Electromagnetic Transient Simulation Models For Large .

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Electromagnetic transient simulation modelsfor large-scale system impact studies inpower systems having a high-penetration ofinverter connected generationBabak Badrzadeh1

Agenda Comparison of RMS and EMT modellingapproaches and impact on results Large-scale EMT model development in AEMO Considerations when conducting large-scale EMTstudies2

Comparison of RMS and EMTmodelling approaches andimpact on results3

Applicability range of RMS- and EMT-type tools4

RMS- and EMT-model accuracy:Solar Farm response to fault on a SMIB model

RMS- and EMT-model accuracy:Solar Farm response to fault in a full-scale system model1.21.21.1V (pu)1.1110.90.90.80.80.70.79101112131415161718Time (s)RMS EMTSustained post fault voltage oscillations with a frequency of less than 10 Hz.Unacceptable oscillations due to: breach of flicker requirements not being adequately damped

RMS- and EMT-model accuracy:HVDC link response to fault in a full-scale system model1.280060014000.8MWV 920910111213141617Time (s)Time (s)EMT15RMSEMTRMSRMS model does not predict sustained commutation failure and subsequent disconnection of LCC HVDC link181920

RMS- and EMT-model appropriateness:South Australia black system event (1)RMS model stops working as soon as SA system becomes islanded

RMS- and EMT-model appropriateness:South Australia black system event (2)Accurate simulation of voltage phase angles being the key indicator of loss of synchronism conditions

RMS- and EMT-model appropriatenessVoltage, active/reactive power before connection of new asynchronous generationVoltage, active/reactive power after connection of new asynchronous generation10

Large-scale EMT modeldevelopment in AEMO11

Summary Large-scale EMT models of four of the five regions are currently complete inAustralian national electricity markets (NEM) This corresponds to an installed generation capacity of more than 30 GW, withseveral hundreds of busbars and approximately 100 large-scale inverterconnected generators. These models are used for a variety of applications including: Generator interconnection studies for inverter-connected generationDetermining system strength and inertia requirements at the transmission network levelDetermining minimum must run synchronous generators in each regionDesigning system-wide special protection schemes12

PSCAD load flow model development AEMO uses PSCAD/ETMDC and PSS/E for large-scale simulation studies. Other capable tools may exist in the industry. PSCAD load flow cases are developed automatically from PSS/E load flowfiles sourced from actual system snapshots. An auxiliary tool is used to draw network single line diagram in PSCAD, andmap PSCAD to PSS/E. Another auxiliary tool is used to apply element status, correct tap position andmachine setpoints in PSCAD. This allows obtaining correct initial conditions without manual intervention.13

Network and generator Splitting Network splitting To increase the simulation speed (see theexample). Generator splitting Models of inverter connected generatorsoften run at different time-steps, sometimes aslow as 1-2 µs. The slowest model(s) will largely determinethe overall simulation speed. Each model run at a different case to supporttheir needs for different time steps withoutslowing down the overall simulation.Victoria NorthVictoria MelbourneWestVictoria SouthWestVictoria MelbourneEastVictoria SouthEast14

Generator model dynamic modeldevelopment and integrationSynchronous Source codes are available to AEMO Often no major differences betweenrespective RMS and EMT models Fast to simulate Placed in network cases Often developed by AEMO internallyInverter-connected Highly confidential and vendorspecific Appreciable differences betweenrespective RMS and EMT models Relatively slow to simulate Placed in separate cases Obtained from OEMs15

Model confirmationIndividual plant Playback of real measureddisturbances into each individualmodel in isolation Compare measured and simulatedresponses Confirm the accuracy of each model inisolationSystem-wide Run system-wide studies Apply a known fault at a knownlocation that occurred in practice Often requires adjusting faultimpedance to obtain the samevoltage dip as occurred in practice Confirm the accuracy of system-widemodels including impact of multiplegenerators and loads16

Example of a thermal synchronous generator modelconfirmationPlant Active Power ValidationPlant Reactive Power Validation590200570150Reactive Power (MVAr)Active Power (MW)550530510490470100500450430-50Time (s) 10%PSCADTime (s)Measured 10% /-10% bands are statutory model accuracy requirements in Australian NEMPSCADMeasured

System-wide model confirmationVoltage, active and reactive power for a substation close to the faulted point

Considerations when conductinglarge-scale EMT studies19

Considerations when conducting large-scale EMT studies Simulation speed and hardware implications Obtaining vendor-specific EMT models from OEMs Not an issue in Australian NEM due to legally binding requirements set out in AEMO’sPower System Model Guidelines Are there screening methods for determining when RMS and EMT simulationsare required? The extent of the system that needs to be modelled in EMT domain Hybrid RMS and EMT simulation Offline vs real-time EMT simulationThe newly formed CIGRE WG C4.56 looks at some of these aspects in more details20

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PSCAD load flow cases are developed automatically from PSS/E load flow files sourced from actual system snapshots. An auxiliary tool is used to draw network single line diagram in PSCAD, and map PSCAD to PSS/E. Another auxiliary tool is used to apply element sta

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