Algorithmic Traders And Volatility Information Trading
Algorithmic Traders and Volatility InformationTradingNSE-NYU Conference on Indian Financial MarketsAnirban Banerjee1 Asst.1Ashok BanerjeeProfessor, IIM Kozhikode2 Professor,IIM CalcuttaDecember 11, 20192
IntroductionI Algorithmic traders presently provide bulk of the tradingvolume in stock exchanges around the globe - both indeveloped and developing markets.I Role of algorithmic traders is far from clear (especially HFTs).I Academic literature on algorithmic trading is primarilyconcentrated on equity markets, that too using data ofdeveloped markets only.I Lack of identifiers for algo tradersI Fragmented market structureI Benefit of using NSE data
MotivationI Do algorithmic traders have information regarding futurevolatility?I Options market is uniquely suited for utilizing privateinformation regarding future realized volatility.I In case of volatility information, the direction of future pricemovement is not known to the trader.However, the trader isbetter informed to predict if the price level is supposed tomove from its current level (in either direction).
LiteratureI Most of the studies suggest that algorithmic traders do not have directionalinformation, but react much faster to publicly available information (Frino,Viljoen, Wang, Westerholm, & Zheng,2015)I There is a large body of existing literature inspecting whether informed tradersuse directional information market in the options market (Stephan & Whaley,1990; Amin & Lee, 1997; Easley, Hara, & Srinivas, 1998; Chan, Chung, & Fong,2002; Chakravarty, Gulen, & Mayhew, 2004; Cao, Chen, & Griffin, 2005; Pan &Poteshman, 2006).I Ni et al. (2008) show that Vega-adjusted net trading volume can be used tomeasure volatility demand for a particular trader group. They also show thatnon-market maker’s demand for volatility is positively related to future realizedvolatility in the spot market.
Algorithmic TradingTable: Proportions of trading volume contributed by different category of algorithmicand non-algorithmic traders in the NSE spot and equity derivatives segment (for theperiod Jan-Dec %9.50%36.90%50.19%49.81%Spot MarketAlgoNon-AlgoStock FuturesAlgoNon-AlgoStock OptionsAlgoNon-Algo
Volatility Information Trading by Algo TradersHypothesisIn an order-driven market, non-algorithmic traders’ demand for volatility in the stockoptions market is positively related to future realized volatility in the spot market.HypothesisInvestors trading on volatility related information in the stock options market behavesimilarly in periods leading up to both scheduled and unscheduled corporateannouncements.
Demand for VolatilityDemand for volatility estimated following Ni.et. al(2008),as the vega weighted nettraded volume in the options market.σ D TGi,tK ,TX X lnCi,tK σi,tTK ,TK ,T(BuyCall TGi,t SellCall TGi,t)K ,TX X lnPi,tKT σi,t(1)K ,TK ,T(BuyPut TGi,t SellPut TGi,t)K ,TK ,TPartial derivative estimated through (1/Ci,t).BlackScholesCallVegai,tandK ,TK ,T(1/Pi,t).BlackScholesPutVegai,t.
Empirical ModelσσOneDayRVi,t α β1 .D TGi,t j β2 .D TGi,t j .EADi,t β3 .OneDayRVi,t 1 β4 .OneDayRVi,t 1 .EADi,t β5 .OneDayRVi,t 2 β6 .OneDayRVi,t 2 .EADi,t β7 .OneDayRVi,t 3 β8 .OneDayRVi,t 3 .EADi,t β9 .OneDayRVi,t 4 β10 .OneDayRVi,t 4 .EADi,t β11 .OneDayRVi,t 5 β12 .OneDayRVi,t 5 .EADi,t β13 .EADi,t β14 .IVi,t 1 β15 .IVi,t 1 .EADi,t β16 .abs(D TGi,t j ) β17 .abs(D TGi,t j ).EADi,t β18 .ln(optVolumei,t j ) β19 .ln(optVolumei,t j ).EADi,t β20 .ln(stkVolumei,t j ) β21 .ln(stkVolumei,t j ).EADi,t i,t(2)σσOneDayRVi,t α β1 .D TGi,t j β2 .D TGi,t j .UADi,t β3 .OneDayRVi,t 1 β4 .OneDayRVi,t 1 .UADi,t β5 .OneDayRVi,t 2 β6 .OneDayRVi,t 2 .UADi,t β7 .OneDayRVi,t 3 β8 .OneDayRVi,t 3 .UADi,t β9 .OneDayRVi,t 4 β10 .OneDayRVi,t 4 .UADi,t β11 .OneDayRVi,t 5 β12 .OneDayRVi,t 5 .UADi,t β13 .UADi,t β14 .IVi,t 1 β15 .IVi,t 1 .UADi,t β16 .abs(D TGi,t j ) β17 .abs(D TGi,t j ).UADi,t β18 .ln(optVolumei,t j ) β19 .ln(optVolumei,t j ).UADi,t β20 .ln(stkVolumei,t j ) β21 .ln(stkVolumei,t j ).UADi,t i,t(3)
DataI We use six months (01 Jan 2015 to 30 Jun 2015) of optionsmarket trading data obtained from the NSE for 159 stocks.I Our dataset contains information regarding 37 milliontransactions in the options market during the period of 120trading days.I Implied volatility estimated using an optimization exercisewith options traded price and the Black-Scholes optionspricing model.
Volatility DefinitionI Def. 1 [Daily volatility reported by NSE] :rClose2σi,t,NSE 0.96 σi,t 1,NSE 0.04 (ln Openi,t )2i,tI Def. 2 [Anderson(2001)] : σi,t,Anderson qPI Def. 3 [Alizadeh et. al. (2002)] : σi,t,Range ntk 1(rk,t )2Highi,t Lowi,tClosei,t
Volatility Spikes around Announcements(a) Volatility Estimate (NSEReported)(b)Volatility Estimate (Andersonet. al. 2001)(c)Volatility Estimate (Alizadehet. al. 2002)Figure: The figure plots average realized volatility around scheduled earningsannouncements. The x-axis represents the time line around the pre-scheduled earningsannouncement. 0 represents the earnings announcement date. negative values indicatetrading days prior to announcement and positive values indicate trading days postannouncement.
Volatility Spikes around Announcements(a) Volatility Estimate (NSEReported)(b)Volatility Estimate (Andersonet. al. 2001)(c)Volatility Estimate (Alizadehet. al. 2002)Figure: figure plots average realized volatility around unscheduled corporateannouncements. The x-axis represents the time line around the corporateannouncement. 0 represents the announcement date. negative values indicate tradingdays prior to announcement and positive values indicate trading days postannouncement.
Results - Algo (Earnings Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Algo TraderAnnouncement Type: Pre-scheduled Earnings Announcement(NSE 0.3*(-1.9)(Anderson et. al. 2001)(t-j)(t-j)*EAD(Alizadeh et. al. 7(-0.93)-0.02(0.00)
Results - Algo (Unscheduled Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Algo TraderAnnouncement Type: Unscheduled Announcements(NSE Anderson et. al. 2001)(t-j)(t-j)*EAD(Alizadeh et. al. *(-3.06)0.43(0.13)-8.75***(-2.68)
Results - Non Algo (Earnings Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Non-Algo TraderAnnouncement Type: Pre-scheduled Earnings Announcement(NSE *(2.35)0.41**(2.02)0.35**(2.11)0.3*(1.9)(Anderson et. al. 2001)(t-j)(t-j)*EAD(Alizadeh et. al. 0(-0.34)5.56(1.37)3.07(0.93)0.02(0.00)
Results - Non Algo (Unscheduled Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Non-Algo TraderAnnouncement Type: Unscheduled Announcements(NSE 55)0.29(1.51)-0.26(-1.05)-0.18(-0.81)(Anderson et. al. 2001)(t-j)(t-j)*EAD(Alizadeh et. al. )
Behavior of the Different Algorithmic Trader CategoriesI Prop algo traders primarily engage in HFT, try to exploit any arbitrageopportunity existing in the market. Not known to trade on information.I Agency algorithmic traders provide trade execution service on someone else’sbehalf. Splits orders from possible informed investors to small pieces.Information content of large orders may be lost.HypothesisTrades executed by both propitiatory and agency algorithmic traders in the stockoptions market do not convey private information regarding future realized volatility inthe spot market.
Results - Prop Algo (Earnings Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Prop-Algorithmic TraderAnnouncement Type: Pre-scheduled Earnings AnnouncementNSE -1.27)Anderson et. al. 2001(t-j)(t-j)*EADAlizadeh et. al. .46)
Results - Prop Algo (Unscheduled Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Prop-Algorithmic TraderAnnouncement Type: Unscheduled AnnouncementNSE nderson et. al. 2001(t-j)(t-j)*EADAlizadeh et. al. (-6.18)16.08***(3.33)-8.51**(-2.01)
Results - Agency Algo (Earnings Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Agency-Algorithmic TraderAnnouncement Type: Pre-scheduled Earnings AnnouncementNSE 03)Anderson et. al. 4)-1.38(-0.79)-5.03***(-4.25)-0.96(-0.92)Alizadeh et. al. )-1.11(-0.14)-5.71(-1.08)-2.04(-0.43)
Results - Agency Algo (Unscheduled Announcement)Table: Coefficients corresponding to the demand for volatility termTrader Group: Agency-Algorithmic TraderAnnouncement Type: Unscheduled AnnouncementNSE on et. al. 2001(t-j)(t-j)*EADAlizadeh et. al. (4.32)-45.66***(-9.05)-29.14***(-3.2)
SummaryI Non-algorithmic traders are informed regarding future volatilitywhile algorithmic traders are not.I The predictive ability of options market volatility demand rarelylasts more than two days into the future.I Neither propitiatory (who trade in their own account) nor agency(who execute trades on someone else’s behalf) algorithmic tradershave volatility related information.I Both scheduled and unscheduled corporate announcements act asexogenous shocks, resulting in volatility spikes. Traders behavesimilarly in periods leading up to both these type of corporateannouncements.
RobustnessEstimation of VegaI We revise our estimate by calculating the Vega using 20-dayrolling realized volatility measure based on the Anderson(2001) measure. Updated results based on this measure aresimilar.Functional form of spot and stock traded volume volumeI We have revised both the volume measures - stock and optiontraded volume to logarithmic scale as per suggestion.
RobustnessUse of alternate range based estimators of realized volatilityTable: Pearson correlation coefficient for the six measures of realized volatility.Pearson Correlation CoefficientsNSE ReportedAlizadehAndersonGarman KlassRogers 8271.000
Algorithmic Trading Table: Proportions of trading volume contributed by di erent category of algorithmic and non-algorithmic traders in the NSE spot and equity derivatives segment (for the period Jan-Dec 2015) Custodian Proprietary NCNP Total Spot Market Algo 21.34% 13.18% 7.76% 42.28% Non-
1.2.8 Volatility in terms of delta 11 1.2.9 Volatility and delta for a given strike 11 1.2.10 Greeks in terms of deltas 12 1.3 Volatility 15 1.3.1 Historic volatility 15 1.3.2 Historic correlation 18 1.3.3 Volatility smile 19 1.3.4 At-the-money volatility interpolation 25 1.3.5 Volatility
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