THE VIGNELLI CANON - RIT
THE VIGNELLI CANON
THE VIGNELLI CANONMassimo Vignelli
We thank our friend Sheila Hicksfor her assistance in editing of the text.Book design:Massimo Vignelli with Beatriz Cifuentes4This book is affectionately dedicated to Lella,my wife and professional partner.Together we shared our intellectual experiencesand growing process from the very beginningof our professional lives.Her creative intuition and sharp criticismhave enriched my life and have beenthe structural strength of our collaboration,without which my work would have beenworth much less.
mannicoGene FederausleckhFWillyAlan FletchererAlan Fletch6At the request of the publisher of this bookI started to look in to the meaning of such apublication and recognized that it could becomea useful instrument for a better understandingof typography in Graphic Design. This little bookreveals our guidelines - those set by ourselvesfor ourselves.In several teaching situations I remarked the lackof some basic typographic principles in youngdesigners. I thought that it might be useful to passsome of my professional knowledge around, withthe hope of improving their design skills.Creativity needs the support of knowledge to beable to perform at its best.It is not the intention of this little book to stiflecreativity or to reduce it to a bunch of rules.It is not the formula that prevents good designfrom happening but lack of knowledge of thecomplexity of the Design profession. It’s up to thebrain to use the proper formula to achieve thedesired result.With great pleasure I look back to all the momentswhen I learned something new in typography,either from a Master or from fellow practitioners.To have learned about disciplined design frommy Swiss fellows, to have learned about the whitespace from my American fellows, to have learnedabout the forceful impact of type from my Germanfellows, to have learned about wit from myEnglish fellows, and then even more from fellowseverywhere.That beautiful feeling of enrichment that comesfrom new discoveries, new ways of doing the samething better than before.It is my hope that this book may provide thatfeeling, or in any case confirm and reaffirmthose guidelines that we designers love to setfor ourselves.ockJosheph Müller-BrIntroduction
Part OneThe eAppropriatenessAmbiguityDesign is OneVisual PowerIntellectual EleganceTimelessnessResponsibilityEquity
Semantics10I have always said that there are three aspects inDesign that are important to me:Semantic, Syntactic and Pragmatic.Let’s examine them one at the time.Semantics, for me, is the search of the meaning ofwhatever we have to design.The very first thing that I do whenever I start anew assignment in any form of design, graphic,product, exhibition or interior is to search forthe meaning of it. That may start with researchon the history of the subject to better understandthe nature of the project and to find the mostappropriate direction for the developmentof a new design.Depending on the subject the search can takemany directions. It could be a search for moreinformation about the Company, the Product,the Market Position of the subject, theCompetition, its Destination, the final user, orindeed, about the real meaning of the subject andits semantic roots.It is extremely important for a satisfactory resultof any design to spend time on the search of theaccurate and essential meanings, investigatetheir complexities, learn about their ambiguities,understand the context of use to better define theparameters within which we will have to operate.In addition to that it is useful to follow ourintuition and our diagnostic ability to funnel theresearch and arrive to a rather conscious definitionof the problem at hand.Semantics are what will provide the real basesfor a correct inception of projects, regardless ofwhat they may be. Semantics eventually becomean essential part of the designer’s being, a crucialcomponent of the natural process of design, andthe obvious point of departure for designing.Semantics will also indicate the most appropriateform for that particular subject that we caninterpret or transform according to our intentions.However, it is important to distill the essence ofthe semantic search through a complex process,most of which is intuitive, to infuse the design withall the required cognitive inputs, effortlessly andin the most natural way possible. It is as in music,when we hear the final sound, without knowingall the processes through which the composerhas gone before reaching the final result. Designwithout semantics is shallow and meaninglessbut, unfortunately it is also ubiquitous, and thatis why it is so important that young designerstrain themselves to start the design process in thecorrect way- the only way that can most enrichtheir design.Semantics, in design, means to understand thesubject in all its aspects; to relate the subject tothe sender and the receiver in such a way that itmakes sense to both. It means to design somethingthat has a meaning, that is not arbitrary, thathas a reason for being, something in which everydetail carries the meaning or has a precise purposeaimed at a precise target. How often we see designthat has no meaning: stripes and swash of colorsplashed across pages for no reason whatsoever.Well, they are either meaningless or incrediblyvulgar or criminal when done on purpose.Unfortunately, there are designers and marketingpeople who intentionally look down on theconsumer with the notion that vulgarity hasa definite appeal to the masses, and thereforethey supply the market with a continuos flow ofcrude and vulgar design. I consider this actioncriminal since it is producing visual pollution thatis degrading our environment just like all othertypes of pollution. Not all forms of vernacularcommunication are necessarily vulgar, althoughvery often that is the case. Vulgarity implies ablatant intention of a form of expression thatpurposely ignores and bypasses any form ofestablished culture. In our contemporary worldit becomes increasingly more difficult to findhonest forms of vernacular communication asonce existed in the pre-industrial world.
WWWRRRNNNW4 5R5 664W4R N5 6 WN4 R5 64 5N6New York City Subway Diagram222EEE2EE WRNHow to use this DiagramThis diagram represents all lines and stations of the New York City Subway system.It is not a geographical map: relative distances have been altered in favor of better legibility.However, attention has been given to preserve the relative position of each station.2E4 5 6WRNFree Transfer StationPedestrian LinkAInwood/207 St, Manhattan to Ozone Pk-Lefferts Blvd or Far Rockaway, QueensExpress in Manhattan and Brooklyn; Local in QueensRush Hours: Serves Rockaway Park, Queens; Late Nights: Local1Van Cortland Park/242 St, Bronx to South Ferry, ManhattanLocalCWashington Heights/168 St, Manhattan to Euclid Ave, BrooklynLocalLate Nights: No serviceNAstoria/Ditmars Blvd, Queens to Coney Island, BrooklynLocal in Queens; Express in Manhattan and BrooklynLate Nights: Local in Manhattan and BrooklynWeekends: Local in Manhattan2Wakefield/241 St, Bronx to Flatbush Ave, BrooklynExpress in Manhattan; Local in Bronx and BrooklynLate Nights: Wakefield/241 St, Bronx to Flatbush Ave, BrooklynTerminal StationEJamaica Center, Queens to World Trade Center, ManhattanExpress in Queens, Local in ManhattanLate Nights: LocalQMidtown-57 St/7 Ave, Manhattan to Coney Island, BrooklynExpress in Manhattan; Local in Brooklyn3Harlem/148 St, Manhattan to New Lots Ave, BrooklynExpress in Manhattan, Local in BrooklynLate Nights: No servicePart Time ServiceStop is skipped during rush hours, peak direction onlyB145 St, Manhattan to Brighton Beach, BrooklynLocal in upper Manhattan; Express in midtown Manhattan and BrooklynRush Hours: Bedford Park Blvd, Bronx to Brighton Beach, BrooklynWeeknights after 9 pm and Weekends: No serviceRForest Hills/57 Ave, Queens to Bay Ridge/95 St, BrooklynLocalLate Nights: 36 St to Bay Ridge/95 St, Brooklyn4Woodlawn, Bronx to Crown Heights/Utica Ave, BrooklynLocal in Bronx; Express in Manhattan and BrooklynLate Nights: Woodlawn, Bronx to New Lots Ave Brooklyn, LocalDNorwood-205 St, Bronx to Coney Island, BrooklynLocal in Bronx, Express in Manhattan and BrooklynRush Hours: Express in Bronx (peak direction only)L8 Ave, Manhattan to Canarsie/Rockaway Parkway, BrooklynLocal5Dyre Ave, Bronx to Bowling Green, Manhattan; Local in Bronx, Express in ManhattanRush Hours: Nereid Ave or Dyre Ave, Bronx to Flatbush Ave, Brooklyn;Express in Brooklyn; Express in Bronx, peak direction onlyLate Nights: Dyre Ave. to E180 St, Bronx; Local4 5 6Each route is represented by a colored line labeled with a letter or number at either end,and at intervals in between.2Stations on each line are indicated by dots. Free transfers can be made betweenGFF Gadjacent dots at the same station or between stations connected by pedestrian links.FGLocal lines show dots at all stations; express lines show dots only at express stations.A solid dot indicates that trains will always stop; no dot indicates that trains will never stop;a hollow dot indicates that trains will only stop outside of rush hours.20084 5 62EFGFG2FGEThis diagram is not an official publication of the Metropolitan Transit Authority.Part Time ExtensionLine is extended during certain hours51 StSt5151 StLocal StationLexAveAveLexLex Ave51 StLight type51LexSt AveFLexG Ave 51 St42 StStStationLexExpressAve4242AveStAve66Bold type6 Ave 42 St426StAve6 Ave 42 WheelchairStAccessible Station6 AveFGWheelchair Accessible StationAccess downtown or uptown onlyRegular service: 9:30 am – 3:30 pm, Monday – FridayRush Hours: 6:30 am – 9:30 am, 3:30 pm – 8:00 pm, Monday – Friday51 Evenings:St8:00 pm – 12:00 am, Monday – FridayLex AveLate Nights: 12:00 am – 6:30 am, Every dayWeekends: 6:30 am – 12 am, Saturday – Sunday42 St6 Ave51 StLex AveWAstoria/Ditmars Blvd, Queens to Whitehall St, ManhattanLocalWeeknights after 9pm, Late Nights and Weekends: No serviceFJamaica/179 St, Queens to Coney Island, BrooklynLocal in Manhattan and BrooklynExpress, Forest Hills /71 Ave to 21 St/Queensbridge, QueensJJamaica Center, Queens to Broad St, ManhattanLocalRush Hours: Express Myrtle Ave to Marcy Ave, peak direction onlyWeekends: Jamaica Center, Queens to Chambers St, Manhattan6Pelham Bay Park or Parkchester, Bronx to Brooklyn Bridge, ManhattanLocalRush Hours: Express in Bronx, to Pelham Bay Park, peak direction onlyVForest Hill/71 Ave, Queens to Lower East Side/2 Ave, ManhattanLocalLate Nights and Weekends: No serviceZJamaica Center, Queens to Broad St, ManhattanLocal in Manhattan; Express in QueensService only at Rush Hours7Flushing/Main St, Queens to Times Square, ManhattanLocalGLong Island City/Court Square, Queens to Smith St/9 St, BrooklynLocalEvenings, Late Nights and Weekends:Forest Hills/71 Ave, Queens to Smith St/9 St, BrooklynMMetropolitan Ave, Queens to Chamber St, Manhattan; LocalRush Hours: Metropolitan Ave, Queens to Bay Parkway, BrooklynEvenings, Late Nights and Weekends:Metropolitan Ave, Queens to Myrtle Ave, BrooklynSTimes Square to Grand Central, ManhattanLocalLate Nights: No serviceSBroad Channel, Queens to Rockaway Park/Beach 116 St, QueensLocalSFranklin Ave to Prospect Park, BrooklynLocal42 St6 AveWakefield-241 StWhite Plains Rd 2Nereid Ave-238 StWhite Plains RdEastchester5 Dyre Ave233 St5233 StWhite Plains Rd242 St1 Van Cortland ParkWoodlawn4 Jerome Ave238 StBwayBaychester AveTolliston Ave225 StWhite Plains Rd219 StWhite Plains RdDMosholu PkwyJerome AveGun Hill RdSeymour AveGun Hill RdWhite Plains RdNorwood205 St6Marble Hill-225 StBwayBedford Park BlvdJerome AveBLehman CollegeBedford Park BlvdGrand ConcourseKingsbridge RdJerome AveKingsbridge RdGrand Concourse207 St10 AveThe Bronx215 St10 AveBurke AveWhite Plains RdMiddletown RdWestchester AvePellham PkwyWhite Plains RdFordham RdJerome AveFordham RdGrand ConcourseDyckman StNagle Ave183 StJerome Ave182-183 StsGrand ConcourseE 180 StMorris Park Ave191 StSt Nicholas AveBurnside AveJerome AveNYUTremont AveGrand ConcourseWest Farms SqBoston RdEast Tremont Ave181 StFt Wash Ave181 StSt Nicholas Ave176 StJerome Ave174-175 StsGrand Concourse174 StSouthern Blvd170 StJerome Ave170 StGrand ConcourseSimpson StWeschester Ave167 StRiver Ave167 StGrand ConcourseIntervale AveWeschester AveHunts Point AveSouthern BlvdProspect AveWeschester AveLongwood AveSouthern BlvdBronx Park EastWhite Plains RdMt Eden AveJerome Ave116 StLenox AveE 143 StSt Mary’s StCypress AveE 138 St103 St-Corona PlazaRoosevelt Ave4 5125 St4 5 6 Lexington AveJunction BlvdRoosevelt Ave116 StLexington Ave103 StLexington Ave96 StCPW110 StLexington Ave96 StLexington Ave110 StCentral Park NorthMalcolm X Blvd82 St-Jackson HtsRoosevelt AveAstoria Blvd31 St86 StCPW79 StBway81 StMuseum ofNatural History72 StCPW72 StBway86 St4 5 6 Lexington AveManhattanVernon BlvdJackson Ave28 StBwayFresh Pond Rd67 Ave1 2 3 14 St7 AveWR N Q14 St6 AveL4 5 6 14 StUnion SqGraham AveGrand StMetropolitan Ave Bushwick AveLorimer StMetropolitan AveMontrose AveBushwick AveChambers StA C Church StBroadway JctnEast NY AveFlushing AveMarcy Ave32FClark StBklyn HgtsJunius StLivonia AveCourt StMontague StDeKalb AveFlatbush AveLawrence StWilloughby StKingston Throop AveFulton StClinton-Washington AvesLafayette AveFulton StLafayette AveMHoyt StFulton MallLafayette Ave Clinton-Washington AvesFulton StFulton StBQBergen StFlatbush AvePark PlFranklin Ave457 AveFlatbush AveGrand ArmyPlaza9 St4 Ave7 Ave9 StAtlantic OceanBWinthrop StNostrand AveChurch AveNostrand AveChurch AveE 18 StBeverly RdNostrand AveSt GeorgeBeverly RdMarlborough RdProspect Ave4 AveFort Hamilton PkwyOcean Pkwy25 St4 AveChurch AveMcDonald AveCliftonAvenue HE 16 St36 St4 Ave R M N D9 Ave39 StGrasmereOld TownDitmas AveMcDonald AveFort Hamilton PkwyNew Utrecht Ave59 St4 AveBay TerraceBay PkwyMcDonald Ave55 StNew Utrecht Ave8 Ave61 StFort Hamilton Pkwy61 StBay Ridge Ave4 AveN62 StNew Utrecht Ave18 Ave64 St77 St4 AveAvenue PMcDonald AveBay PkwyAvenue O71 StNew Utrecht AveAvenue UE 16 StKings HwyMcDonald AveKings HwyWest 7 StAnnadaleHuguenotKings HwyE 16 StAvenue NMcDonald Ave20 Ave64 StMDGreat KillsEltingvilleAvenue ME 16 StAvenue IMcDonald Ave50 StNew Utrecht Ave53 St4 AveNew DorpOakwood HeightsAvenue JE 16 St18 AveMcDonald Ave45 St4 AveDongan HillsJefferson AveGrant CityBrooklyn CollegeFlatbush AveNewkirk AveE 16 StStapletonStaten IslandNewkirk AveNostrand AveCortelyou RdE 16 St5Tompkinsville2StadiumBrooklynSterling StNostrand AveParkside AveOcean AveProspect ParkE 15 StCanarsieRockaway PkwyEastern PkwyUtica AvePresident StNostrand AveQProspect ParkFlatbush AveNeck RdE 16 StAvenue UMcDonald Ave79 StNew Utrecht AveAvenue UWest 7 StRichmond Valley86 St4 AveNassauAtlanticBay Ridge95 St R20 Ave86 St86 StWest 7 StDMBay Pkwy86 StNeptune AveMcDonald AveOcean PkwyBrighton Beach25 Ave86 StBay50 StW 8 StNY AquariumTottenvilleDNFQ12Brighton BeachBrighton 6 StQ18 AvNew Utrecht AveSheepshead BayE 16 StAvenue XMcDonald AvePrince’s BayPleasant PlainsRockaway ParkBeach 116 StNostrand AveEastern PkwyFranklin AveEastern Pkwy3254Botanic GardenS Eastern PkwyEastern PkwyBrooklyn MusAtlantic AveR M N D Pacific StUnion St4 AveBeach 105 StSeasideEast 105 StTyndall AveKingston AveEastern PkwyFSmith StF G 9 St23Caroll StSmith St4CAGHoyt StSchermerhorn StBergen StSmith StNostrand AveFulton StFranklin AveS Fulton StAtlantic AveFlatbush AveNevins StFlatbush Ave33254ABorough HallJoralemon StRWWhitehall StSouth FerryNew Lots AveVan Sinderen AveSutter AveRutland RdQ1Beach 98 StPlaylandLivonia AveVan Sinderen AveRockaway AveLivonia AveUtica AveFulton StSaratoga AveLivonia AveCSouth FerryBeach 90 StHollandRalph AveFulton StClasson AveLafayette AveJay StBorough Hall F A CBBowlingGreen-BwayWall StWilliam StBeach 60 StStraiton AveBeach 67 StGaston AveVan Siclen AveLivonia AvePennsylvania AveLivonia AveBedford-Nostrand AvesLafayette AveCAHigh StBrooklynBridge2 3 Fulton StNew Lots AveLivonia AveVan Siclen AvePitkin AveABroad StJ Z Wall StBeach 36 StEdgemereBeach 44 StFrank AveSWall StBwayARector StTrinity PlLiberty AvePenn AveAtlantic AveEast NY AveSutter AveVan Sinderen AveYork StJay StCCA4 5 Fulton St M J ZBroadwayNassauCortlandt StChurch StRector StGreenwich StFar RockawayMott AveBeach 25 StWavecrestBroad ChannelRockaway AveFulton StMyrtle-Willoughby AvesMarcy AveChambers StCentre StCity HallBwayPark PlBwayWorld TradeCenter EHudson River4 5 6Euclid AvePitkin AveShepherd AvePitkin AveAlabama AveFulton StChauncey StBway3East BwayCanal StHalsey StBwayFranklin StVarick StChambers StW Bway 1 2 32/3Van Siclen AveFulton StBushwick AveAberdeen StKosciuszko St Gates AveBwayBwayAGrand StB D Chrystie StLorimer St Flushing Ave Myrtle AveBwayBwayBwayMJZHewes StBwayLefferts BlvdHoward BeachJFK AirtrainGrant AvePitkin AveAWilson AveMoffat StMarcy AveBwayMJZDelancey StEssex StCCanal StCanal St M J Z Centre StLafayette StCleveland StFulton StHalsey StWyckoff AveABoweryDelancey StCentral AveMyrtle AveBroadwayUnion AveZSpring StLafayette StCanal StBway W R N QMyrtle AveWyckoff AveKnickerbocker AveMyrtle Ave2 AveLower East SideVFJSpring St6 Ave1 Ave14 StNorwood AveFulton StCPrince StBwayCanal StA C E 6 AveCanal StVarick St3 Ave14 StBleecker StLafayette h Conduit Ave80 StHudson StSeneca AvePalmetto StDeKalb AveWyckoff AveAstor Place4 Ave8 StBwayWest 4 St-6 AveA C E B D F V Washington SqHouston StVarick St88 StBoyd AveCypress HillsJamaica AveZLChristopher StSheridan SqJefferson StWyckoff AveMorgan AveHarrison Pl5/6JFK AirportFederal Circle1Crescent StFulton StJNassau AveManhattan AveBedford AveN 7 StM14 St8 Ave A C E78/9Rockaway BlvdLiberty Ave75 StJamaica AveForest Ave67 Ave23 StPark Ave SOzone ParkLefferts Blvd111 StGreenwood AveLiberty Ave104 St-Oxford AveLiberty AveMiddle VillageMetropolitan AveGreenpoint AveManhattan Ave28 StPark Ave S23 StBway23 St6 AveWoodhaven BlvdJamaica Ave85 StForest ParkwayQueensHunters Point Ave21 St18 St7 AveJamaica CenterParsons/ArcherSutphin Blvd-Archer AveJFK AirtrainJamaicaVan Wyck104 StJamaica AveVE23 St45 RdEly Ave 7 Court House Sq33 StPark Ave SBDF V23 St7 Ave21 StJackson Ave4 5 6 42 StGrand CentralBriarwoodVan Wyck BlvdMain St111 StJamaica Ave46 St-Bliss StQueens BlvdZS733 St-Rawson St 40 St-Lowery StQueens BlvdQueens BlvdQueensPlazaJ34 StHerald Sq28 St7 Ave23 St8 Ave42 StBryant ParkKew GardensUnion TpkeQueens Blvd52 StRoosevelt AveQueensboroPlazaLong Is. CityCourt SqG51 StLexington AveParson BlvdHillside AveSutphin BlvdHillside AveWoodside - 61 StRoosevelt Ave39 Ave31 St21 StQueensbridgeForest Hills-71 AveQueens BlvdRGVFE75 AveQueens BlvdWoodhaven Blvd 63 Dr-Rego Park 67 AveQueens BlvdQueens BlvdQueens BlvdM34 StPenn 1 2 3StationB D F V 42 St6 AveRoosevelt IslandMain StFES736 StNorthernBlvd36 Ave31 St68 StHunter College4 5 6 59 StLexington AveVELex Ave53 St47-50 StsRockefeller Ctr49 St7 Ave42 St 1 2 3 W R N QTimes Sq53 St5 AveV34 StPenn Station A C E8 Ave57St6 AveGWR N Q50 StBway42 StPort Authority A C E57 St7 Ave750 St8 Ave53 St7 AveGrand AveNewtown121 StJamaica AveRACBDNWRN169 StRoosevelt AveJamaica-179 StHillside Ave169 StHillside AveElmhurst AveBwayRGVFEJackson HtsRoosevelt AveA5 Ave59 St59 StColumbusCircleBroadway31 St77 StLexington Ave63 StLexington Ave66 StLincoln Center74 StBroadway65 StBwaySteinway StBwayZ86 StBwayNorthern BlvdBway746 StBway30 Ave31 StJ103 StCPWE110 StCathedral PkwyCPW103 StBway90 St-Elmhurst AveRoosevelt AveAstoriaDitmars Blvd W NF110 StCathedral PkwyBway96 StBway 1 2 3Brook AveE 138 St111 StRoosevelt AveS116 St8 Ave116 StColumbia UnivE 149 StSouthern BlvdL125 StLenox Ave3 AveE 138 St138 StGrand Concourse145 StLenox Ave135 StLenox Ave 3 2135 StSt Nicholas Ave125 StSt Nicholas Ave A C B DJackson AveWeschester AveB145 StSt Nicholas Ave A C B D125 StBwayFlushing-Main StRoosevelt AveWillets Point-Shea StadiumRoosevelt Ave3 Ave149 St149 StGrand Concourse2543Harlem148 St145 StBwayWhitlock AveWestchester AveFreeman StSouthern BlvdBD4 161 StYankee Stadium155 St8 Ave155 StSt Nicholas Ave137 StCity CollegeCastle Hill AveWestchester AveParkchesterWestchester AveSt Lawrence AveWestchester AveMorrison/Sound View AvesWestchester AveElder AveWestchester Ave7157 StBway163 StAmsterdam AveMorris ParkEsplanadeL168 StBway 1C175 StFt Wash AveZerega AveWestchester AveLDyckman StBwayWestchester SqEast Tremont AvePelham PkwyWilliamsbridge Rd190 StFt Wash AveInwood207 St -Bway APelham Bay ParkWestchester AveBuhre AveWestchester AveAllerton AveWhite Plains RdA231 StBwayWMies, my great mentor said: “God is in the details.”That is the essence of syntax: the disciplinethat controls the proper use of grammar in theconstruction of phrases and the articulation of alanguage, Design. The syntax of design is providedby many components in the nature of the project.In graphic design, for instance, they are the overallstructure, the grid, the typefaces, the text andheadlines, the illustrations, etc. The consistency ofa design is provided by the appropriate relationshipof the various syntactical elements of the project:how type relates to grids and images from pageto page throughout the whole project. Or, how typesizes relate to each other. Or, how pictures relate toeach other and how the parts relate to the whole.There are ways to achieve all this that are correct,as there are others that are incorrect, and shouldbe avoided.Syntactic consistency is of paramount importancein graphic design as it is in all human endeavors.Grids are one of the several tools helpingdesigners to achieve syntactical consistency ingraphic design.ASyntacticsConey IslandStillwell Ave
PragmaticsWhatever we do, if not understood, fails tocommunicate and is wasted effort.We design things which we think are semanticallycorrect and syntactically consistent but if, at thepoint of fruition, no one understands the result, orthe meaning of all that effort, the entire work isuseless. Sometimes it may need some explanationbut it is better when not necessary. Any artifactshould stand by itself in all its clarity. Otherwise,something really important has been missed.The final look of anything is the by-product of theclarity (or lack of it) during its design phase. It isimportant to understand the starting point and allassumptions of any project to fully comprehendthe final result and measure its efficiency.Clarity of intent will translate in to clarity of resultand that is of paramount importance in Design.Confused, complicated designs reveal an equallyconfused and complicated mind.We love complexities but hate complications!Having said this, I must add that we like Designto be forceful. We do not like limpy design.We like Design to be intellectually elegant - thatmeans elegance of the mind, not one of manners,elegance that is the opposite of vulgarity.We like Design to be beyond fashionable modesand temporary fads. We like Design to be astimeless as possible.We despise the culture of obsolescence. We feelthe moral imperative of designing things that willlast for a long time.It is with this set of values that we approachDesign everyday, regardless of what it may be:two or three dimensional, large or small,rich or poor. Design is One!14
Discipline16The attention to details requires discipline.There is no room for sloppiness, for carelessness,for procrastination. Every detail is importantbecause the end result is the sum of all the detailsinvolved in the creative process no matter whatwe are doing. There are no hierarchies when itcomes to quality. Quality is there or is not there,and if is not there we have lost our time. It is acommitment and a continuously painstaking effortof the creative process to which we should abide.That is Discipline and without it there is no gooddesign, regardless of its style.Discipline is a set of self imposed rules, parameterswithin which we operate. It is a bag of tools thatallows us to design in a consistent manner frombeginning to end. Discipline is also an attitudethat provides us with the capacity of controllingour creative work so that it has continuity ofintent throughout rather than fragmentation.Design without discipline is anarchy, an exerciseof irresponsibility.
Appropriateness18The notion of appropriateness is consequent towhat I have expressed. Once we search the rootsof whatever we have to design we are also definingthe area of possible solutions that are appropriate specific to that particular problem. Actually, wecan say that appropriateness is the search forthe specific of any given problem. To define thatprevents us from taking wrong directions, oralternative routes that lead to nowhere or evenworse, to wrong solutions.Appropriateness directs us to the right kind ofmedia, the right kind of materials, the right kindof scale, the right kind of expression, color andtexture. Appropriateness elicits the enthusiasticapproval of the client seeing the solution to hisproblem. Appropriateness transcends any issue ofstyle - there are many ways of solving a problem,many ways of doing, but the relevant thing is that,no matter what, the solution must be appropriate.I think that we have to listen to what a thingwants to be, rather then contrive it in to anarbitrary confinement. However, sometimes theremay be other rules that one must follow to achievethe correct level of continuity.At least for me, this is a relevant issue which veryoften determines the look of the project to bedesigned. This issue is one of the fundamentalprinciples of our Canon.During the post-modern time, the verb “to beappropriate” assumed the meaning of borrowingsomething and transforming it by placing it ina different context. We could say that this kindof “appropriation” when appropriate, could bedone - just another way of solving a problem orexpressing creativity.
Ambiguity20Rather than the negative connotation ofambiguity as a form of vagueness, I have a positiveinterpretation of ambiguity, intended as a pluralityof meanings, or the ability of conferring to anobject or a design, the possibility of being read indifferent ways - each one complementary to theother to enrich the subject and give more depth.We often use this device to enhance the expressionof the design and we treasure the end results.However, one has to be cautious in playing withambiguity because if not well measured it canbackfire with unpleasant results. Contradiction cansometimes reinforce ambiguity, but more oftenit is a sign of discontinuity and lack of control.Ambiguity and contradiction can enrich a projectbut can equally sink the end results.Therefore, great caution is recommended in usingthese spices.
Design Is OneThe office of the Castiglioni Architects in Milanowas the first place, where at the age of 16, I wentto work as a draftsman. They were active in thewhole field of Design and Architecture followingthe Adolph Loos dictum that an Architect shouldbe able to design everything “from the spoon tothe city.” They had already designed a very iconicradio, beautiful silver flatware, camping furniture,witty stools, industrial bookshelves, nice housesand an incredible museum. Later they designedrestaurants, trade shows, exhibitions, furnitureand much more. They became the icons of ItalianDesign. I strongly recommend to all designersto investigate and study their work. I wastremendously impressed by the diversity of projectsand immediately fascinated by the Architect’spossibility of working in so many different areas.I discovered that what is important is to mastera design discipline to be able to design anything,because that is what is essential and needed onevery project.Design is one - it is not many different ones. Thediscipline of Design is one and can be applied tomany different subjects, regardless of style. Designdiscipline is above and beyond any style. All stylerequires discipline in order to be expressed.Very often people think that Design is a particularstyle. Nothing could be more wrong! Design is adiscipline, a creative process with its own rules,controlling the consistency of its output toward itsobjective in the most direct and expressive way.22Throughout my life I have hunted opportunities todiversify my design practice: from glass to metal,from wood to pottery to plastics, from printingto packaging, from furniture to interiors, fromclothing to costumes, from exhibitions to stagedesign and more. Everything was, and still is, atempting challenge to test the interaction betweenintuition and knowledge, between passion andcuriosity, between desire and success.
Visual Power24We say all the time that we like Design to bevisually powerful. We cannot stand Design thatis weak in concept, form, color, texture or any orall of them. We think good Design is always anexpression of creative strength bringing forwardclear concepts expressed in beautiful form andcolor, where every element expresses the contentin the most forceful way.There are infinite possibilities to achieve apowerful expression. In graphic design, forinstance, difference of scale within the samepage can give a very strong impact. Bold typecontrasting with light type creates visuallydynamic impressions. We have used this approachsuccessfully in our graphic design.In three dimensional design, manipulating lightthrough different textures and materials givesinfinite and effective results. Changing scale andcontrasting sizes provide an impressive arrayof possibilities.It is essential that a design is imbued with visualstrength and unique presence to achieve itspurpose. Visual strength can be achieved also byusing delicate layouts or materials. Visual strengthis an expression of intellectual elegance and shouldnever be confused with just visual impact - which,most of the time, is just an expression of visualvulgarity and obtrusiveness.Visual power is, in any event, a subject whichdeserves great attention to achieve effective design.
IntellectualElegance26We often talk about Intellectual Elegance, not tobe confused with the elegance of manners andmores. For me, int
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May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
Canon EOS 650D/Rebel T4i/Kiss X6i Canon EOS 600D/Rebel T3i/Kiss X5 Canon EOS 550D/Rebel T2i/Kiss X4 Canon EOS 500D/Rebel T1i/Kiss X3 Canon EOS 450D/Rebel XSi/Kiss X2 Canon EOS 3000D/EOS 4000D - warning: please see notes below Canon EOS 1500D/EOS 2000D/Rebel T7/Kiss X90 Canon EOS 1300D/Rebel T6/Kiss X80 Canon EOS 1200D/Rebel T5/Kiss X70 Canon .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
