Study Programmes - ETH Z
Study ProgrammesArchitecture and Civil EngineeringEngineering SciencesNatural Sciences and MathematicsSystem-oriented Natural SciencesManagement and Social SciencesStudent Services (StS)
ContentsForeword 3Engineering Sciences 26— Mechanical Engineering 28— Electrical Engineering and Information Technology 30— Computer Science 32Study Programmes 6— Materials Science 34Bachelor’s Degree Programmes:Natural Sciences and Mathematics 38ETH Zurich 4Architecture and Civil Engineering 14— Mathematics 40— Architecture 16— Physics 42— Civil Engineering 18— Computational Science and Engineering 44— Environmental Engineering 20— Chemistry / Chemical and Bioengineering 46— Geospatial Engineering 22— Interdisciplinary Sciences 50— Pharmaceutical Sciences 52— Biology 54
System-oriented Natural Sciences 58— Earth Sciences 60— Environmental Sciences 62Useful Information — Agricultural Sciences 64Campus Life 98— Food Science 66Living in Zurich 99— Health Sciences and Technology 68Orientation and Advisory Services 100— Human Medicine 70Applying for Study Programmes 102Useful Internet Addresses 103Alphabetical List of Degree Programmes 104Which Degree Programme is Right for Me? 72Specialised Master’s Degree Programmes 88The basics of all Bachelor’s degree programmesin the first two years of studyManagement and Social Sciences — Management, Technology and Economics 80— Public Policy (Professional Officer) 82— Humanities, Social and Political Sciences 841
The ETH Main Building in the city centre2
Discover our Degree ProgrammesDear prospective students,I am delighted that you want to learn more about our study programmes.If you have a flair for figures and are interested in engineering, naturalsciences, architecture or health sciences, then you already have the basicskills you need to study at ETH Zurich.An ETH study programme will give you a strong foundation in specialistknowledge, which you can then build on to achieve long-lasting success inan era of rapid and constant change in the world of science and technology.Studying at ETH Zurich also gives you something extremely valuable: theability to reflect on your knowledge and apply it in a variety of contexts. ETHdegrees are recognised worldwide. Numerous careers are open to ourgraduates, in many fields, in the rapidly changing world of industry andresearch.This brochure will help you to decide which study programme is right foryou. I hope you enjoy reading it.Sarah M. Springman, Rector3
A University with a Worldwide ReputationETH Zurich – Where the Future BeginsFreedom, autonomy, entrepreneurship and openness arefundamental Swiss values that also live at the heart ofETH Zurich. The roots of our scientific and technologicaluniversity reach all the way back to 1855, when the foundersof modern Switzerland created this hub of innovation andknowledge.The environment at ETH Zurich fosters independent thought in itsstudents and inspires excellence in its researchers. Located at theheart of Europe and with a network that spreads across the globe,ETH Zurich develops solutions for the global challenges of today andtomorrow.Together, professors, students and doctoral students conductresearch in the natural sciences and engineering, in architecture andmathematics, in system-oriented natural sciences and in management and social sciences. The insights and innovations discovered byETH researchers find applications in the most promising sectors ofthe Swiss economy, from agriculture to computer science and frommicro and nanotechnology to high-tech medicine.500 professors21,000 students,of which 4,300 doctoralstudents, from more than120 countries355 spin-off companiessince 199621 Nobel Prize winners(including Albert Einsteinand Wolfgang Pauli)90 patent applications and 200invention disclosures per year4
Attractive locationsZurich (main location)ETH has two campuses in Zurich: The Zentrum (Central) campus with its historic Main Building encapsulates this university’slong tradition, but it is also a vibrant place to socialise and study.Situated on the outskirts of the city is the modern Hönggerbergcampus. This site leads the way in terms of forging linksbetween science, industry and the general public.BaselThe Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering isbased in Basel. Its proximity to biochemical and pharmaceuticalcompanies offers scientists the perfect conditions for interdisciplinary research projects.ETH Zurich Hönggerberg campus5
Internationally Oriented Study ProgrammesStudy ProgrammesThe study programmes at ETH Zurich provide sound academic knowledge, practical experience and expertise ininterdisciplinary cooperation as well as training in socialskills and critical thinking.Structure of the study programmeThe programme structure offered by ETH Zurich is in line with theguidelines of the “Bologna Declaration”, which outlines the Bach elor’s/Master’s degree system. Students get ECTS credits for theirstudy achievements. One credit corresponds to approximately 30working hours and includes all study-related activities, such as participation in course units, including preparatory and follow-up work,practical sessions, private study, examinations and semester papers.Bachelor’s degree programmeThe Bachelor’s degree programme comprises 180 credits and isusually completed in three years, or up to five years at most. The firstyear conveys the fundamentals of mathematics and those naturalsciences related to the major (e.g. physics, chemistry and biology). Itends with the first-year examinations. Students studying ElectricalEngineering and Information Technology, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Computational Science and Engineering or Human6Bachelor’s degree programme6 semesters(180 credits)special applicationand admission procedureConsecutive Master’s degreeprogrammeSpecialised Master’s degreeprogramme3 or 4 semesters(90 or 120 credits)3 or 4 semesters(90 or 120 credits)Professional world/doctorateMedicine have the option to complete their first-year examinations intwo parts.In the following four semesters, the theoretical and methodo logical knowledge of the major is expanded. Students may begin tofocus on specific areas in the form of programme-specific subjects,electives or project work, or by concluding with a Bachelor’s thesis.The Bachelor’s degree programme is at first conducted in German. In the second and third years, some lectures may be in English.
Study ProgrammesStructure of the Bachelor’s degree programmeFirst-year studies (60 credits)General basic courses:Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, BiologyCourse-specific basic subjectsFirst-year examinationsSecond and third-year studies (120 credits)Course-specific subjectselectives, project work,possibly Bachelor’s thesis,Science in PerspectiveSemester examinations (some grouped in blocks), written papersTitle: “Bachelor of Science ETH”, or“Bachelor of Arts ETH”for the Public Policy programme (Professional Officer)Master’s degree programmeThe Bachelor’s degree is not regarded as a professional qualification.Each ETH Bachelor’s programme is followed by at least oneconsecutive Master’s degree programme, to which students maytransfer without any additional requirements. Additionally, severalspecialised Master’s degree programmes, mostly interdisciplinaryin nature, are also offered. These are open to graduates with outstanding performance records from various Bachelor’s degreeprogrammes. They are subject to specific admission requirementsand the number of places available is often limited.Master’s degree programmeThe Master’s degree programme comprises 90 or 120 credits and isdesigned to take three or four semesters, or up to a maximum of sixto eight semesters. It offers students the opportunity to specialiseand deepen their education in a subject area which they themselvesdetermine. They then attend lectures and practicals for two to threesemesters, before concluding their studies in the third or fourthsemester with the Master’s thesis. Many programmes are supplemented by an internship of several months carried out outside ETHZurich.Most of the Master’s degree programmes are taught exclusivelyin English.7
Study ProgrammesStructure of the Master’s degree programme3 or 4 semesters (90 or 120 credits)Lectures, semester papers, project work in core courses andelectives, possibly an industrial internshipSemester examinations, written papersMaster’s thesis (3 – 8 months)Title: “Master of Science ETH”, or “Master of Arts ETH” for theMaster’s degree in Comparative and International Studies and theMaster’s degree in the History and Philosophy of KnowledgeProfessional world/doctoratePerformance assessmentsDuring the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programme, performanceis primarily assessed by way of examinations every semester (someof which are grouped into examination blocks), independently writtenpapers and presentations. A grading system is used to assessquality, where 6 is the highest grade and 4 is the minimum passinggrade, or a pass/fail system is used.The academic yearThe academic year is divided into two semesters of 14 weeks each,beginning in mid-September (calendar week 38) and mid-February(calendar week 8) respectively. Bachelor’s degree programmes onlycommence in autumn. For details on the academic year, seewww.ethz.ch/academic-calendar The Master’s degree programme is regarded as a professionalqualification.More information about study programmes at ETH Zurich can befound at:www.ethz.ch Studies Bachelor www.ethz.ch Studies Master 8Science in PerspectiveIn order to broaden their general education, students in the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes are required to take a certainnumber of credits in “Science in Perspective”, a study programmewhich contains general course units from the programme offered bythe Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences. Forfurther information, see page 84.
Study ProgrammesWhat does it take to study successfully at ETH?Many factors determine educational success. One of the mostimportant is undoubtedly motivation. Students with a cleareducational goal have a good chance of successfully completing theirselected programme. In addition to possessing a sound overalleducation and a general interest in science and technology, it is alsoimportant to:–– have an aptitude for mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology–– be open to new ideas–– show team spirit–– focus on the overall picture–– be able to think critically and creatively, and–– be persistent.Good knowledge of German is highly recommended. However, agood knowledge of English is also needed. An increasing number ofcourses in higher semesters of the Bachelor’s degree programmesare taught in English, while most of the Master’s degree programmesare taught exclusively in English.Admission requirementsBachelor’s degree programmes: the requirement for admission to aBachelor’s degree programme is the Swiss Matura, an equivalentforeign qualification, a Swiss vocational or specialised matriculationcertificate with the Swiss Passerelle university entrance examinationor graduation from a federally recognised Swiss university of appliedsciences. If these prerequisites are not satisfied, the candidate maysit an entrance examination. Holders of foreign credentials mustsubmit a certificate of competence in German in accordance with theETH Zurich Admissions Ordinance.Master’s degree programmes: the requirement for admission to aconsecutive Master’s degree programme is a Bachelor’s degree fromETH Zurich or ETH Lausanne in the same discipline or an equivalentBachelor’s degree obtained in Switzerland or abroad.Certain stipulations apply to graduates of Swiss universities ofapplied sciences who wish to enter a Master’s programme.Acceptance on a Master’s degree programme may, dependingon the student’s background, involve an application procedure. Itmay also be subject to additional requirements: the acquisition ofadditional study achievements via attendance of course units fromthe ETH Bachelor’s degree programme; see page 102.Admission to a specialised Master’s degree programme is subjectto special conditions.9
Study ProgrammesStudent exchange programmesETH Zurich takes into consideration the increasing internationalisation of the job market by offering a wide range of exchange programmes during the course of studies. It has exchange agreementswith numerous universities both within and outside Europe, thusmaking it possible for students to spend one or two semesters study ing abroad – either during the third year of the Bachelor’s degreeprogramme or during the Master’s degree programme, dependingon how the programme is structured. There are also exchangeopportunities available within Switzerland, for example at EPFLausanne. Such an exchange always requires additional effort, but italso offers experiences valuable for both personal and professionaldevelopment. More information can be found on the StudentExchange Office website: www.outgoing.ethz.ch Summer schoolsEach year, various education and research units organise a numberof summer schools and other opportunities for short-term study atETH Zurich.www.ethz.ch Studies Non-degree courses Summer schools 10Doctoral studiesDoctoral studies can follow on from all Master’s degree programmes.They involve the first independent research work qualifyinggraduates for subsequent scientific employment, and the resultingdoctorate is normally essential for a professional career in the fieldof natural sciences. Doctoral studies usually take around four yearsto complete and involve paid positions as research assistants (withsome exceptions).www.ethz.ch Doctorate Embarking on a careerA Master’s degree or doctorate from ETH is the best start to asuccessful career. Countless scientists, engineers, teachers andbusiness entrepreneurs started their careers at ETH Zurich.The university provides support to Master’s graduates anddoctoral students embarking on their careers through services suchas tailored advice on job applications, available positions anddevelopment programmes. To find out more, visitwww.careercenter.ethz.ch
Study ProgrammesTeaching qualificationsStudents of biology, chemistry, geography, computer science,mathematics, physics and sports may study for a teaching certificatewhich qualifies them to work in the Swiss Gymnasien (univer sitytrack secondary schools, akin to grammar schools). Several Master’sdegree programmes also offer teaching certificates qualifyingholders for positions in vocational schools, specialised secondaryschools, and universities of applied sciences and other institutes ofhigher education. Teacher Training is offered in German only.www.didaktischeausbildung.ethz.ch Continuing education opportunities after completion of studiesETH Zurich offers a wide range of continuing education programmes(Master of Advanced Studies, Diploma of Advanced Studies, Certificate of Advanced Studies), as well as shorter advanced trainingcourses and online courses for those who have completed theirstudies. Visit the website of the School for Continuing Education forinformation on the courses currently offered.www.sce.ethz.ch 11
ARCHITECTURE ANDCIVIL ENGINEERING12
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Comprehension and Design of Structured Living SpacesArchitecture and Civil EngineeringSociety is making increasing demands on the quality of ourliving and working spaces and our infrastructure andmobility systems. At the same time, our vital soil, water andair resources are becoming scarce and increasingly at risk.Experts from the fields of architecture and civil engineeringseek technically, economically and ecologically balancedsolutions to address these issues.Architects design and realise residential, office and industrial buildings. Here they seek creative solutions to satisfy the manifoldrequirements of both the individual and society at large.Civil engineers plan and construct infrastructure in the residential, commercial, industrial, transport and energy fields that mustbe both safe and meet sound technical, economic and ecologicalrequirements.Bachelor’s degreeprogrammeBachelor’s degreeprogrammeBachelor’s degreeprogrammeBachelor’s degreeprogrammeArchitectureCivil EngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringGeospatial EngineeringMaster’s degreeprogrammeMaster’s degreeprogrammeMaster’s degreeprogrammeMaster’s degreeprogrammeMaster’s degreeprogrammeArchitectureCivil l Development andInfrastructure Systems14
Architecture and Civil EngineeringEnvironmental engineers use their interdisciplinary knowledge anddiverse skills to apply engineering technology to the sustainablemanagement and, if necessary, rehabilitation of such vital resourcesas water, soil and air.Geomatic engineers monitor, analyse and visualise our livingspaces. The geodata they process are used for navigation, securingproperty boundaries, issuing early warnings of imminent naturaldisasters, and planning and implementing building projects. Theyalso play an indispensable role in various other applications.Graduates of the ETH Master’s degree programme in SpatialDevelopment and Infrastructure Systems deploy their broadly basededucation in the fields of spatial and transport planning.Interdisciplinary aspects and an insight into entrepreneurialthought processes are constituent parts of all of these study programmes, in addition to subject-specific knowledge.Detailed information about all the Architecture and Civil Engineeringdegree programmes can be found (in German only) at:www.ethz.ch Studium Bachelor Studienangebot Specialised Master’s degree programmeIntegrated Building Systems see page 9215
The Creative Search for a High-quality Architectural EnvironmentArchitectureArchitecture does not only involve construction. It alsocomprises a search for creative solutions which addressthe conflicting issues of building, living and workingrequirements, aesthetic priorities and maintaining a goodquality of life in the structured environment.Career profileArchitects use architectural resources to create, alter and preservea structured environment to fulfil the expectations and address theconditions of both the individual and society. In the broad field ofconstruction, their area of responsibility involves analysis, creativethought and action, and negotiation. They reflect on the needsof society and convert these into a structured environment. Theyrespond to changes in conditions and design far-sighted strategiesto manage change.Architects either work independently or as employees in architectural offices. They are also employed in construction companies,administration and large businesses, and work in the fields of design,art and culture.16Programme structureThe Bachelor’s degree programme in Architecture is dividedinto three areas which run through the entire programme. Thefirst, comprising architectural design and construction and thefundamentals of art and creativity, is the main focus. The secondcovers the scientific and technical disciplines, and the thirdhumanities and social sciences and mathematics.Bachelor’s degree programmeThe aim in the first year of study is to develop the perceptive andcreative faculties, impart the methodology of architectural design,and provide a grounding in the natural sciences, technology and thehumanities and social sciences. This basic knowledge is expanded inthe second and third years. Six months of work experience in the fieldof architecture must also be completed to obtain a Bachelor’s degree.
ArchitectureBachelor’s degree programme (180 credits)Courses in design and technology:Visual Design, Drafting, ConstructionCourses in technology and natural sciences:Structural Engineering, Building Technology, Ecology, etc.Courses in the humanities and social sciences:Mathematical Thought, Sociology, History of Art and Architecture, etc.Seminar weeksSix months’ work experience in the architectural fieldMaster’s degree programme (120 credits)DesignCore subjects, focus workElectives, seminar weeksMaster’s thesis (10 weeks)Six months’ work experience in the architectural fieldMaster’s degree programmeThe aim of the Master’s degree programme is to expand theknow ledge acquired in the Bachelor’s degree programme, andto foster an increasingly independent and individual approach toworking, the development of integrative thought and creative facultiesand the handling of larger-scale architectural assignments.To obtain a Master’s degree, proof of external work experiencelasting at least six months must be provided.The Bachelor’s degree in Architecture entitles graduates to progress to the Master’sdegree programme in Spatial Development and Infrastructure Systems, subject toadditional requirements.17
Planning, Decision-making, BuildingCivil EngineeringIt is difficult to imagine our everyday lives without bridges, tunnels,hydroelectric power plants, road and rail networks, or residential,office and industrial buildings. All of these are subject to increasingly higher demands on standards and functionality because ourmodern society requires reliable, efficient and safe infrastructure.Career profileCivil engineers are highly sought-after specialists who performdemanding tasks in the service of our society. They are more than justcool-headed, smart designers and constructors. While takingthe environment into account, they must ensure that buildings andinstallations are planned functionally, built cost-effectively and canbe economically operated and maintained. They work closely witharchitects, environmental engineers, geomatic engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, economists, lawyers and otherspecialists to provide essential bases for political decision-makingprocesses.They work in engineering offices and construction companies; forfederal, cantonal and municipal authorities; in power supply andtransport companies; and in research and education.18Bachelor’s degree programmeThe curriculum begins with the fundamentals of mathematics andnatural sciences, and a basic knowledge of engineering. These corecompetences are subsequently expanded and the foundations laid forthe Master’s degree programme. The Bachelor’s degree programmeconcludes with a Bachelor’s thesis.Master’s degree programmeThe Master’s degree programme builds upon the knowledge acquiredin the Bachelor’s degree programme. Students select two out ofsix possible subject areas (see box). A large range of electivessupplement these, making it possible to either specialise further orto broaden out into a wider area of knowledge. Independent projectwork and seminar papers reinforce the scientific work, and foster theworking methods expected in civil engineering. Topical constructionprojects or research topics are commonly used as examples.
Civil EngineeringBachelor’s degree programme (180 credits)General basic courses:Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science, Physics, Geology, etc.Subject-specific fundamentals:Selected from the fields of Geotechnical Engineering, StructuralEngineering, Transport Systems, Hydraulic Engineering and WaterResources Management, Process Engineering and MaterialsSocial science subjects:Law, Business Administration, Systems EngineeringProject work, field courses, Bachelor’s thesisMaster’s degree programme (120 credits)Choice of two specialisations from:– Construction and Maintenance Management– Geotechnical Engineering– Structural Engineering– Transport Systems– Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management– Materials and MechanicsElectives, seminar papers and project workMaster’s thesis (16 weeks)The Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering entitles graduates to progress to theMaster’s degree programme in Spatial Development and Infrastructure Systems withoutany additional requirements.19
Sustainable Resource ManagementEnvironmental EngineeringWater, soil and air are becoming increasingly valuable resources as population increases. The goal of environmentalengineers is to manage these vital resources in a sustainablemanner and to restore them wherever necessary.Career profileEnvironmental engineers produce well-founded technical solutionsdrawn from the engineering sciences in the following fields:–– hydrology and water resources management, groundwater–– environmental microfluidics–– urban water management–– river and hydraulic engineering–– ecological systems design–– earth observation for environmental applications–– industrial ecology, air quality control.They collaborate closely with civil, geomatic and process engineers,economists and social scientists. They work mainly in the fields ofwater resources management, prevention of water pollution, watersupply and waste water treatment, recycling and waste disposalengineering, soil protection, and air and noise pollution control. Theywork in planning and consulting offices, companies, public administration and research institutes; in the field of risk management in20insurance companies and banks; and in development collaborationprojects.Bachelor’s degree programmeThe Bachelor’s degree programme provides a solid foundation in thefundamentals of mathematics and the natural and engineeringsciences. A project in the second semester gives a first insight intopractical problem solving. Laboratory work also familiarises studentswith the necessary analytical and experimental methods. Additionalknowledge is acquired in an elective module (see box). The programme concludes with an independent Bachelor’s thesis.Master’s degree programmeBuilding on the basic knowledge acquired in the Bachelor’s degreeprogramme, the Master’s programme expands students’ subject- specific knowledge in a course made up of modules from the fieldsof water resources management, urban water management,environmental technologies, resource management, and river andhydraulic engineering (see box). This course is supplemented by abroad range of electives. A one-year experimental and computerlaboratory provides experience with practical measurement, labwork, collection and analysis of data. Project work and a six-month
EnvironmentalCivil EngineeringBachelor’s degree programme (180 credits)General basic courses:Mathematics, Mechanics, Computer Science, Physics, Chemistry,Geology, etc.Subject-specific fundamentals:Hydrology, Hydraulics, Urban Water Management, EcologicalSystems Design, Water Resources Management, Air Quality Control,Waste Technology, Earth Observation, etc.Social science subjects:Law, Business Administration, Systems Engineering, ProjectManagementOne elective module chosen from:Soil Protection, Environmental Planning, Civil Engineering, EnergyIn addition: laboratory course, Bachelor’s thesisMaster’s degree programme (120 credits)Choice of one module from:– Urban Water Management– Environmental Technologies– Resource Management– Water Resources Management– River and Hydraulic EngineeringElectives, laboratory course, project workMaster’s thesis (6 months)Master’s thesis provide the opportunity for students to approach aspecific topic in an applied or research-oriented manner.The Bachelor’s degree in Environmental Engineering entitles graduates to progressto the ETH Master’s degree programmes in Environmental Sciences or SpatialDevelopment and Infrastructure Systems without any additional requirements.21
Measuring, Analysing, DesigningGeospatial EngineeringGeospatial Engineering graduates use digital models ofour living space, sustainable spatial planning and clevertransport concepts to play a vital part in building our futureand solving the major challenges faced by our society andthe world at large.Career profileGeomatic engineers are specialists in recording and visualising spatial structures and changes. They use all kinds of different measuringsystems, data sources and methods to digitise, analyse and visualiseour habitat. Their field of activity ranges from taking measurementsof the entire planet through to creating plans, maps and apps, or evenapplying their skills to dimensional verification in the shipbuildingand plant engineering industries. Engineers with a specialisationin spatial development and infrastructure systems deal with thesustainable development of settlements, landscapes, transport andinfrastructure – designed to meet the needs of today and tomorrow.They work independently or as sought-after experts in engineeringoffices, industrial companies or IT system manufacturers, or inpublic administration, research, development and education.22Bachelor’s degree programmeThe Bachelor’s degree programme teaches students the fundamental principles of mathematics, the natural sciences and engineering.A project in the second semester provides insights into practicalissues and scientific working. Students learn the fundamental skillsthey need to record, analyse and use spatial data which can be usedto model and shape the world we live in. The study programme isideal preparation for a Master’s degree in Geomatics or in SpatialDevelopment and Infrastructure Systems.Master’s degree programmeIn their selected Master’s degree programme, students build on anddeepen their knowledge and skills, selecting individual focus areasfrom a broad range of subjects. The programme is rounded outwith an interdisciplinary project and a 16-week, research-orientedMaster’s thesis project. Graduates of the Master’s degree programmein Geomatics can go on to apply for the Swiss federal licence forsurveyors.
Geospatial EngineeringBachelor’s degree programme (180 credits)Master’s degree programme in Geomatics (120 credits)General basic courses:Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics, Machine Learning, etc.Subject-specific fundamentals:Geodesy, Measurement Technology, Cartography, GIS, SpatialPlanning, Transport, etc.Social science subjects:Law, EconomicsElective modules:Geodesy and Satellite Navigation, Digitisation and 3D Modelling,GIS and Cartography, Spatial and Environmental Plan
Campus Life 98 Living in Zurich 99 Orientation and Advisory Services 100 Applying for Study Programmes 102 Useful Internet Addresses 103 Alphabetical List of Degree Programmes 104 1. 2 . Study Programmes The Master’s degr
Medical Health Area 626 12420 Healthcare area, Clinical Services 511 10188 Veterinary Area 35 1050 Old Curricula Programmes Medical Programmes 16 225 Law Programmes 43 3598 Other non-Medical Programmes, Journalism Programmes 14 379 Total 1630 36333 A.a. Master 1st level Master 2nd level Post-Graduate Programmes PhD Study programmes
4 Findings Lessons learned from Major Programmes Findings Lessons learned from major programmes 1 The government’s major projects and programmes (programmes) range from transport infrastructure, military capability and nuclear projects, information technology (IT) and digital programmes through to ones to improve school or government buildings.
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