their concentrationneeds to be monitored on account of their suspected carcinogenic properties.Prior to injection, the samples pass through the ultrafiltration cell mounted directly on the 858 Professional ICSample Processor. Sample preparation and analysis are fullyautomatic. The equipment is controlled, the data collectedand managed, and the system monitored by the intelligentMagIC NetTM chromatography software. The clear symbols,well laid-out presentation and intuitive operation makeanalysis remarkably easy.Drinking water sample, spiked with 10 μg/L of each ClO2–, BrO3–, ClO3–, 40 μg/L of eachNO2–, Br–, 100 μg/L PO43–, 500 μg/L dichloroacetate; column: Metrosep A Supp 7 – 250(6.1006.630); eluent: 3.6 mmol/L Na2CO3, 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: 45 C;sample volume: 20 μL881 Compact IC pro and 858 Professional IC Sample Processor, optionally equipped with inline ultrafiltration
11Bromate in drinking waterBecause of the potentially carcinogenic properties of thebromate that can form during the ozonization of drinking water, this determination is very important. Dependingon the required detection limit, different detection methods can be used. Conductivity detection with chemicalsuppression allows the determination of bromate in thelower μg/L range. In the ng/L range bromate can bedetected by means of IC/MS coupling or post-columnderivatization with potassium iodide and subsequent UVdetection.Overview of methods for bromate determination (acc. to DIN 32645), with detection limitsEPA methodInjection volumeDetection limitUltrapure water Drinking water*[μL][μg/L]Conductivity detection with300.11000.1300.390chemical suppressionIC/MS coupling; MS detection1000.0060.007Post-column derivatization with317.01000.2100.640o-dianisidine; VIS detectionPost-column derivatization with KI;326.010000.0320.066UV detection*Drinking water matrix: 100 mg/L of each chloride, sulfate and carbonate
12Ultrapure waterAnions and cationsUltrapure water is used, for example, in the productionof pharmaceuticals and semiconductors and as a centralmedium in thermal power plants. In the latter it serves asthe coolant, drives the turbines and moderates nuclearfission. Determination of the substances in the water istherefore of crucial importance. Anions and cations areimportant corrosion indicators and can be determinedreliably down to trace concentrations (ng/L) after inlinepreconcentration, one of the applications of MetrohmInline Sample Preparation (MISP).Cation detection limits of the 850 Professional IC for direct injection and after preconcentrationDetection limitLithiumSodiumAmmonium Potassium Magnesium Calcium[ng/L]Direct injection; 100 μL*200250370270025003800Sample preconc. from 10 mL*232654*Column: Metrosep C 3 – 250; eluent: 2.5 mmol/L HNO3, 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: 40 CAnion detection limits of the 850 Professional IC for direct injection and after preconcentrationDetection limitFluoride Chloride Nitrite Bromide Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate[ng/L]Direct injection; 20 μL13703304109009908908302Sample preconc. from 10 mL0.71.20.82.32.52.62.312Column: Metrosep A Supp 5 – 100; eluent: 3.2 mmol/L Na2CO3, 1.0 mmol/L NaHCO3, 0.7 mL/min; column temperature: 25 CColumn: Metrosep A Supp 7 – 250; eluent: 3.6 mmol/L Na2CO3, 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: 45 CThe determination of cations in the secondary circuit ofnuclear power plants is shown as an example. To preventcorrosion in the cooling circuit, the pH value is raised byadding Lewis bases such as, for example, ethanolamineand morpholine. Ion chromatographic determination ofcations without suppression allows simultaneous, reliabledetermination of the amines, which means that IC canalso be used to control the addition of amines.850 Professional IC with 800 Dosino and 858 Professional IC Sample Processor
13Spiked sample from the secondary circuit of a nuclear power plant; column: Metrosep C 4 –250 (6.1050.430); Metrosep C PCC 1 HC (6.1010.310) for sample preconcentration; eluent:2.5 mmol/L HNO3, 1.0 mL/min; column temperature: 45 C; sample volume: 2.5 mL
TitrIC – titration and ion chromatography14Fully automatic drinking water analysesTitrIC combines the advantages of direct measurement ofpH value and conductivity, of titration and ion chromatography in a single system that provides fully automaticdrinking water analyses. All ionic components are determined reliably, quickly and reproducibly. The results aresaved in the integral database and can be processed toproduce a combined report.Intelligent control and thoroughly tested technologyguarantee reliable analyses regardless of the time of dayor night. Up to one hundred samples can be analyzedfully automatically. This reduces the time required andincreases the precision of the measurements.Low space requirementsParticular attention has been given to keeping spacerequirements to a minimum. The synergies between titration, direct measurement and ion chromatography arealso evident here. All methods use the same liquid handling units and a common sample changer. This helps tosave both costs and space; a rapid return on investmentis guaranteed.
15TitrIC is flexibleTitrIC can be adapted to suit the particular analytical task.The application determines which parameters are ofinterest. Accordingly, different methods and procedurescan be combined freely.TitrIC 5 – flowchartTitrIC determines the following parameters:Direct measurements with TitrIC pH value Temperature ConductivityTitrations with TitrIC p value (titration to pH 8.2) m value (titration to pH 4.3) Calcium MagnesiumAnion IC with TitrIC Fluoride Chloride Bromide Nitrite Nitrate Phosphate Sulfate Cation IC with TitrIC Lithium Sodium Ammonium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Total water hardness Calculations with TitrIC Molar concentration of all cations Molar concentration of all anions Ionic balanceTitrIC report
16TitrIC 2.0 software combines the tiamoTM and MagICNetTM software packages. There are four versions ofTitrIC:TitrIC 4 – the basic systemFully automatic system for the direct measurement oftemperature, conductivity and pH value; the titrimetricdetermination of p value, m value, calcium and magnesium; and the determination of anions by ion chromatography.The system consists of the 856 Conductivity Module, four 800 Dosinos, 802 Stirrer (rod stirrer), 809 Titrando, 815 Robotic USBSample Processor XL and 881 Compact IC pro with sequential suppression.TitrIC 5 – for the complete determination ofanions and cationsFully automatic system for the direct measurement oftemperature, conductivity and pH value; the titrimetricdetermination of p and m value; and the determinationby ion chromatography of cations (including calcium andmagnesium) and anions.The system consists of the 856 Conductivity Module, three 800 Dosinos, 802 Stirrer (rod stirrer), 855 Robotic Titrosampler, one 881Compact IC pro without suppression for the determination of cations and one 881 Compact IC pro with sequential suppression foranion determination.
17TitrIC 6 – the professional solution with sealedsample vesselsFully automatic system for the direct measurement oftemperature, conductivity and pH value; the titrimetricdetermination of p and m value; and the determinationby ion chromatography of cations (including calcium andmagnesium) and anions. The sample changer is equippedwith the DisCover function for automatically removingthe sample vessel covers.The system consists of the 856 Conductivity Module, three 800 Dosinos, 802 Stirrer (rod stirrer), 809 Titrando, 815 Robotic USBSample Processor X
Metrohm – customized water analysis Harmful substances in water Water is the source and basis of all life. It is essential for metabolism and is our most important foodstuff. As a solvent and transporting agent it carries not only the vital minerals and nutrients, but also, increasingly, harmful
Analysis of Anions and Cations in Tomato Products Branch . Ultrapure water, resistivity 18 MΩ·cm (25 C) Metrohm Custom Anion Mix 3, 100 ppm fluoride, . ammonium, potassium , magnesium, calcium; Metrohm USA ERA-IC1230 Metrohm Individual Anion and Cation Standards, 1000 ppm o Chloride, Metrohm USA ERA-IC1002 o Sodium, Metrohm .
Metrohm offers a large range of pH and ion-selective electrodes. Please find an overview of our electrode program under www.metrohm.com The package of the 780 pH Meter and 781 pH/Ion Meter contain the 6.0258.600 Unitrode pH electrode with integrated Pt1000 temperature sensor. Switch on and measure
Metrohm – customized analysis for the food and beverage industry Count on our support 03 As a leading manufacturer of instruments for chemical analysis, we are quite aware of these challenges you face. For this reason, we offer you not just the most advanced equipment, but rather complete solutions for the particular tasks at hand.
Metrohm Germany The analytical challenges of environmental analysis increase in diffi culty from year to year. As well as analysis of particularly toxic types of metals such as chromium(VI), highly diverse and partially persis-tent organic fl uorine compounds (e.g., trifl uoroace-tic acid) are presently in focus. The analysis of toxic
benefits that the ICON Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics provides. The new ICON Analyzer was devel-oped specifically for the near-continuous analysis of a large number of parameters critical for water quality. Very easy to use: Just connect the power, sample, and reagent lines and the ICON Analyzer is fully operational.
Internet under www.metrohm.com. Fig. 1: 781 pH/Ion Meter connected to 801Magnetic Stirrer 1.1 Instrument description Both instrument versions, the 781 pH/Ion Meter and the 780 pH Meter, are used for measuring pH, temperature and potential reliably and at high resolution. The 781 pH/Ion Meter differs from the 780 pH Meter by
912 Conductometer, 913 pH Meter and 914 pH/Conductometer Metrohm presents the 912 Conductometer, the 913 pH Meter and the 914 pH/Conductometer, a new genera tion of meters for pH and conductivity measurement. The new meters are every inch a «Metrohm» - flexible, ro bust, reliable, and ingeniously simple to use.
sigurime, financë-kontabilitet, lidership dhe menaxhim burimesh njerëzore, administrim publik, lidership, e drejta publike, e drejta e biznesit, komunikim publik dhe gazetari ekonomike). Me VKM nr. 564 datë 28.05.2009 “Për hapjen e programeve të reja të studimit “Master i Nivelit të