Phonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryPhonologyDarrell LarsenLinguistics 101Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryOutline1Understanding PhonologyBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive Features2Doing PhonologyHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological Rules3SummaryDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesWhat Is Phonology?Definitionthe study of the sound systems of languages and the mentalrepresentation of soundssound system inventory of sounds rules constraintsDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesWhy Do We Need Phonology?to account for how sounds are groups together despite beingphonetically distinct.to explain regular sound alternations (e.g. aspiration of /p t k/)to explain how we extend these alternations to novel wordsto explain how we extend these alternations to mistakes likespoonerismsDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesWhy Do We Need Phonology?to explain how we pronounce loan wordsto explain how we determine what possible words of ourlanguage areto save storage spaceetcDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesHow Do Phonetics and Phonology Differ?Phonetics:concerned with actual pronunciationconcerned with articulationPhonology:focuses on mental representations of soundshas rules mapping mental representations to pronunciationsDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesHow Do Phonetics and Phonology Differ?PhoneticsPhonologyThe /k/ in call [kh Al] and in keyh[kff i] are phonetically distinct.The /k/ in call and key have thesame mental representation./kAl/ [kh Al]h/ki/ [kff i]Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesHow Do Phonetics and Phonology Differ?Letter AnalogyaAPseudo-phoneticsPseudo-phonologyThe symbols above are distinct.The symbols above belong to asingle mental representation ofthe letter ‘a’.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesFrom Phonology to PhoneticsPhonology is the starting point, while phonetics is the ‘output’of phonology.Phonological rules change sounds from mentalrepresentations (phonemes) into phonetic forms.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesFrom Phonology to PhoneticsLetter AnalogyThe single letter ‘a’ is written as hai or hAi in accordance withthe following (simplified) set of rules:Use hAi at the beginning of a sentence.Use hAi at the beginning of a proper noun.Use hai elsewhere.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesFrom Phonology to PhoneticsActual ExampleThe single phoneme /k/ is pronounced as [k] or [kff] inaccordance with the following (simplified) set of rules:Use [kff] in front of the vowel /i/.Use [k] elsewhere.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesPhonemes and AllophonesThe BasicsA speech sound in isolation is a phone.The mental representation of a sound is a phoneme.Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes.Allophones are generally minimally distinct from phonemes.A phoneme consists of one or more allophones.Every speech sound we produce is an allophone of somephoneme.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesPhonemes and AllophonesNotationAllophones are written between square brackets [ ].Phonemes are written between forward slashes / /.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesFrom Phonology to PhoneticsPhonemes & AllophonesNative speakers generally think of sounds at the phonemiclevel.Phoneme/t/Allophone[t][t ][P][th ][R][tS]Darrell ‘atom’‘train’Phonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesTypes of DistributionsWhen comparing the speech sounds of a language, we canclassify their relative distribution as one of the following:123contrastivecomplementaryfree variationDarrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesContrastive DistributionTwo sounds are contrastive when:12they occur in the same environment, andreplacing one sound with the other can change a word’smeaningQuestionAre [s] and [z] contrastive in English?Are [k] and [kh ] contrastive in English?Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesContrastive DistributionTwo contrastive phones are allophones of different phonemes.Two non-contrastive phones are allophones of the samephoneme.QuestionDo [s] and [z] belong to the same phoneme or differentphonemes in English?How about [k] and [kh ]?Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesContrastive DistributionMinimal PairsMinimal pairs provide evidence that two phones are incontrastive distributionA minimal pair is two words.123with the same number of sound segments, andwhich differ in segment only, andwhich have different meaningsMinimal Pairs[bin] ‘bean’[m2d] ‘mud’[læf] ’laugh’Not Minimal Pairs[min] ‘mean’[T2d] ‘thud’[kh æf] ‘calf’Darrell Larsen[sænd] ‘sand’[bin] ‘bean’[kh æt] ‘cat’Phonology[stænd] ‘stand’[bæm] ‘bam’[kh æP]
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesComplementary DistributionSounds in complementary distribution.12never occur in the same environmentoccur in predictable environments (with respect to each other)Sounds in complementary distribution are allophones of thesame phoneme.QuestionAre [p] and [ph ] in complementary distribution in English?How about [t] and [d]?Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesFree VariationTwo sounds are free variation when:12they occur in the same environment, andreplacing one with the other does not change the meaningSounds in free variation are allophones of the same phoneme.QuestionAre released [b] and unreleased [b ] in free variationword-finally?Are released [b] and unreleased [b ] in free variationword-initially?Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesCrosslinguistic VariationThe distribution of any two sounds is language-specific.EnglishEnglish[su][zu][pi][ph anDarrell Larsen[ku:si][ku:zi][pi][ph i]Phonology‘six’‘six’‘rain’‘blood
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesMultiple DistributionsThe distribution of two sounds may vary depending on theenvironment.Consider the sounds [t], [t ] and [P] in English‘cat’‘stop’[kæt][stap][kæt ]*[st ap]Darrell Larsen[kh æP]*[sPap]Phonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesMultiple DistributionsA phone may be allophones of more than one phoneme.E.g., [R] can be an allophone of /t/ or /d/.‘atom’‘addict’[æR@m][æRIkt]cf. ‘atomic’cf. ‘addictive’Darrell Larsen[@th amIk][@dIktIv]Phonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesDistinctive FeaturesA distinctive feature is a feature which, when changed, maycreate minimal pairs.Any feature may potentially be distinctive.Which features are distinctive is language-specific.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesDistinctive FeaturesExamplesVoicing, [ voice], is a distinctive feature in English, but not inKorean.[p] and [b] are contrastive in English.[p] and [b] are in complementary distribution in Korean.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryBasicsPhonology vs. PhoneticsDistribution of SoundsDistinctive FeaturesDistinctive FeaturesExamplesAspiration, [ aspirated], is a distinctive feature in Korean, butnot in English.[p] and [ph ] are contrastive in Korean.[p] and [ph ] are in complementary distribution in English.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesDoing PhonologyGiven a set of data from a language, how can we determinethe distribution of two sounds in that language?12Determine the distribution type (contrastive, complementary,free variation).If complementary distribution, determine distribution of eachallophone.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesDetermine the Distribution Type1Are there any minimal pairs for the sounds in question?Yes? They are contrastive and allophones of differentphonemes. You are done.No? They are allophones of the same phoneme. Continue tonext step.2Are they in free variation?Yes? You are done.No? They are in complementary distribution. Continue to nextstep.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesDetermine Complementary Allophone DistributionTo find the distribution of allophones in complementarydistribution.1234Make a chart of the environment in which each allophone inquestion appears. Exclude duplicate environment.Look for patterns.Decide what the phoneme is.Write a rule showing the distribution.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Distribution TypeGiven the Korean data below, determine the distribution of [s]and [S].First, determine the distribution Sihap][sEk][Sipsam][oSip]‘match, game’‘color’‘13’‘50’They are in complementary distribution. Continue to next step.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Complementary Allophone DistributionStep 1: Make a apaS####aoiiiiiis#oS#iSimplify luo@#Eia#apaDarrell LarsenPhonologyaioi
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Complementary Allophone DistributionStep 2: Look for patterns on preceding / following aS#iaioiHelpful order for searching:1234Darrell LarsenC, V, #Voicing on consonantsVowel featuresOther consonant featuresPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Complementary Allophone DistributionStep 2: Look for patterns on preceding / following aS#iaioi[S] appears in front of [i][s] does not appear in front of [i]Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Complementary Allophone DistributionStep 3: Decide what the phoneme aioiIn general, the allophoneoccurring in the greatest numberof distinct environments is thephoneme.Here, /s/ will be our phoneme.[S] and [s] are both allophones of/s/Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesKorean [s] and [S]Determine Complementary Allophone DistributionStep 4: Write a rule showing the Eia#apaS#iaioiDarrell LarsenStart with ‘opposite’ sound(s)./s/ [S] / iDo the ‘same’ sound./s/ [s] / elsewherePhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesWhen two sounds are in complementary distribution, we canshow the distribution through the use of rules.Phonologist argue that these rules are psychologically real.Example 1Vpre-change becomesV[ nasal ]post-changeDarrell LarsenPhonology/whenC[ nasal ]environment
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesThe rule below says that a vowel becomes nasalized when itoccurs immediately in front of a nasal consonant.Example 1V V[ nasal ]/C[ nasal ]‘mom’ /mAm/ [mÃm]‘mop’ /mAp/ [mAp] (rule does not apply because [p] is notnasal.)Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesIn Korean, /p/ becomes voiced intervocalically.We can write a sound-specific rule as follows:Example 2/p/ [b]/V V‘idiot’ /papo/ [pabo]Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesIn fact, Korean has four voiceless stops /p t c k/, and they allbecome voiced intervocalically.If we write four sound-specific rules, it doesn’t capture thegeneral pattern.Instead, we can write rules with features.Example 3/ stop/ [ voice]/V VThe above rule subsumes the following: /p/ [b], /t/ [d],/c/ [é], /k/ [g]Note that we only need to write the feature that changes afterthe arrow. Everything else stays the same.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesEnglish voiceless stops /p t k/ become aspirated word-initially(and at the beginning of stressed syllables, which we willignore for now)Example 4/-voice, stop/ [ aspirated]/#The # stands for a word boundary. # means ‘at thebeginning of a word’, while # means ‘at the end of a word’.Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummaryHow to Solve a Phonology ProblemExample Phonology ProblemWriting Phonological RulesRules come in sets. The final rule is always the ‘elsewhererule’.Consider aspiration in English. For ease of presentation, I’lluse sound-specific rules for /p/./p/ [ph ]/p/ [ph ]/p/ [p]/#/ [ .]σ[ stress ]/ elsewhere(i.e. beginning of a word)(i.e. beginning of a stressed syllable)Thus, ‘pat’ [pæt] [ph æt], ‘superb’ /supôb/ [suph ôb], and""‘spot’ /spAt/ [spAt](Don’t waste your time trying to understand the stressed-syllable rule. You won’t need such rules in this course.)Darrell LarsenPhonology
Understanding PhonologyDoing PhonologySummarySummaryKey Words and Conceptsphonology vs phoneticsphoneme vs allophonedistribution typescontrastivecomplimentaryfree variationminimal pairdistinctive featurephonological rulessolving phonology problemsDarrell LarsenPhonology
The mental representation of a sound is a phoneme. Allophones are phonetic realizations of phonemes. Allophones are generally minimally distinct from phonemes. A phoneme consists of one or more allophones. Every speech sound we produce is an allophone of some ph
A view of phonology 287 to articulate a certain point of view about phonology that arises from the application of functionalist (in the sense outlined above) principles to phonology. This perspective gives rise to the following mandates: - Consider the substance of phonology rather than just the structure. For
On this view, phonology is not the study of human speech sounds per se, although phonetics and phonology are inextricably inter-twined. The point of this chapter is to demonstrate what the differ-ence between the two is, and to begin to introduce the reader to the phonology o
language phonology, and examine recent studies about the development of perception of English sounds by L1 Japanese learners. 1. Prominent Theories in Second by widespread failure" (Shouten, 2009, p.2). language Phonology Second language phonology has often been assessed through the prism of age constraints.
IMPACT Articulation and Phonology Rating Scale Description he IMPACT Articulation and Phonology Rating Scale is a norm-referenced articulation and phonology rating scale for children and young adults ages 5 through 21 years old. It is composed of 30-35 test items, and has three separate forms to be completed by clinician, parent(s), and teacher(s).
This textbook is designed for use on ten- or twelve-week introductory courses on English phonology of the sort taught in the first year of many English Language and Linguistics degrees, in British and American universities. Students on such courses can struggle with phonetics and phonology; it is sometimes difficult to see past the new .
2. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 2.1 Sounds of English The study of the sounds of human language is called phonetics. Phonology is concerned with the properties of sounds and the ways that they are combined into words. Important: Sounds, in the sense that we discuss them, are totally different from letters.
1st YEAR PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY, Spring 2016 Teacher Lectures in practical English Phonetics, Phonology and Pronunciation given by Kateřina Tomková (2060@mail.muni.cz) of the Dept. of English and American Studies. Office hours: Tuesdays 1100-1200, Wednesdays 1500-1600, Thursdays 1300-1400.
Keywords: Phonology, Sound system, Contrastive analysis, Kurdish language 1. Introduction Contrastive phonology is ‘the process of comparing and contrasting the phonological systems of languages to formulate their similarities and differences (Yarmohammadi; 1995:19). It is in the area of phonology that as
