ORGANIC FARMING TECHNOLOGY - JAEC
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ORGANIC FARMING TECHNOLOGYIN JAPANByYoshiro WakuiProfessorKoibuchi Collegeof Agriculture and NutritionMay 2009Pilot Project for Better Farm IncomeBy Organic-Based Vegetable Productioni
TABLE OF CONTENTSPageI.Introduction(1) Background of Organic Farming1-2(2) Fundamentals of Organic Farming2-4II.Practices of Major Important for Organic Farming1.Soil Enrichment(1) Soil Productivity5(2) Compost and Bokashi Fertilizer6-11a.Raw Materials of Compost and Bokashi Fertilizerb.How to Produce and Use Compostc.How to Produce and Use Bokashi Fertilizer(3) Organic Nutrients11(4) Microbiological Antagonism11(5) Use of Gramineous Leguminous and Tree Plats12-132.Rotated and Mixed Planting Varied Plant Types14-163.Controlling Pest and Diseases17-23(1) To Propagate Antagonistic Microorganisms(2) Effect of Pest and Diseases Control(3) Attracting Natural Enemies(4) Insect Barriers(5) Propagating Natural Enemies(6) Other Methods of Pest and Disease Control4.Weed Control24(1) Removing Weed(2) Preventing Weed Germination and Growth5.Conservation of Natural Environment24(1) Avoid Overdose of Fertilizer(2) Efficient Use of Irrigation Water6.Resource Recycling and Cost Reduction in Farming(1) Integrated Farming(2) Use of Locally Available Material(3) Minimum Tillageii25-29
IntroductionIn many places of Japan, farmers started trying organic farming approximately 50 years ago.Following developments in the society gave rise to the “organic” movement:(1) Social background in which organic farming was initiatedaAs petrochemical industries developed rapidly, soil and water were contaminated bypoisonous chemical substances of many kinds. Human health was endangered bythese chemicals in food and drinking water, too.bModern farming system heavily dependent on chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides,etc. created a wide range of problems: Soil fertility was depleted by heavy dependenceon chemical fertilizers. Farmers suffered from poisoning by chemicals. Pests anddiseases resistant to chemicals emerged, leading to their repeated outbreaks. Overdoseof chemical fertilizers polluted water. Increasing volumes of farm products proved tobe hazardous to human health.cConsumer movements became increasingly active, asking for safe farm products.As organic farmers gradually increasedin number, they tried to organizethemselves into a national association.In 1971, a Japan Organic n provided an incubatingenvironment,inwhichdedicatedfarmers worked together and exchangedtheir experiences to create, refine andPhoto 1: Seed exchange seminar by the Japan Organicdisseminate organic farming technology.Agriculture Association(See Photo 1: Seed exchange seminar bythe Japan Organic Agriculture Association.)1
Organic Farming Technology (OFT) is the fundamental on which farming technology stands.Through basic practices described below, soil becomes rich. Crops grow healthy and resistant topest and diseases. Qualities of the products are higher: Vegetables are more nutritious, tastierand contain substances good for human health.(2) Fundamentals of Organic Farming TechnologyaSoil is enriched (“tsuchi-dukuri” in Japanese language) by using compost and bokashifertilizers, produced by fermenting various organic materials. Soil conditions areimproved by using earthworms and microorganisms which decompose organicmaterials. Improved soil helps crops grow healthy and sturdy.Materials for soil enrichment are produced by composting locally available materialssuch as household food wastes, animal wastes, plant residues (dead twigs and fallenleaves), weeds, dead insects, small fish not for human consumption, crop residues, etc.bCombined planting of different types of crops is practiced in the form of crop rotationand mixed planting. Combination of gramineous and leguminous crops is particularlyeffective in soil enrichment and creating environments to minimize pest and diseasedamages.cIn order to reduce pathogenic fungus/bacteria and hazardous insects, one tries topropagate useful creatures which eat them in the fields, such as microorganisms,insects, frogs, lizards, small birds, etc.OFT reduces production costs by using locally available recourses and minimizing purchasedinputs. OFT, at the same time, contributes to environmental conservation: It harmonizes withecological system of the nature by avoiding the use of synthesized chemical substances. (SeeTable 1: Ingredients of compost and its chemical contents (example) and Table 2: Ingredients ofbokashi and its chemical contents (example))2
Table 1: Materials of compost and their nutrient contents (%)MaterialsNP2O5K2OCaOMgOSiO2C/NRice straw0.4 0.90.10.8 1.50.30.25.550 70Wheat/barley straw0.5 0.70.1 0.20.8 2.00.3 0.40.13.060 100Maize0.5 1.00.41.60.50.21.360 901.10.22.01.80.31.530 50Pine msandleavesFallen leavesSawtooth Oak*1Dried weeds2.520 600.760 70Mugwort*2Japanesepampas grass*3Weeds1.20.41.30.8 1.10.31.5 2.0Rice hull0.4 0.60.20.5Saw dust0.1Soybean stems and0.40.440 60leavesCattle80 90500 1000dung(60%0.80.90.80.70.415 20dung(60%1.22.10.71.50.58 12Dried chicken dung3.04.52.54.2 9.01.1 1.86 102.02.5 3.01.0 1.5moistureSwinemoisture)(in cages)(on ground)15 20C／N ratio ：Oil cake, fish meal 5 – 6, compost 15 – 25, green manure 18 to 25, vegetable waste 10 -20,tree trimmings 100 – 200, (soil approximately 10, microorganism 5 – 10)*1 Quercus acutissima*2 Artemisia princeps Pampan*3 Miscanthus sinensis3
Table 2: Raw materials of bokashi fertilizer and their nutrient contents (%)MaterialsGuaranteed (OfficialMarketed bokashiOther nutrientsRemarksstandards)ＮP2O5K 2ODried chickenＮP2O5K 2O3.04.52.5CaOMgO4.2 9.0 1.1 1.8dungCanolaoil6.02.01.05.0 6.0 2.0 2.21.00.90.3cakeResidues from oilextractionRice bran oil2.04.01.02.0 2.6 4.0 6.0 1.0 1.20.10.7cakeResidues from oilextractionRice bran1.7 2.1 3.4 3.8Wheat bran1.3 2.2 1.1 2.7 0.7 1.5Fish meal7.03.0－7.0 8.0 4.0 6.01.30.10.2 1.0Boiled fish afteroil extractionCrab/ shrimp4.01.012.08.04.0 5.6 3.0 6.0 0.5 0.8PowdershellGuano (nitric)1.0Bird dung andcorpsGuano0.1 0.527 300.2 1.0(Bat guano)(phosphoric)Groundshell20 401.0 3fossilWood ashSilicicacidcontent 20 30%1 2.06 10.0Source: “Handbook of Organic Fertilizers and Microbiological materials” (Nobunkyo Press) and others4
Practices of Major Importance for Organic Farming1. Soil Enrichment (tsuchi-dukuri)Soil enrichment (tsuchi-dukuri) is a combination of technical practices designed to maintain andenhance the natural recycling system of organic materials and wide varieties of creatures livingin and around the soil. The practices are intended to maintain the natural environment. Theyconsist of the following:(1) Soil productivity (richness)The fundamental approach is to increase the productive capacity of the soil. It is productivecapacity of soil, not fertilizers, that raises crops. Compost and bokashi fertilizers input to soil areintended to provide nutrition to earthworms and microorganisms and store the nutrition in thesoil, rather than to provide nutrition to crops directly. In other words, we enrich the soil throughactivities of earthworms and microorganisms. (See Chart 1: Tsuchi-dukuri: Provide organic)materials to create crump soil structureC h a rt 1 : T s u c h i-D u k u ri: P ro v id e o rg a n ic m a te ria lsto c re a te c r u m b s o il s tr u c tu r eC ru m b s o il s to re s m o is tu re &n u trie n ts in la rg e q u a n titie sS o il w ith o u t o rg a n icm a te ria ls b e c o m e sc o m p a c t, c a n n o t s to ren u trie n ts , la c k s w a te rd ra in a g e a n d a irp e r m e a b ility .D ra in a g e & a irp e r m e a b ility in c re a s e .C r u m b s tr u c tu re s o il5
(2) Compost and bokashi fertilizerActivities of varied lives (especially those digesting organic materials) are utilized byproviding compost and bokashi fertilizers to the soil. Organic materials are fermented anddecomposed to a certain extent and used so that these microorganisms may easily digest them.aRaw materials of compost and bokashi fertilizersFollowing materials are used to increase soil richness: Crop residues (rice straw, straws of wheatand barleys, rice hull, stems and leaves to beans and maize, vegetable and fruit residues, ricebran, etc.), organic materials of plant origin around farm fields (cut grass, fallen leaves, deadtwigs, saw dust, wood ash, etc.), animal wastes (from cattle, pigs, chickens and other domesticanimals), oil cakes (from canola, soybeans, fish, etc.), food processing residues (bagasse, coffeegrounds, fish processing wastes, crumbs, food leftovers, shell powder, etc.) and mineralresources of natural origin without industrial processing (rock salt, phosphate rocks, guano,fossil shell, etc.). (See Photo 2 Organic resources forest such as fallen leaves and twigs andPhoto 3 Compost is produced using animal manure and food processing wastes.)Photo 2: Organic resources from forest such asPhoto3: Compost is produced using animalfallen leaves and twigsmanure and food processing wastesbHow to produce and use composti. Neutralizing compostHeaps of compost generate a large quantity of organic acids at the initial stage of disintegration,and show strong acidity. During its maturing process, organic acids are decomposed into neutralsubstances. When you use the compost in the pre-mature stages, it is advisable to mix wood ash,lime powder, shell fish powder, etc. into compost. Materials of high C/N ratio must be stacked6
in a heap for a long time period before composted. Hence, neutralization is not necessaryii Providing air and waterWhen materials are stack up first, their optimal moisture content is judged with the followingway: Clasp the material tightly by hand, then, water seeps out. It contains 50 -60% moisture.When materials are dry, pour water or animal urine over the stack until water seeps out fromthe bottom. Raw grass, household garbage, vegetable wastes, fresh animal dung, etc. contain80-90% moisture, which is too high. Moisture has to be reduced by mixing dry materials.Aerobic bacteria do not propagate in stack when air is not supplied. Be careful not to stamp on/press the stack too hard and not to supply water too much. Cut open and mix the heap (turning)periodically to supply air inside the stack. When mixing, materials inside are brought to surfaceof the stack, and vice versa.iii Stack of materialsThe stack must be roofed where it rains much. It may be covered lightly by old plastic films.Dried straw or pampas grass may be used to cover the heap in such a way the cover is slanted sothat rain water may run down to the side.Materials are mixed or sandwiched so that easily decomposable materials and those hard todecompose are stacked alternately. Ideally, the heap is build so that surface be hard and insidesoft.The heap has to be turned at least two or three times. First turning takes place 2 to 3 weeks (ormore) after the beginning. Reconstitute the stack so that materials inside in the original stackmay be brought to surface of the new stack, and vice versa. When it is dry, add water. Secondturning should take place 4 – 5 weeks later. In case of using slowly decomposing materials, turnthe stack every one or two months. （See Chart 2 How to Build Heap of Compost Materials.）7
Mix the heap 2 – 3 timesuntil compost is mature.When mixing, bring insideour and outside in thenew heap.Cover the heap with usedplastic or straw to keep rainwater off.Alternate high moisturematerials and dry ones.Mix easily decomposableand slowly decomposableones.In dry and cool climate, dig soilshallowly and bury half the material init. The heap has do be covered toavoid rain.Chart 2: How to Build Heap of Compost Materialsiv Humification processInsidethestackinwhichmaterials with C/N ratio 30 mes to near halt after thesecondturning.Colorofmaterials gradually turns black.Himification has already started.White hyphae are seen inside.Compost is complete when thematerials become crumbly andPhoto 4: Compost made of rice straw and rice branbrown to black color. It occurs 4– 5 week after the 2nd or 3rd turning. Hard fiber can be easily cut by hand. Its volume is half theoriginal size. Its surface is dry but its inside is slightly moist with 40-50% moisture. Water does8
not come out when you clasp it tightly by hand. (See Photo 4: Compost made of rice straw andrice bran.)v Time necessary for compost productionAnimal manure mixed with rice straw takes 6 – 7 weeks and the one with wheat straw, 8 – 10weeks to complete turning into compost. When saw dust or rice hull is mixed with animalwastes, it takes 4 to 6 months to get mature compost. When wood chips and bark is to be used,these materials must be left outdoors (under the sun and rain) for a half to one year. Then, mixwith nitrogen-rich materials, stack, and leave more than 6 months.cHow to produce and use bokashi fertilizersThere are two different types of bokashi. On is aerobic bokashi, produced by high-temperaturefermentation with air supply. The other is anaerobic bokashi, fermented under low temperaturein closed containers. Normally, aerobic bokashi is used. However, anaerobic bokashi using “EM”is produced by practitioners of “Natural Agriculture”i Materials of aerobic bokashiAerobic bokashi: is produced in the following way: Chicken dung, oil cake, fish meal, rice bran,wheat bran, fish meal, kitchen garbage, leaf mold, oyster shell powder, etc. are mixed; water isadded, stacked and fermented. The stackis turned from time to time.ii How to prepare aerobic bokashi?Detailed description of aerobic bokashi isas follows:① Keep it under cover – do not expose itto ultra-violet ray or rain.② Process it on the ground soil (noconcrete) – small amount of bokashi is lefton ground and bacteria remain in soil.③ Proper moisture content – clasp hard and get a clod but it crumbles when pushed.④ Stack is not higher than 50 cm high and keep temperature not higher than 60 ; Spread onthe ground when temperature gets high.Photo 5: Bokashi prepared by a farmer(Fermentation fungi are seen as white threads.)9
⑤ Turn 2 – 3 times for uniformfermentation⑥ When materials get dry andwhite and temperature goes down tonormal, it is complete. (See Photo 5:Bokashi prepared by a farmer andPhoto 6: Turning bokashi fertilizerPhoto 6: Turning bokashi fertilizer.)iii Effectiveness of bokashiBokashi has two useful features: One is fertilization. Another is that microorganism propagatedthrough fermentation process enhances activities of plant roots. Microorganisms involved infermentation include Rhyzopus, Koji mold (Asperllus orizae), Bacillus natto, Bacillus subtilis, Lacticacid bacilli, Yeast, Actinomycetes, etc. They generate organic acids, amino acids, vitamins, planthormones; and activate enzymes and minerals. These actions are believed to enhance healthycrop growth. Microorganisms propagated in bokashi discourage activities of pathogenic fungi,bacteria and nematodes.iv How to increase effectiveness of bokashi?In some cases soil from mountain is mixed (approximately 30%) with bokashi materials so thatvolatile ammonium may be adsorbed. Carbonated rice hull may also be mixed (10 – 20%).When crab shell powder is added, chitin contained in the shell enhances growth ofActinomycetes. The latter inhibits actions of pathogenic microbes. Hard fallen leaves fromevergreen trees contain chitin in a large quantity and hence leaf molds are also effective inenhancing Actinomycetes. Organic materials in bokashi are already contained in themicroorganisms. Therefore, explosive decomposition does not take place after being applied tothe field and damages to young plants are minimized. Therefore, it can be both base-dressed andtop-dressed. Bokashi is primarily intended to enrich microbiological activities in plants’rhizosphere and hence, its application near the plant (in planting ditches or planting holes) ismore effective both in base- and top-dressing.v Quantity to bokashi usedNormally, quantities of bokashi applied to the fields are as follows: spinach and turnip 200-300gper square meters; cabbage, squash and tomato 300-500g; eggplant and chili 500-600g (base top dressing). Be aware that nutrient contents of bokashi differ, depending on materials used.Farmers have to adjust the quantities based on experience.10
(3) Organic nutrientsCompost and bokashi fertilizers enhance healthy growth of crops, which is not achieved bysynthesized inorganic fertilizers. Organic nutrients include sugars, organic acids, amino acids,nucleic acids, vitamins, enzymes of varied types, plant hormones, etc. Organic nutrients aregenerated in the soil through the digestion process of organic materials by microorganisms.(4) Microbiological antagonismEarthworms and majority of microorganisms digesting organic materials demonstrateantagonistic behavior towards pathogenic microorganisms and insect pests attacking plants.Hence, we try to create favorable environment for these antagonistic microorganisms topropagate in soil or on soil surface. This is achieved by applying compost and bokashi fertilizers,mulching by organic materials, minimizing frequency of plowing and tilling. (See Chart 3:Minimum tillage by humans.)What we call “antagonism” includes the following actions of earthworms and usefulmicroorganisms: (a) kill other microorganisms using decomposition enzymes (chitinase,cellulase, etc.); (b) prevent propagation of other microorganisms by substances and acidsharmful to them; (c) propagate around plant roots in order to feed on root excretion and keepother microorganisms off the root; and (d) live on other microorganisms as parasite.11
Chart 3:Tsuchi-Dukuri: Minimize tillage by humans. LetEARTHWORM and MICROORGANISMS do the job.Spiders, Anisodactylussignatus,lady beetles, etc.come.Mulching byorganicmaterialsLet soil microorganisms work;durable crumb soil structuredevelops from soil surface anddevelop to inside.Earthworms propagate in largenumber and cultivate soil.Organic Mulching (cover soil surface by straw, fallen leaves, etc) &Low grass cover:Grass cover enhances earthworm & microorganism propagation,improving soil conditions from the surface.(5) Use of gramineous, leguminous andtree plantsSustainableandproductivesoiliscreated by (a) providing compost made oforganic materials originating from grassesand trees (fallen leaves, dead twigs, sawPhoto7: Winter wheat as planted for green manuredust, etc.) and (b) introducing leguminousplans in the rotational system for propagating nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Through the practices,soil fertility and sustainability is enhanced.12
Gramineous plants and materials of tree-origincontain LIGNIN. Lignin lets organic materials in soilstay longer and improves physical and mineous plants lets the crops be resistant to pestsand diseases. Some species of nitrogen-fixing bacteriapropagate around roots of not only leguminous cropsbut also gramineous ones.Gramineous plants to be used for this purposeinclude maize, sorghum, upland rice, wheat and barley,rice hull and some weeds (yoshi and susuki). Theseplants may be composted or plowed into soil as theyPhoto 8: Makomo, Graminous plantare (green manure). (See Photo7: Winter wheat as plantedgrowing in swamp (good material forfor green manure.)compost)Leguminous plants such as soybeans and groundnuts are included in crop rotation. Foragecrops such as clover, Chinese milkvetch, alfalfa, hairy vetch, etc. may beused as green manure.Photo 8-2: Makomo, taller than 2 meters, provides a largevolume of compost material.13
2. Rotated and mixed planting of varied plant typesWhen kidney beans are planted repeatedly on a field, their growth becomes weaker year by year.In the end, it may die. Same is true with cabbages, eggplants, cucumbers and watermelons.They suffer from various damages caused by continuous cropping. Diseases and insect damagesalso increa
Organic Farming Technology (OFT) is the fundamental on which farming technology stands. Through basic practices described below, soil becomes rich. Crops grow healthy and resistant to pest and diseases. Qualities of the products are higher: Vegetables are more nutritio
August 2012 Contents: Introduction 3 Findings: Organic Farming Systems Benefit the Environment, Human Health, and National Prosperity 13 Organic Farming Improves Soil and Water Quality 13 Organic Farming Enhances Biodiversity and Pollinator Health 18 Organic Farming Sequesters More Carbon, Slowing Climate Change 22 Organic Farming Reduces Toxic Chemical Exposure 25
I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Need for the Paper 2 1.2 Review of Literature 3 1.3 Objectives of the Paper 7 1.4 Methodology 7 1.5 Organization of the Paper 8 II RELEVANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING 9 2.1 The International Scene 9 2.1.1 Growth of Organic Farming 12 2.1.2 The Developed World 13 2.1.3 The Developing World 24 2.2 Need for Organic Farming in India 26
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Concept of Organic Farming 3 ŠSince organic farming means placing farming on integral relationship, we should be well aware about the relationship Ø between the soil, water and plants, Ø between soil-soil microbes and waste products, between the vegetable kingdom and
Organic farming can contribute to meaningful socio-economic ecologically sustainable development in developing countries. 11. Organic production techniques. Training from Royal Project Foundation on organic farming system motivates farmers to practice it. 12. Education level. Education opportunities in
Executive Summary 17 Globally, there is growing awareness of the adverse impact of chemical inputs on the soil, environment and human health. This has prompted both developed and developing countries to shift towards organic farming and organic food products. In India, traditional methods of farming were by default 'organic', with hardly .
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