Electrical Drawings And Schematics
Electrical Drawings and Schematics
THIS BOOK WAS DEVELOPED BY IDC TECHNOLOGIESWHO ARE WE?IDC Technologies is internationally acknowledged as the premier provider of practical, technical training forengineers and technicians.We specialize in the fields of electrical systems, industrial data communications, telecommunications, automationand control, mechanical engineering, chemical and civil engineering, and are continually adding to our portfolio ofover 60 different workshops. Our instructors are highly respected in their fields of expertise and in the last ten yearshave trained over 200,000 engineers, scientists and technicians.With offices conveniently located worldwide, IDC Technologies has an enthusiastic team of professionalengineers, technicians and support staff who are committed to providing the highest level of training andconsultancy.TECHNICAL WORKSHOPSTRAINING THAT WORKSWe deliver engineering and technology training that will maximize your business goals. In today’s competitiveenvironment, you require training that will help you and your organization to achieve its goals and produce a largereturn on investment. With our ‘training that works’ objective you and your organization will: Get job-related skills that you need to achieve your business goals Improve the operation and design of your equipment and plant Improve your troubleshooting abilities Sharpen your competitive edge Boost morale and retain valuable staff Save time and moneyEXPERT INSTRUCTORSWe search the world for good quality instructors who have three outstanding attributes:1. Expert knowledge and experience – of the course topic2. Superb training abilities – to ensure the know-how is transferred effectively and quickly to you in apractical, hands-on way3. Listening skills – they listen carefully to the needs of the participants and want to ensure that you benefitfrom the experience.Each and every instructor is evaluated by the delegates and we assess the presentation after every class to ensurethat the instructor stays on track in presenting outstanding courses.HANDS-ON APPROACH TO TRAININGAll IDC Technologies workshops include practical, hands-on sessions where the delegates are given theopportunity to apply in practice the theory they have learnt.REFERENCE MATERIALSA fully illustrated workshop book with hundreds of pages of tables, charts, figures and handy hints, plusconsiderable reference material is provided FREE of charge to each delegate.ACCREDITATION AND CONTINUING EDUCATIONSatisfactory completion of all IDC workshops satisfies the requirements of the International Association forContinuing Education and Training for the award of 1.4 Continuing Education Units.IDC workshops also satisfy criteria for Continuing Professional Development according to the requirements of theInstitution of Electrical Engineers and Institution of Measurement and Control in the UK, Institution of Engineersin Australia, Institution of Engineers New Zealand, and others.
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PresentsElectrical Drawings and SchematicsNiranjana Roy - B.SC Electrical EngineeringRevision 3Website: www.idc-online.comE-mail: idc@idc-online.com
IDC Technologies Pty LtdPO Box 1093, West Perth, Western Australia 6872Offices in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, United Kingdom, Ireland, Malaysia, Poland, United States ofAmerica, Canada, South Africa and IndiaCopyright IDC Technologies 2011. All rights reserved.First published 2008All rights to this publication, associated software and workshop are reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Allenquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above.ISBN: 978-1-921007-66-8DisclaimerWhilst all reasonable care has been taken to ensure that the descriptions, opinions, programs, listings,software and diagrams are accurate and workable, IDC Technologies do not accept any legal responsibilityor liability to any person, organization or other entity for any direct loss, consequential loss or damage,however caused, that may be suffered as a result of the use of this publication or the associated workshopand software.In case of any uncertainty, we recommend that you contact IDC Technologies for clarification or assistance.TrademarksAll logos and trademarks belong to, and are copyrighted to, their companies respectively.AcknowledgementsIDC Technologies expresses its sincere thanks to all those engineers and technicians on our trainingworkshops who freely made available their expertise in preparing this manual.
Contents1Engineering Drawings for Electrical Engineers– An nents of a Drawing, Drawing Sizes and 41Drawings - their relevance to engineeringOrigin of worldwide standards in electro-technologyPurposes served by different types of drawingsStandards in a drawing officeOrganization of a typical drawing officePrinting, distribution and control of copiesSummaryTypical engineering drawingsVarious categories of electrical drawingsPlanning your drawingTitle block in a drawing and what it should containLegend blockBill of materials blockDrawing notes blockRevision history, revision numbering and use ofrevision marksSummary4547Symbols Used in Electro-technology and Types of drawings that need symbolsSymbols as per electro-technology standardsUse of non standard symbolsUse of color and line types in representing various servicesCompany standards for drawingsSummarySingle Line and Three Line ypical examplesThe differences between single line and the 3-line diagramApplicationsConventionsSummaryExercises
5Schematic Diagrams5.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.86789PurposeTypical examplesControl devices – electromechanical relays and contactorsUse of symbolsApplicationsSchematics spread over a number of sheetsCross referencing between coils and Logic 128130130130PurposeLogic gatesTypical examplesSymbolsApplicationsLogic diagrams spread over a number of sheetsCross referencingSummaryExercisesCabling and Wiring Drawings1357.17.27.37.4135137161161162PurposeSub types of cabling and wiring drawingsConventions usedSummaryExercisesLayout eConventions used for layout drawingsSub types of layout drawingsApplications of layout drawingsSummaryExercisesAdvances arising from Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)9.19.29.39.49.5Drawing office revolution by CAD and the role of PC basedCAD applications2D and 3D applications and links to CAMDrawing to true dimensions in CAD applicationsUse of symbols, attributes and symbol librariesAutomated bill of material generation from a CAD drawing203203206212214221
9.69.79.89.99.1010Information sharing on multi-disciplinary drawingConcept of layers and their use in sharing informationAutomation of drawing through programmingLinking imagery with drawings – GIS related applicationsSummary221222224232239Management of 824824910.810.9Planning and assigning of drawingsNeed for drawing numbering standardsDrawing process flowRevision control and ownership of drawingComments and their markingDrawing management system for work flow controlOn-line distribution of drawings – the end of the era ofpaper drawingsDrawing as a database for engineering and construction– the futureSummary253253254Appendix A – Blank Drawing Sheet257Appendix B – Answers to Exercises259
1Engineering Drawings for ElectricalEngineers – An IntroductionThis chapter explains the need for the development of engineering drawings as part of theproblem solving for the engineers and their relevance to the various departments of anengineering organization. It also explains the various steps involved in the developmentof drawings; their release and control with reference to the accepted standards.Learning objectives 1.1To provide the reader with an overview of the relevance of drawings in anengineering environment and the purpose served by different types ofdrawings.To familiarize the reader briefly with the history of origin of worldwidestandards in electro technology and also the standards and proceduresusually followed by organizations for development and control of drawings.Drawings – their relevance to engineeringOne of the most effective ways of communicating one’s ideas is through drawings orgraphics. For many years various types of drawings, sketches and paintings have beenused to convey ideas and information. A good recognizable picture reduces ambiguitywhile discussing a project. The two basic skills required by an engineer are: to plan thework and then to work the plan. Engineers and technical personnel associated with anengineering organization use drawings to convey graphically the ideas and plan necessaryfor execution and completion of a project involving construction or assembly ofcomponents or systems.
2 Electrical Drawings and Schematics1.1.1Drawings as a tool for problem solvingThe drawings help the engineering process problem solving in the following ways: It provides the geometric form of the design. It acts as a communication tool between the designers and themanufacturing/construction personnel. It acts as an analysis tool and helps decide and calculate some of theunknown dimensions and tolerances. It acts as a design simulator. It checks the completeness of the design and helps the designers identify themissing parameters.1.1.2Drawings as a tool used at various stages of working in anorganizationThe drawings help the engineering organization during the various stages as mentionedbelow: Tendering stage: It helps in transforming the needs of the client into theworld of the designer. It helps in procuring an accurate quote and also helpsin avoiding future disputes arising out of discrepancies due to lack ofinformation. Design and engineering stage: The drawings at the designing stage are atool for data representation for the design engineers as the designer conveysthe information in the form of design. During detailed engineering stage thedrawing helps the engineers work out the detailed bill of materials which isfurther used by the procurement department. Construction or assembly stage: The drawings in this stage help thetechnical personnel at the construction site or the assembly shop in carryingout the process smoothly and with minimum ambiguity. Operation and maintenance stage: At this stage the drawings are the keyhelp for the day to day operation and maintenance for the technicians. Ithelps them identify any anomaly occurring in the system quickly and carryout the rectifications.1.1.3Drawings at the centre of the various activities of an engineeringorganizationThe drawings are at the centre of activities taking place in an engineering organizationwhether a manufacturing organization or a turnkey contracting organization. The cycle ofactivities taking place in a manufacturing organization is explained in Figure 1.1 and thecycle of activities taking place in a contracting organization is explained in Figure 1.2.
Engineering drawings for electrical engineers – An introduction 3IdeasDrawingsManufacturingChanges andimprovementFinished productCustomersDistributionFigure 1.1Cycle of activities in a manufacturing organizationIdeasDrawingsChanges ineeringProjectexecutionPlantcommissioningFigure 1.2Cycle of activities in a construction organization
4 Electrical Drawings and Schematics1.2Origin of worldwide standards in electro-technologyThe nineteenth century saw major technological inventions in the field of electrotechnology. Before this period although the units of measurement for electricalparameters had been established, the standardization of the electrical equipments had nottaken place with the result that it was difficult for the manufacturers, users and localauthorities to make comparison between products of the same type. Manufacturers alsofelt that for repetitive productions some sort of design codes were necessary and alsosome sort of quality guaranteeing institution was needed to guarantee their products forreducing competition in the local and the international market.1.2.1Standards and their necessity Market growth for new and emerging technologiesReduced development time and costSound engineering practicesDecreased trading costs and lowered trade barriersIncreased product quality and safetyReduced market risksProtection against obsolescenceWith these ideas countries in the different parts of the world started forming their ownstandardizing bodies. Examples are ANSI, BS, AS, DIN, etc. Also some of the industrybodies formulate standards specific to those industrial segments. Examples are NEMA,API, IEEE, VDE, etc.In engineering drawings too, standards had to be established to ensure that a drawing canbe read and understood by anyone who uses it by adopting a common set of symbols andterminology. Moreover, standards are necessary to make a drawing presentable and easyto read by adopting proper arrangement of information on a sheet, appropriate sheetsizing, applying proper scaling, use of correctly-sized lettering for text and dimensionmarkers, legends and bill of materials information, title contents and so on. While someof the above features are specific to the company, which makes a drawing, others need tobe standardized across the entire industry. Such common standards have been evolved bythe International Standards Organisation (ISO) and International Electro-technicalCommission (IEC) and are adopted widely by the engineering industry the world over.A brief description and constitution of the major standardizing bodies representingelectrical and allied disciplines is given below.Institution of Electronic and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)With nearly 1,300 standards either completed or under development, IEEE is a centralsource of standardization in both traditional and emerging fields, particularlytelecommunications, information technology and power generation.
Engineering drawings for electrical engineers – An introduction 5National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)It provides a forum for the standardization of electrical equipment, enabling consumers toselect from a range of safe, effective, and compatible electrical products.Association of German Electrical Engineers (VDE)The VDE is the German Association for Electrical, Electronic and InformationTechnologies, a professional body based in Frankfurt. The role of the VDE in Germany iscomparable to that of the IEEE in the US. Its main activity is as a standards organization.International electro-technical Commission (IEC)The International Electro technical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organizationthat prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and relatedtechnologies. These serve as a basis for national standardization and as references whendrafting international tenders and contracts. ISO (the International Organization forStandardization) and IEC (the International Electro technical Commission) form thespecialized system for worldwide standardization.International Standards OrganisationISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, on the basis of onemember per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinatesthe system. ISO is a non-governmental organization: its members are not delegations ofnational governments. Many of its member institutes are no doubt part of thegovernmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government but othermembers have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by nationalpartnerships of industry associations.1.3Purposes served by different types of drawingsTechnical drawings are used to convey a large amount of exact, detailed information inan abbreviated language. They consist of lines, symbols, dimensions, and notations toaccurately convey an engineer's designs to electricians/technicians who install theelectrical system on a job. Technical drawings are used to convey a large amount ofexact, detailed information in an abbreviated language. They consist of lines, symbols,dimensions, and notations to accurately convey an engineer’s designs toelectricians/technicians who install the electrical system on a job.The types of technical drawings used for any project can be broadly categorized as twodimensional and three-dimensional drawings.1.3.1Two dimensional drawingsTypical examples of two dimensional drawings are as below.
6 Electrical Drawings and SchematicsDrawings showing key plan and plan/layout of buildings, facilities and servicesMost plants are large enough that a key plan is needed to show where the work will beperformed. If there is room on the index sheet, this is a good place to show thisinformation. It is also beneficial to have an overall dimensioned plant drawing, showinghow to get to the work area. Major landmarks in the plant should be shown and identified.Many times, this brings up discussions on proximity to high-voltage lines or pipelines,permits required, and the logistics of getting the equipment into the room or the plant.Individual floor plans for respective areas in a plant are also prepared for providingfurther details of each area.Drawings with structural design detailsThese are done on the basis of calculation of member dimensions to examine safeoperation of structure. These consist of all the drawings that describe the structuralmembers of the building and their relationship to each other. A set of structural drawingsincludes foundation plans and details, framing plans and details, wall sections, columnand beam details, and other plans, sections, details, and schedules necessary to describethe structural components of the building or structure. The general notes in the structuraldrawings should also include, when applicable, roof, floor, wind, seismic, and otherloads, allowable soil pressure or pile bearing capacity, and allowable stresses of allmaterial used in the design. Please refer to Figure 1.3 for example of a structural drawing.Machine parts design and fabrication drawingsThese are also called machine drawings. These are principally found in and aroundmachine and fabrication shops where the actual machine work is performed. The drawingusually depicts the part or componen
3 Symbols Used in Electro-technology and Governing Standards 49 3.1 Types of drawings that need symbols 49 3.2 Symbols as per electro-technology standards 52 3.3 Use of non standard symbols 70 3.4 Use of color and line types in representing various services 70 3.5 Company standards for drawings 72 3.6 Summary 73
Reading Electrical Schematics These basic tutorials start with electrical symbols and schematic design and proceed to include the specific schematics for the production machines you use in your plant. They are designed to help you use an electrical schematic to work your way through any
Schematics, Component Location Diagrams, and Parts Lists: 7-1 68P81076C25-C July 1, 2002 Chapter 7 Schematics, Component Location Diagrams, and Parts Lists The following table lists the schematics and diagrams contained in this chapter. Figure Title Page ASTRO Spectra Radio Interconnection 7-4 HRN4009B/HRN6014A VHF RF Board; HRN4010B/
Architect/Engineer (A/E) for any portion of a design: Schematics, Design Development, Construction Documents, or a combination of these. a. For projects where the VA is contracting for Schematics Documents only, Schematics and Design Development Documents only, or Schematics, Design Development, and Construction Documents, the VA will provide the
Description of major functional modules integrated on ESP-WROOM-02, including CPU, flash, memory and interfaces. Chapter 4 Electrical Characteristic Electrical data of ESP-WROOM-02. Chapter 5 Schematics ESP-WROOM-02 schematics and peripheral schematics. Appendix A Learning Resources ESP
12.2 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS Successful bridge fabrication and construction depend on the accuracy and completeness of the engineering drawings. Two types of drawings are normally used: design drawings and shop drawings. Design drawings show the structure configuration and provide information necessary for field assembly.
Planar Drawings A planar drawing is a drawing in which edges do not intersect each other in the drawing (for example, the drawings (a), (b), and (c) in Figure 5.1 are planar drawings, and the drawing (d) is a non-planar drawing). Planar drawings are normally easier to understand than non-planar drawings, i.e., drawings with edge-crossings .
function generator. Schematics Chapter 8 contains the function generator’s block diagram, schematics, disassembly drawings, and component locator drawings. For information on using the Phase-Lock Option for the 33120A, refer to the User’s and Service Guide included with the Option 001. I
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
