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FROM GSM TO LTE
FROM GSM TO LTEAN INTRODUCTION TO MOBILENETWORKS AND MOBILEBROADBANDMartin SauterWirelessMoves, GermanyA John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2011 2011 John Wiley & Sons, LtdRegistered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United KingdomFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply forpermission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted bythe UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not beavailable in electronic books.Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand namesand product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of theirrespective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Thispublication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered.It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professionaladvice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSauter, Martin.From GSM to LTE : an introduction to mobile networks and mobile broadband / by Martin Sauter.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-66711-8 (cloth)1. Mobile communication systems. 2. Wireless metropolitan area networks. 3. Wireless LANs. I. Title.TK5103.2.S28 2011621.382 – dc222010038166A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Print ISBN: 978-0-470-66711-8ePDF ISBN: 978-0-470-97824-5oBook ISBN: 978-0-470-97823-8ePub ISBN: 978-0-470-97822-1Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
ContentsPrefaceList of FiguresList of TablesList of Abbreviations11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)Circuit-Switched Data Transmission1.1.1Classic Circuit Switching1.1.2Virtual Circuit Switching over IPStandardsTransmission SpeedsThe Signaling System Number 71.4.1The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack1.4.2SS-7 Protocols for GSM1.4.3IP-Based SS-7 Protocol StackThe GSM SubsystemsThe Network Subsystem1.6.1The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)1.6.2The Visitor Location Register (VLR)1.6.3The Home Location Register (HLR)1.6.4The Authentication Center1.6.5The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC)The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing1.7.1Frequency Bands1.7.2The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)1.7.3The GSM Air Interface1.7.4The Base Station Controller (BSC)1.7.5The TRAU for Voice Encoding1.7.6Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS1.7.7Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects1.7.8Modulation1.7.9Voice Activity DetectionMobility Management and Call Control1.8.1Call Reselection and Location Area 243034383942434444
.112.122.1333.1Contents1.8.2The Mobile-Terminated Call1.8.3Handover ScenariosThe Mobile DeviceThe SIM CardThe Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMELQuestionsReferences46495153586060General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGECircuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSMPacket-Switched Data Transmission over GPRSThe GPRS Air Interface2.3.1GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface2.3.2Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station2.3.3Coding Schemes2.3.4Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)2.3.5Mobile Device Classes2.3.6Network Mode of Operation2.3.7GPRS Logical Channels on the Air InterfaceThe GPRS State ModelGPRS Network Elements2.5.1The Packet Control Unit (PCU)2.5.2The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)2.5.3The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)GPRS Radio Resource ManagementGPRS InterfacesGPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM)2.8.1Mobility Management Tasks2.8.2GPRS Session ManagementSession Management from a User Point of ViewSmall Screen Web Browsing over GPRS and EDGE2.10.1WAP 1.1 Used in Early GPRS Devices2.10.2WAP 2.02.10.3Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression2.10.4Small Screen Web Browsing – Quality of ExperienceThe Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRSWeb Browsing via GPRS2.12.1Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience2.12.2Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web 3113Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) and High-SpeedPacket Access (HSPA)Overview, History and Future3.1.13GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation3.1.23GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network3.1.33GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access3.1.43GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)3.1.53GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity115115116119119122122
GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA and Enhancements and Femtocells3.1.73GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements3.1.83GPP Release 10: LTE-AdvancedImportant New Concepts of UMTS3.2.1The Radio Access Bearer (RAB)3.2.2The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum3.2.3Common Transport Protocols for CS and PSCode Division Multiple Access (CDMA)3.3.1Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain3.3.2The OVSF Code Tree3.3.3Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction3.3.4UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning3.3.5The Near–Far Effect and Cell Breathing3.3.6Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSMUMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface3.4.1User Plane and Control Plane3.4.2Common and Dedicated Channels3.4.3Logical, Transport and Physical Channels3.4.4Example: Network Search3.4.5Example: Initial Network Access Procedure3.4.6The Uu Protocol StackThe UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)3.5.1Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP and FP3.5.2The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP3.5.3Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Codec for Voice Calls3.5.4Radio Resource Control (RRC) StatesCore Network Mobility ManagementRadio Network Mobility Management3.7.1Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State3.7.2Mobility Management in Idle State3.7.3Mobility Management in Other StatesUMTS CS and PS Call EstablishmentUMTS SecurityHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA 3.10.1HSDPA Channels3.10.2Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)3.10.3Node-B Scheduling3.10.4Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates and MulticarrierOperation3.10.5Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection3.10.6HSDPA Mobility ManagementHigh-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)3.11.1E-DCH Channel Structure3.11.2The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality3.11.3E-DCH Scheduling3.11.4E-DCH Mobility3.11.5E-DCH-Capable DevicesRadio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC and One Tunnel3.12.1A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format3.12.2CQI Reporting Reduction and DTX and 193
ts3.12.3HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception3.12.4HS-SCCH-less Operation3.12.5Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell-/URA-PCH States3.12.6Radio Network Enhancement: One TunnelHSPA Performance in Practice3.13.1Throughput in Practice3.13.2Radio Resource State Management3.13.3Power Consumption3.13.4Web-Browsing ExperienceUMTS and 9200201203204Long Term Evolution (LTE)Introduction and OverviewNetwork Architecture and Interfaces4.2.1LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface4.2.2The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces4.2.3The Mobility Management Entity (MME)4.2.4The Serving Gateway (S-GW)4.2.5The PDN-Gateway4.2.6The Home Subscriber Server (HSS)4.2.7Billing, Prepaid and Quality of ServiceFDD Air Interface and Radio Network4.3.1OFDMA for Downlink Transmission4.3.2SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission4.3.3Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks and Frames4.3.4Reference and Synchronization Signals4.3.5The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction4.3.6Downlink Management Channels4.3.7System Information Messages4.3.8The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction4.3.9MIMO Transmission4.3.10HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms4.3.11PDCP Compression and Ciphering4.3.12Protocol Layer OverviewTD-LTE Air InterfaceScheduling4.5.1Downlink Scheduling4.5.2Uplink SchedulingBasic Procedures4.6.1Cell Search4.6.2Attach and Default Bearer Activation4.6.3Handover Scenarios4.6.4Default and Dedicated BearersMobility Management and Power Optimization4.7.1Mobility Management in Connected State4.7.2Mobility Management in Idle StateLTE Security ArchitectureInterconnection with UMTS and 50250252254254
65.75.8ix4.9.1Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS4.9.2RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and GSM/UMTS4.9.3Handover between LTE and GSM/UMTSInterworking with CDMA2000 Networks4.10.1Cell Reselection between LTE and CDMA2000 Networks4.10.2RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and CDMA20004.10.3Handover between LTE and CDMA2000Network Planning Aspects4.11.1Single Frequency Network4.11.2Cell Edge Performance4.11.3Self-Organizing Network FunctionalityVoice and SMS over LTE4.12.1SMS over SGs4.12.2CS Fallback4.12.3VoLGA4.12.4IMS and the One Voice Profile4.12.5Internet-Based Alternatives4.12.6LTE Bearer Configurations for VoIPBackhaul ConsiderationsLTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10)4.14.1Latency Reduction4.14.2Carrier Aggregation4.14.38 8 Downlink and 4 4 Uplink MIMO4.14.4Relays4.14.5Study on Coordinated Multipoint 274274275IEEE 802.16 and WiMAXOverviewStandards, Evolution and ProfilesWiMAX PHYs for Point-to-Multipoint FDD or TDD Operation5.3.1Adaptive OFDM Modulation and Coding5.3.2Physical Layer Speed Calculations5.3.3Cell SizesPhysical Layer Framing5.4.1Frame Structure in FDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks5.4.2Frame Structure in TDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint NetworksEnsuring Quality of ServiceMAC Management Functions5.6.1Connecting to the Network5.6.2Power, Modulation and Coding Control5.6.3Dynamic Frequency SelectionMAC Management of User Data5.7.1Fragmentation and Packing5.7.2Data Retransmission (ARQ)5.7.3Header 298298301301302303
.17.27.37.4ContentsAdvanced 802.16 Functionalities5.9.1Mesh Network Topology5.9.2Adaptive Antenna SystemsMobile WiMAX: 802.16e5.10.1OFDM Multiple Access for 802.16e Networks5.10.2MIMO5.10.3Handover5.10.4Power-Saving Functionality5.10.5Idle ModeWiMAX Network Infrastructure5.11.1Network Reference Architecture5.11.2Micro Mobility Management5.11.3Macro Mobility 313314315315317318319320Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)Wireless LAN OverviewTransmission Speeds and StandardsWLAN Configurations: From Ad Hoc to Wireless Bridging6.3.1Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS and Wireless Bridging6.3.2SSID and Frequency SelectionManagement OperationsThe MAC Layer6.5.1Air Interface Access Control6.5.2The MAC HeaderThe Physical Layer and MAC Extensions6.6.1IEEE 802.11b – 11 Mbit/s6.6.2IEEE 802.11g with up to 54 Mbit/s6.6.3IEEE 802.11a with up to 54 Mbit/s6.6.4IEEE 802.11n with up to 600 Mbits/sWireless LAN Security6.7.1Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)6.7.2WPA and WPA Personal Mode Authentication6.7.3WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication6.7.4EAP-SIM Authentication6.7.5WPA and WPA2 EncryptionIEEE 802.11e and WMM – Quality of ServiceComparison of Wireless LAN and uetoothOverview and ApplicationsPhysical PropertiesPiconets and the Master/Slave ConceptThe Bluetooth Protocol Stack7.4.1The Baseband Layer7.4.2The Link Controller7.4.3The Link Manager365365367369371371376378
Contents7.57.67.77.8Index7.4.4The HCI Interface7.4.5The L2CAP Layer7.4.6The Service Discovery Protocol7.4.7The RFCOMM Layer7.4.8Overview of Bluetooth Connection EstablishmentBluetooth Security7.5.1Pairing up to Bluetooth 2.07.5.2Pairing with Bluetooth 2.1 (Secure Simple horization7.5.6Security ModesBluetooth Profiles7.6.1Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP and the Serial Profile7.6.2The Network Profiles: DUN, LAP and PAN7.6.3Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push and Synchronize7.6.4Headset, Hands-Free and SIM Access Profile7.6.5High-Quality Audio StreamingComparison between Bluetooth and Wireless 9389391391392392394397399403405406406409
PrefaceWireless technologies like GSM, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, Wireless LAN and Bluetooth have revolutionized the way we communicate and exchange data by making services like telephony and Internetaccess available anytime and from almost anywhere. Today, a great variety of technical publicationsoffer background information about these technologies but they all fall short in one way or another.Books covering these technologies usually describe only one of the systems in detail and are generallytoo complex as a first introduction. The Internet is also a good source, but the articles one finds areusually too short and superficial or only deal with a specific mechanism of one of the systems. Becauseof this, it was difficult for me to recommend a single publication to students in my telecommunication classes, which I have been teaching in addition to my work in the wireless telecommunicationindustry. This book aims to change this.Each of the seven chapters in this book gives a detailed introduction and overview of one of thewireless systems mentioned above. Special emphasis has also been put into explaining the thoughtsand reasoning behind the development of each system. Not only the ‘how’ but also the ‘why’ isof central importance in each chapter. Furthermore, comparisons are made to show the differencesand commonalities between the technologies. For some applications, several technologies competedirectly with each other, while in other cases only a combination of different wireless technologiescreates a practical application for the end user. For readers who want to test their understanding of asystem, each chapter concludes with a list of questions. For further investigation, all chapters containreferences to the relevant standards and other documents. These provide an ideal additional sourceto find out more about a specific system or topic. Please note there is a companion website for thisbook. Please go to http://www.wirelessmoves.com.While working on the book, I have tremendously benefited from wireless technologies that arealready available today. Whether at home or while traveling, Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, UMTS andEDGE have provided reliable connectivity for my research and have allowed me to communicate withfriends and loved ones at anytime, from anywhere. In a way, the book is a child of the technologiesit describes.Many people have been involved in revising the different chapters and have given invaluablesuggestions on content, style and grammar. I would therefore like to thank Prashant John, TimothyLongman, Tim Smith, Peter van den Broek, Prem Jayaraj, Kevin Wriston, Gregg Beyer, Ed Illidge,Debby Maxwell and John Edwards for their kind help and good advice.Furthermore, my sincere thanks go to Berenike, who has stood by me during this project with herlove, friendship and good advice.Martin SauterCologneJuly 2010
List of Figures1.1Switching matrix in a switching center21.2Necessary software changes to adapt a fixed-line switching center for a wireless network31.3Timeslot architecture of an E-1 connection51.4An SS-7 network with an STP, two SCP databases and three switching centers61.5Comparison of the SS-7, OSI and TCP/IP protocol stacks71.6Establishment of a voice call between two switching centers71.7Enhancement of the SS-7 protocol stack for GSM1.8Comparison of the classic and IP-based SS-7 protocol stacks1.9Interfaces and nodes in the NSS111.10 Digitization of an analog voice signal139101.11 Mobile switching center (MSC) with integrated Visitor Location Register (VLR)141.12 The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)141.13 A terminal program can be used to retrieve the IMSI from the SIM card151.14 Creation of a signed response (SRES)181.15 Message flow during the authentication of a subscriber181.16 Authentication between network and mobile device201.17 SMS delivery principle201.18 GSM uplink and downlink in the 900-MHz frequency band211.19 A typical antenna of a GSM base station. The optional microwave directional antenna(round antenna at the bottom of the mast) connects the base station with the GSM network 231.20 Cellular structure of a GSM network241.21 Sectorized cell configurations241.22 A GSM TDMA frame241.23 A GSM burst251.24 Arrangement of bursts of a frame for the visualization of logical channels in Figure 1.25261.25 Use of timeslots in the downlink direction per 3GPP TS 45.002271.26 Establishment of a signaling connection291.27 Mapping of E-1 timeslots to air interface timeslots301.28 Establishment of a traffic channel (TCH)31
xviList of Figures1.29 Message flow during a handover procedure321.30 Time shift of bursts of distant subscribers without timing advance control341.31 GSM speech compression351.32 Speech compression with a 4:1 compression ratio in the TRAU361.33 Source–filter model of the GSM FR codec371.34 Complete transmission chain with the transmitter and receiver of the GSM FR codec371.35 Transmission path in the downlink direction between the network and the mobile device381.36 GSM channel coder for full-rate speech frames391.37 Frame interleaving401.38 Ciphering of an air interface burst401.39 Discontinuous transmission (DTX)431.40 Cells in different location areas451.41 Message flow for a location update procedure461.42 Mobile-terminated call establishment, part 1471.43 Mobile-terminated call establishment, part 2481.44 Inter-MSC handover501.45 Subsequent inter-MSC handover501.46 Basic architecture of a mobile phone511.47 Overview of RISC and DSP functionalities531.48 Example of a tool to visualize the data contained on a SIM card541.49 Block diagram of SIM card components551.50 Structure of a command APDU561.51 Response APDU571.52 Structure of the SELECT command APDU571.53 Simplified state model for an originator (O-BCSM) according to 3GPP TS 23.078592.1Exclusive connections of a circuit-switched system642.2Packet-switched data transmission642.3GSM, GPRS and EDGE data transmission speed comparison652.4Billing based on volume662.5Simplified visualization of PDTCH assignment and timeslot aggregation672.6Shared use of the timeslots of a cell for GSM and GPRS682.7CS-2 and CS-3 channel coder692.8GMSK (GPRS) and 8PSK (EDGE) modulation702.9MCS-9 convolutional coding and incremental redundancy722.10 Paging for an incoming voice call via the Gs interface742.11 PDTCH and PACCH are sent on the same timeslot752.12 Logical channels of GPRS NOM II762.13 Packet resources: requests and assignments, NOM II772.14 The GPRS sta
2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 63 2.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 64 2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 66 2.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 66 2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 68 2.3.3 Coding Schemes 68 2.3.4 Enhanced Data
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