BUILDING AMERICA IS DRIVING REAL SOLUTIONS IN THE
BUILDING AMERICA FY 2016 ANNUAL REPORTBUILDING AMERICA IS DRIVINGREAL SOLUTIONS IN THE RACE TOZERO ENERGY HOMESSara Farrar, Stacey Rothgeb, Ben Polly, Lieko Earle, and Tim MerriganNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryBuilding America Annual Report 1
TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgments.2Executive Summary.3Introduction.5Progressing Energy Savings Goals.7Industry Partners Driving Energy Savings.8Strategic Direction.9Standing Technical Committees.9Proven Solutions.10Roadmaps Going Forward.10Major Accomplishments. 11Indoor Air Quality Strategy and Results. 11Lessons Learned in New Homes. 12Lessons Learned in Existing Homes. 14Lessons Learned in Multifamily Buildings. 16Recommendations for Program Plan and Implementation. 17References. 19ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors would like to thank Eric Werling, Lena Burkett, Sam Rashkin, and David Leeof the U.S. Department of Energy Buildings Technologies Office and Ron Judkoff, DaveRoberts, and Dan Beckley of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for their supportand guidance. The authors would also like to thank Pam Cole and Cheryn Metzger of thePacific Northwest National Laboratory for their insights into the code compliance briefs andadditional content of the Building America Solution Center.Submittal for Publication: December 31, 20162 Building America Annual Report
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building AmericaProgram helps the U.S. housing industry to achieveenergy savings for Americans with energy-efficient, highperformance homes with improved durability, comfort,and health for occupants. Building America bridges thegap between the development of emerging technologiesand the adoption of codes and standards by engagingindustry partners in applied research, development, anddemonstration of high-performance solutions. BuildingAmerica is driving real solutions in the race to net zeroenergy homes.For the past six years, the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory (NREL) provided research coordination,technical monitoring, and contract administrative supportto the Building America industry research teams. As thesesubcontracts have concluded, new Building America teamprojects are being selected through an annual fundingopportunity announcement (FOA), a cooperative agreementfunding mechanism managed by DOE’s Golden FieldOffice. NREL continues to provide research coordinationand technical monitoring support to the program. BuildingAmerica strategic direction has also been enhanced, asdescribed in the Building America Research-to-Market Planthat includes Technology-to-Market Roadmaps (Roadmaps)and reformulated energy-savings goals.Photo from iStock 71186329Cover photo from iStock 56785182Building America Annual Report 3
For this report, NREL analyzedresearch results to synthesizeknowledge gained duringthe past six years into usefulinsights, documenting programsuccesses and informing futurestrategic planning.For this report, NREL analyzed research results to synthesize knowledgegained during the past six years into useful insights, documentingprogram successes and informing future strategic planning.The Building America Program is meeting its objectives bydeveloping innovations, knowledge, and tools that help thehousing industry to profitably improve home performance andreduce energy use in both new and existing homes throughoutthe U.S. These critical resources help builders and contractors toimprove building systems, more quickly adopt new technologies,reduce business risks, and better serve customers with homesthat cost less to own and are more comfortable and healthier tolive in. Building America has made substantial progress towardits strategic plans with significant impacts in specific projects.An initial review of whole-house case studies demonstrates thatBuilding America industry team projects are already achieving verylow energy-use intensities in new construction and retrofits.Building America industry teams have demonstrated advancedtechnologies and systems and overcome integration issues thatcan impact whole-building performance in new and existingsingle-family and multifamily homes. Major system improvementshave resulted from the industry team strategy in the areas of highperformance thermal enclosures, optimal comfort systems for lowload houses, high-performance ventilation and indoor air qualitysystems, and efficient domestic hot water systems. Advancementsto codes and standards have been adopted as a result of theBuilding America work to identify higher performance potential,resolve risks, and demonstrate solutions. Manufacturers have madedesign changes to improve product performance as a result offield-testing with the Building America industry teams.Additional technology and building science knowledge gaps remainalong with market barriers. Recommendations are given for futurework needed to address the gaps or opportunities that are notalready captured by the latest Building America Roadmap strategy.Photo from iStock 25890275This document has a companion set of appendices presentingtechnical discussion and references: Building America FY 2016Annual Report – Building America is Driving Real Solutions in theRace to Zero Energy Homes – Appendix.4 Building America Annual Report
INTRODUCTIONSince 1995, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)Building America Program has been partnering withindustry to bring cutting-edge housing research onenergy efficiency to the residential building industryand the public. Market-ready energy solutions haveimproved the efficiency of new and existing homes ineach U.S. climate zone while increasing comfort, safety,and durability. The program has demonstrated more than100 energy-efficient housing innovations and acceleratedthe adoption of energy-savings technologies. This workhas helped households across the nation save up to 54billion1, while improving indoor air quality and comfortfor homeowners and enhancing competitiveness ofU.S. construction businesses. Substantial opportunitiesfor continued progress remain, including optimizingthe comfort, durability, and indoor air quality (IAQ) ofAmerican homes while reducing their associated energyuse and costs.The Building America industry teams are consortiacomprised of building scientists, consultants, academics,engineers, builders, architects, manufacturers, and othersthat represent the residential industry among variousstakeholder communities and regions. Summaries of the15 past and present teams are provided in Appendix D:Description of Building America Industry Teams.1 http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/02/f29/BTO MultiYear Program Plan - Final.pdf, p. 12.Continued technical innovation anddemonstration offer substantialopportunities to optimize the comfort,durability, and indoor air quality (IAQ)of American homes while reducing theirassociated energy use and costs. Photofrom iStock 77074615Building America Annual Report 5
Whole-BuildingDesign StrategiesEffectiveConstructionProcessesBusiness ProcessesRoofs, Attics,& CeilingsRenewablesWater Heaters,Appliances,& LightingWalls &OpeningsFoundations& FloorsHVACFigure 1. Building America Solution Center Technology iconsResults from Building America—including proveninnovations and lessons learned from applied research,development, and demonstration projects—are madeavailable through technical reports and the BuildingAmerica Solution Center (BASC). The BASC is anonline repository for Building America’s best practicesto help builders, contractors, installers, raters, andothers in the building industry apply the latest resultsfrom Building America teams and national laboratories.The BASC utilizes graphic icons as a key to thetechnical guides and code compliance briefs, as shownin Figure 1. These icons are used throughout this reportto similarly show the applicability of topical findingsand ties to industry outreach.The recent Building America Research-to-MarketPlan presents Building America Technology-toMarket Roadmaps (Roadmaps) to guide projectstrategy. These Roadmaps elucidate the strategy withgraphics indicating the key objectives of Research& Development, Market Engagement, and Codes &Standards, as shown in Figure 2. These componenticons are used throughout this report to show the typesof strategic activities leading to or resulting from theprogram accomplishments.For more information on Building America or to accessprogram updates, visit the Building America websiteand the Building America publications library.Roadmap KeyResearch &DevelopmentMarketEngagementCodes &StandardsFigure 2. Strategic activitiesPhoto from iStock 986214676 Building America Annual Report
PROGRESSING ENERGY SAVINGS GOALSIn 2010, Building America established a set of multiyear energy-savings goals for new and existing homes, assummarized in Table 1. Requirements were established for energy-use simulations, standard operating conditions, abaseline benchmark, energy-savings calculations, climate regions, and current best practices. The goals were statedas a percentage reduction in source energy use relative to the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)efficiency levels for new homes and relative to the pre-upgrade efficiency levels for existing homes. Progress towardachieving the goals was evaluated by the studies of new and existing demonstration house projects through a mixof measuring and modeling energy performance. Building America has demonstrated and validated cost-effectivesolutions meeting these whole-house performance goals.Table 1. 2010 Building America Multiyear Target Energy-Savings Validation GoalsEnergy SavingsMixed-Dry, Hot-Dry,and MarineMixed-Humid andHot-HumidCold and Very Cold201120112011Existing HomesCurrent Best Practice: 15%30%20122013201450%201520162017Current Best Practice: 20%20102011201130%20112012201350%201420152016New HomesThe development of a strategic planning process wasinitiated in 2011. Standing technical committees (STCs)were established to identify and track research andmarket gaps and barriers requiring resolution to achieveBuilding America goals.In 2012, DOE began implementing an integratedresearch-to-market strategy targeting the transformationof the housing markets to a competitive, highperformance, technology-focused industry by 2030. Thegoals were revised to a single target: Achieve 50% energy savings in all climates throughenergy-efficient, high-performance new and existinghomes with improved durability, comfort, and healthfor occupants.Building America further refined its program goals in theBuilding America Research-to-Market Plan, publishedin November 2015. These new program goals are alsoaddressed in the draft DOE Building Technologies Office(BTO) Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP), dated February2016. Progress toward these goals is determined bythe measured energy performance of actual BuildingAmerica projects. The Building America performancegoal expressed in these documents is as follows: By 2020, develop and demonstrate cost-effectivebundles of technologies and practices in each ofthe seven climate zones that can reduce the energyuse intensity of new single-family homes by at least60% and existing single-family homes by at least40%, relative to the average homes in each of theseven climate zones in 2010 with a focus on reducingheating, cooling, and water heating loads.Building America supports the following BTO ResidentialBuildings Integration Program goal, along with othersubprograms: By 2025, reduce the energy used for spaceconditioning and water heating in single-family homesby 40% from 2010 levels.Building America Annual Report 7
INDUSTRY PARTNERSDRIVING ENERGYSAVINGSResearchResearch& &DevelopmentResearchResearch& des& ardsDOEDOELeadLeadIndustryIndustryLeadLeadThe Building America Program is meeting its goals by reducing energyuse in both new and existing homes through applications with theindustry teams. NREL staff conducted an initial review of approximately90 technical publications covering five years of Building America newconstruction and whole-house existing home upgrade projects.The findings of this review include 39 demonstration projects with dataresults published in terms that could be compared to the newest energyuse intensity or EUI (kBtu/ft2/yr) reduction targets and are presented inAppendix A: Evidence of Performance Levels Achieved in Past BuildingAmerica Projects. Because this EUI-based goal is new and previousBuilding America projects were not required to collect all of the datanecessary to calculate absolute EUI source energy values, the resultshere are not a comprehensive catalog of all past Building Americaproject-savings results. As further described in Appendix A, this reviewincludes a combination of measured and simulated data.The initial case study review shows that 23 new demonstration homesamong six climate zones achieve 23%–81% EUI reduction relative to2010 EUI baselines. Eight new construction homes have EUI values thatare less than the 2020 target for their climate (i.e., achieved EUI valuesat least 60% less than average EUI of single-family homes in 2010), asshown in Table 2. Six more homes have EUI values that are 50%–60%less than the baseline for their climate (i.e., they came very close toachieving the 2020 target EUI).The initial case study review also shows that 16 existing home retrofitsamong six climate zones achieved 23%–51% savings compared to pre-Table 2. Number of New Home Case Studies Achieving EUI Reduction GoalClimateThe Building America industry team BA-PIRC partneredwith Habitat for Humanity for performance and costdemonstration of ductless heat pumps for a communityof marine climate high-performance homes in PierceCounty, Washington8 Building America Annual ReportNew HomeEUI 2010Number of Case60% ReductionBaselineStudies Exceeding2020 EUI Target(kBtu/ft2/yr)2020 Target(kBtu/ft2/yr)Very 70
retrofit EUI. Twelve homes have post-retrofitEUI values that are less than the 2020 targetfor their climate (i.e., EUI reductions of atleast 40% relative to the 2010 consumptionof an average home in their climate), asshown in Table 3.The MYPP 2020 targets include five newsingle-family homes per climate zone thatmeet a 60% EUI reduction and five existingsingle-family home retrofits per climate zonethat meet a 40% EUI reduction. To counttoward the MYPP 2020 targets, BuildingAmerica should require that EUIs be validatedwith measured data. These initial findingsindicate that Building America is well on theway to meeting these targets for severalclimate regions based on measured data.Table 3. Number of Existing Home Retrofit Case Studies Achieving EUI Reduction GoalClimateExisting HomeEUI 2010Number of Case40% ReductionBaselineStudies Exceeding2020 EUI Target(kBtu/ft2/yr)2020 Target(kBtu/ft2/yr)Very 12The case study project results demonstrate thatBuilding America is already achieving very lowenergy use intensities in new home constructionand whole-house upgrades to existing homes.STRATEGIC DIRECTIONThe Building America Program is enabling higher performance in residential building systems and technologies. Toaccelerate progress toward multiyear goals, research has been conducted to facilitate the rapid adoption of newsystem solutions. Evaluations of individual measures, individual test houses, and community-scale housing havevalidated the reliability, performance, cost-effectiveness, and marketability of the packages of energy measuresdesigned to meet the Building America whole-house energy use reduction targets.ResearchResearch& ementCodes& g Technical CommitteesTo achieve Building America goals, STCswere established to identify and trackresearch and market gaps and barriers thatneeded resolution. The STCs were a publicforum for specific technology topics withrepresentation from residential marketstakeholders: builders, manufacturers,researchers, program operators, etc.The STC topics with the most extensiveparticipation were as follows:1. High-Performance Thermal EnclosureAssemblies2. Optimal Comfort Systems for Low-LoadHouses3. High-Performance Ventilation Systemsand IAQ Strategies4. Efficient Domestic Hot Water Systems5. Automated Home Energy ManagementSystems.Building America Annual Report 9
The strategic plans for these STCs each established up to six key goals. These specific goals,along with progress updates, technical reports, and associated outreach (meetings, webinars,and BASC publications), were documented and are summarized in Appendix C: FY14–FY16Progress toward STC Goals. The STCs guided the resulting accomplishments that improved theperformance of various residential building system technology applications, influenced buildingcodes and standards revisions, and set the stage for the subsequent Roadmap strategy.ResearchResearch& ementCodes& hResearch& &ResearchResearch& & EngagementEngagementEngagementCodes& &CodesCodes& yIndustryLeadIndustryLeadLeadPhoto from Building
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