Parker O-ring Handbook - University Of Arizona
SealsParker O-RingHandbookCatalog ORD 5700A/USISO 9001 / QS9000 Certified
ParkerO-RingHandbook2001 EditionSectionsIIIIIIIVVVIVIIIntroduction to O-Ring SealingBasic O-Ring ElastomersO-Ring ApplicationsStatic O-Ring SealingDynamic O-Ring SealingParBak Back-Up RingsCompatibility Tables for Gases,Fluids, SolidsVIII SpecificationsIX SizesXAppendixXI IndexParker Offer of SaleSealsParker Accessories for O-ring UsersWARNINGFailure, improper selection or improper use of the products and/or systems describedherein or related items can cause death, personal injury or property damage.This document and other information from Parker Hannifin Corporation, its subsidiaries and authorized distributors provides product and/or system options for furtherinvestigation by users having technical expertise. It is important that you analyze all aspects of your application and review the information concerning the product orsystem in the current product catalog. Due to the variety of operating conditions and applications for these products or systems, the user, through his or her own analysisand testing, is solely responsible for making the final selection of the products and systems and assuring that all performance, safety and warning requirements of theapplication are met.The products describes herein, including without limitation, product features, specifications, designs, availability and pricing, are subject to change by Parker HannifinCorporation and its subsidiaries at any time without notice.OFFER OF SALEThe items described in this document are hereby offered for sale by Parker Hannifin Corporation, its subsidiaries and its authorized distributors. This offer and itsacceptance are governed by the provisions stated on the separate page of this document entitled “Offer of Sale.”Copyright 1999, 2001, Parker Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland, OH. All rights reserved.
5700 HandbookParker O-Ring HandbookTable ofContentsI. IntroductionII. Basic O-Ring ElastomersIII. O-Ring ApplicationsIV. Static O-Ring SealingV. Dynamic O-Ring SealingVI. Back-Up RingsVII. Compatibility Tables for Gases, Fluids, SolidsVIII. SpecificationsIX. SizesX. AppendixXI. IndexiSealsBuild With The Best!Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 Fax: (859) 335-5128www.parker.com/o-ring
Introduction5700 HandbookParker O-Ring HandbookSection IIntroduction1.0 How to Use This Handbook . 1-21.1 What is an O-ring?. 1-21.2 What is an O-ring Seal? . 1-21.3 Advantages of O-rings . 1-21.4 Operation . 1-31.5 O-ring Characteristics. 1-31.6 Limitations of O-ring Use . 1-41.7 Scope of O-ring Use . 1-41.7.1 Static Seals. 1-51.7.2 Reciprocating Seals . 1-51.7.3 Oscillating Seals . 1-51.7.4 Rotary Seals . 1-51.7.5 Seat Seals . 1-61.7.6 Pneumatic Seals . 1-61.7.7 Vacuum Seals . 1-61.7.8 Cushion Installation . 1-61.7.9 Crush Installation. 1-61.7.10 Rod Wiper Installation . 1-61.8 O-rings as Drive Belts . 1-71.9 Custom Molded Shapes . 1-71.10 Parker Engineering . 1-71.11 Comparison of Common Seal Types . 1-71.12 Recommended Design Procedure . 1-71.12.1 O-Ring Design Procedure UsinginPHorm O-Ring Design & Material Selection Software . 1-81.12.2 Recommended Manual Design Procedure . 1-8inPHorm is a trademark of Parker Hannifin Corporation.1-1SealsBuild With The Best!Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 Fax: (859) 335-5128www.parker.com/o-ring
Introduction5700 HandbookParker O-Ring HandbookI n t rrooductionFigure 1-1: Basic O-ringGrooveBorePiston Rod1.0 How to Use This HandbookFor those who are unfamiliar with O-ring design, it isrecommended that they first study this introductory section, becoming familiar with the basic principles of O-ringseals, their common uses and general limitations.Figure 1-2: Basic GlandA basic glossary of O-ring and other sealing terms isavailable in the Appendix, Section X, which may beconsulted if unfamiliar words or technical terms areencountered. The seal design portions of this handbookexplain in detail the design process required depending onthe application.Those who are already familiar with O-ring seal design maysimply refer to the appropriate design tables for the information needed. Even those who have designed many Oring seals, however, may profit by reviewing the basicsfrom time to time.1.1 What is an O-ring?An O-ring is a torus, or doughnut-shaped ring, generallymolded from an elastomer, although O-rings are also madefrom PTFE and other thermoplastic materials, as well asmetals, both hollow and solid. This handbook, however,deals entirely with elastomeric O-rings.Figure 1-3: Gland and O-ring SealO-ring (Figures 1-2 and 1-3). The combination of these twoelements; O-ring and gland — constitute the classic O-ringseal assembly.1.3 Advantages of O-ringsO-rings are used primarily for sealing. The various types ofO-ring seals are described in this section under “Scope ofO-Ring Use.” O-rings are also used as light-duty, mechanical drive belts. More information, including design criteriaon O-ring drive belts and their application will be found inO-Ring Applications, Section III.1.2 What is an O-ring Seal?An O-ring seal is used to prevent the loss of a fluid or gas.The seal assembly consists of an elastomer O-ring and agland. An O-ring is a circular cross-section ring moldedfrom rubber (Figure 1-1). The gland — usually cut intometal or another rigid material — contains and supports the They seal over a wide range of pressure, temperatureand tolerance. Ease of service, no smearing or retightening. No critical torque on tightening, therefore unlikely tocause structural damage. O-rings normally require very little room and are lightin weight. In many cases an O-ring can be reused, an advantageover non-elastic flat seals and crush-type gaskets. The duration of life in the correct application corresponds to the normal aging period of the O-ring material. O-ring failure is normally gradual and easily identified. Where differing amounts of compression effect theseal function (as with flat gaskets), an O-ring is noteffected because metal to metal contact is generallyallowed for. They are cost-effective.1-2SealsBuild With The Best!Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 Fax: (859) 335-5128www.parker.com/o-ring
Introduction5700 HandbookParker O-Ring Handbook1.4 OperationAll robust seals are characterized by the absence of anypathway by which fluid or gas might escape. Detail differences exist in the manner by which zero clearance isobtained — welding, brazing, soldering, ground fits orlapped finishes — or the yielding of a softer materialwholly or partially confined between two harder and stiffermembers of the assembly. The O-ring seal falls in the latterclass.The rubber seal should be considered as essentially anincompressible, viscous fluid having a very high surfacetension. Whether by mechanical pressure from the surrounding structure or by pressure transmitted through hydraulic fluid, this extremely viscous fluid is forced to flowwithin the gland to produce “zero clearance” or block to theflow of the less viscous fluid being sealed. The rubberabsorbs the stack-up of tolerances of the unit and its internalmemory maintains the sealed condition. Figure1-4 illustrates the O-ring as installed, before the application ofpressure. Note that the O-ring is mechanically squeezed outof round between the outer and inner members to close thefluid passage. The seal material under mechanical pressureextrudes into the microfine grooves of the gland. Figure 15 illustrates the application of fluid pressure on the O-ring.Note that the O-ring has been forced to flow up to, but notinto, the narrow gap between the mating surfaces and in sodoing, has gained greater area and force of sealing contact.Figure 1-6 shows the O-ring and its pressure limit with asmall portion of the seal material entering the narrow gapbetween inner and outer members of the gland. Figure 1-7illustrates the result of further increasing pressure and theresulting extrusion failure. The surface tension of theelastomer is no longer sufficient to resist flow and thematerial extrudes (flows) into the open passage or clearance gap.1.5 O-ring CharacteristicsA very early and historically prominent user of O-rings(1)cites a number of characteristics of O-ring seals which arestill of interest to seal designers. Extracts of the moregeneral characteristics are listed as follows:Note: While Parker Seal generally agrees with theauthor on most of his statements, exception will betaken to certain generalizations due to more recentdevelopments in sealing geometry and improved elastomer technology.A. The seals can be made perfectly leak-proof for cases ofstatic pistons and cylinders for fluid pressures up to 5000 psi.(Limit of test pressure). The pressure may be constant orvariable.B. The seals can be made to seal satisfactorily betweenreciprocating pistons and cylinders at any fluid pressure upto 5000 psi. There may be slight running leakage (a fewdrops per hundred strokes) depending on the film-formingability of the hydraulic medium. O-rings can be usedbetween rotating members with similar results but in allcases the surface rubbing speed must be kept low.C. A single O-ring will seal with pressure applied alternatelyon one side and then on the other, but in cases of severe loadingor usage under necessarily unfavorable conditions, seal lifecan be extended by designing the mechanism so that each sealis subjected to pressure in one direction only. Seals may bearranged in series as a safety measure but the first seal exposedto pressure will take the full load.Figure 1-4: O-ring InstalledFigure 1-5: O-ring UnderPressureD. O-ring seals must be radially compressed between thebottom of the seal groove and the cylinder wall for propersealing action. This compression may cause the seal to rollslightly in its groove under certain conditions of piston motion,but the rolling action is not necessary for normal operation ofthe seals.E. In either static or dynamic O-ring seals under highpressure the primary cause of seal failure is extrusion of theseal material into the piston-cylinder clearance. The majorfactors affecting extrusion are fluid pressure, seal hardnessand strength, and piston-cylinder clearance.Figure 1-6: O-ringExtruding(1)Figure 1-7: O-ring FailureF. Dynamic seals may fail by abrasion against the cylinderor piston walls. Therefore, the contacting surfaces shouldbe polished for long seal life. Moving seals that pass over“O-Ring Seals in the Design of Hydraulic Mechanisms”, a paper presented at the S.A.E. Annual Meeting, January, 1947 by Mr. D. R. Pearl of Hamilton Standard Prop.Div. of United Aircraft Corp.1-3SealsBuild With The Best!Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 Fax: (859) 335-5128www.parker.com/o-ring
Introduction5700 HandbookParker O-Ring Handbookports or surface irregularities while under hydraulic pressure are very quickly cut or worn to failure.G. The shape of the seal groove is unimportant as long as itresults in proper compression of the seal between thebottom of the groove and the cylinder wall, and providesroom for the compressed material to flow so that the seal isnot solidly confined between metal surfaces.N. Irregular chambers can be sealed, both as fixed ormoving-parts installations.Note: See paragraph 1.3 for additional advantages.1.6 Limitations of O-ring UseAgain citing Mr. D. R. Pearl’s paperO-ring use are given as:H. The seal may be housed in a groove cut in the cylinderwall instead of on the piston surface without any change indesign limitations or seal performance.While no claim is made that an O-ring will serve best in allconditions, the O-ring merits consideration for most sealapplications except:A. Rotary speeds exceeding 1500 feet per minute contactspeed.B. An environment completely incompatible with any elastomeric material.C. Insufficient structure to support anything but a flatgasket.Note: These points are general statements and there are,of course, numerous exceptions. Details of O-ring sealdesign in regard to particular situations are discussed inthe following sections: Applications, Elastomers, Factors Applying To all O-Ring Types, Static O-RingSeals, and Dynamic O-ring Seals, and can be referenced as needed.K. Chemical interaction between the seal and the hydraulicmedium may influence seal life favorably or unfavorably,depending upon the combination of seal material and fluid.Excessive hardening, softening, swelling, and shrinkagemust be avoided.L. O-ring seals are extremely dependable because of theirsimplicity and ruggedness. Static seals will seal at highpressure in spite of slightly irregular sealing surfaces andslight cuts or chips in the seals. Even when broken or wornexcessively, seals may offer some measure of flow restriction for emergency operation and approaching failure becomes evident through gradual leakage.M.The cost of O-ring seals and the machining expensenecessary to incorporate them into hydraulic mechanismdesigns are at least as low as for any other reliable type ofseal. O-ring seals may be stretched over large diameters forinstallation and no special assembly tools are necessary.1.7 Scope of O-ring UseFurther discussion in this chapter and in the remainder ofthis handbook is based on specific types of O-ring seals andspecial applications. Definitions of commonly used termsconnected with O-ring seals are provided in the glossarycontained in the Appendix, Section X. These terms arecommon to the sealing industry.(1)“O-Ring Seals in the Design of Hydraulic Mechanisms”, a paper presented at theS.A.E. Annual Meeting, January, 1947 by Mr. D. R. Pearl, Hamilton StandardDivision of United Aircraft Corp.1-4Seals, limitations of“Although it has been stated that O-rings offer a reasonable approach to the ideal hydraulic seal, theyshould not be considered the immediate solution to allsealing problems. It has been brought out in the foregoing discussion that there are certain definite limitationson their use, i.e., high temperature, high rubbing speeds,cylinder ports over which seals must pass and largeshaft clearances. Disregard for these limitations willresult in poor seal performance. Piston rings, lip typeseals, lapped fits, flat gaskets and pipe fittings all havetheir special places in hydraulic design, but where thedesign specifications permit the proper use ofO-ring seals, they will be found to give long anddependable service.”I. Friction of moving O-ring seals depends primarily onseal compression, fluid pressure, and projected seal areaexposed to pressure. The effects of materials, surfaces,fluids, and speeds of motion are normally of secondaryimportance, although these variables have not been completely investigated. Friction of O-ring seals under lowpressures may exceed the friction of properly designed liptype seals, but at higher pressures, developed frictioncompares favorably with, and is often less than, the frictionof equivalent lip type seals.J. The effects of temperature changes from 18 C to 121 C(-65 F to 250 F) on the performance of O-ring seals dependsupon the seal material used. Synthetic rubber can be made forcontinual use at high or low temperatures, or for occasionalshort exposure to wide variations in temperature. At extremelylow temperature the seals may become brittle but will resumetheir normal flexibility without harm when warmed. Prolonged exposure to excessive heat causes permanent hardening and usually destroys the usefulness of the seal. Thecoefficient of thermal expansion of synthetic rubber is usuallylow enough so that temperature changes present no designdifficulties. (Note: This may not be true for all elastomercompounds, especially FFKM.)(1)Build With The Best!Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division2360 Palumbo Drive, Lexington, KY 40509Phone: (859) 269-2351 Fax: (859) 335-5128www.parker.com/o-ring
Introduction5700 HandbookParker O-Ring Handbook1.7.1 Static SealsIn a truly static seal, the mating gland parts are not subjectto relative movement (except for small thermal expansionor separation by fluid pressure), as contrasted from seals inwhich one of the gland parts has movement relative to theother. Examples of static seals are: a seal under a bolt heador rivet, a seal at a pipe or tubing connection, a seal undera cover plate, plug or similar arrangement or, in general, theequivalent of a flat gasket. Figure1-8 illustrates a typicalstatic seal.Note: True static seals are generally quite rare. Vibrational movement is present in vitrually all static applications.1.7.2 Reciprocating SealsIn a reciprocating seal, there is relative reciprocating motion (along the shaft axis) between the inner and outerelements. This motion tends to slide or roll the O-ring, orsealing surface at the O-ring, back and forth with thereciprocal motion. Examples of a reciprocating seal wouldbe a piston in a cylinder, a plunger entering a chamber, anda hydraulic actuator with the piston rod an
Parker O-Ring Handbook 5700 Handbook Introduction 1-1 Seals Build With The Best! Parker Hannifin Corporation O-Ring Division 2360 Pal
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