UV X IND - EPA
11 8-106-7UVA GUIDE TO THEINDEX3-51-2
The Ultraviolet (UV) Index, developed in 1994by the National Weather Service (NWS) and theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),helps Americans plan outdoor activities to avoidoverexposure to UV radiation and thereby lowertheir risk of adversehealth effects. UV radiation exposure is a riskfactor for skin cancer, MELANOMA INCIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATEScataracts, and other ill- (per 100,000 people)Source: National Cancer Institutenesses. The incidence of SEER Programskin cancer, includingmelanoma, has increasedsignificantly in the UnitedStates since the early1970s.The UV Index is Changing.The UV Index is a useful tool to help the general public take steps toreduce their exposure to solar UV radiation, but its effectiveness dependson how well the information is communicated to thepublic. This brochure provides important information onnew reporting guidelines for solar ultraviolet radiation.It is intended to assist communicators in severalfields — meteorology, public health, education, and the news media —in conveying UV information to the public. Professionals in these fieldsare uniquely positioned to raise awareness of how to prevent skin cancer.Beginning in May 2004, EPA and NWS will report the UV Index consistentwith guidelines recommended jointly in 2002 by the World HealthOrganization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization, the UnitedNations Environment Programme, and the International Commission onNon-Ionizing Radiation Protection. These organizations recommended aGlobal Solar UV Index in order to bring worldwide consistency to UV reportingand public health messaging.2
The UV Index informs the public of the levelof UV exposure expected on a given day. It isreported as a prediction of the UV level atnoon, although the actual UV level rises andfalls as the day progresses.What’s New About theUV Index?The UV Index was previously reported ona scale of 0 to 10 , with 0 representing“Minimal” and 10 representing“Very High.” As of May 2004, EPA andNWS will report the Global Solar UVIndex using a scale of 1 (or “Low”)to 11 and higher (or “Extreme”).Additional differences include a newcolor scheme, revised exposurecategories, and different breakpointsbetween exposure categories.Although the categories have beenreorganized and labeled, actualUV levels associated with the exposurecategories in the Global Solar UVIndex have not changed. In other words,a UV index report of 6 represents thesame intensity UV radiation on boththe old and new scales, even if 6 iscalled “Moderate” on the old scaleand “High” on the new scale.Consistent reporting of the index will help the public better understandUV risk. We therefore strongly urge providers of the UV Index toadopt the new scale and color scheme. The color scheme rangesfrom green (for “Low”) to violet (for “Extreme”).3
The UV Index reminds people to protect themselves when engaging in theirnormal outdoor activities. UV radiation exposure poses varying degrees ofrisk for all people because it affects eyes and skin. People with sensitive skinshould always take action to protect themselves. It is especially importantthat parents and caregivers know how to protect babies and young childrenwho are more susceptible to overexposure.EPA recommends that communicatorsalways encourage individuals tounderstand and practice the followingsun protection steps: Check the UV Index for the UV forecast. Limit exposure during midday hours.Communicatingthe UV Index Seek shade. Wear clothing made from tightlywoven fabrics. UV rays can passthrough holes and spaces in looselyknit fabric. Long-sleeved shirts andpants are recommended. Wear a hat with a wide brim thatprotects the eyes, face, and neck. Wear sunglasses that provide 100%UV protection. Use broad spectrum sunscreens withat least Sun Protection Factor (SPF)15 and reapply regularly. Rememberto apply sunscreen on any part of theskin that is exposed to the sun, suchas the nose, the back of the neck, andthe rims of the ears. Use lip balms orcreams containing sunscreen.4When used correctly, shade, clothing, and hats provide the best protection fromUV radiation. While sunscreen is effective when applied properly, doctors cautionthat sunscreen should not be used to prolong the duration of sun exposure.Sun Protection MessagesWhen reporting or discussing the UV Index, it might be helpful to give your audiencemore information about the significance of the reported UV Index for a given dayby suggesting simple actions they can take to avoid overexposure. For this reason,EPA recommends that you use some of the messages identified in the chart belowwhen reporting the UV Index. The Myths and Realities About Fun in the Sun onpage 6 of this brochure may also be useful as “health tips.”
Variations in the UV IndexThe intensity of the sun’sUV rays reaching the earth’ssurface, and the UV Indexratings, vary according tomany factors. All influencethe UV Index in locationsacross the U.S.CLOUD COVER, if heavy, can blockmost UV radiation. Thin or brokenclouds allow most UV rays through.Puffy, fair-weather clouds deflectrays and can increase UV radiationreaching the surface.OZONE absorbs UV radiation.The higher the amount of ozone,the fewer rays reach the surface.Ozone levels vary from day to dayand throughout the year.ALTITUDE affects UV radiation;UV increases about 2% for every1,000-foot increase in elevationdue to thinner mountain air.TIME OF DAY affects UV radiation,which peaks at midday (with the sunhighest in the sky), and lessens in theearly morning and late afternoon.SEASONS affect UVradiation, which peaksin spring and summer(April to August),declines in fall, and islowest in winter.LAND COVER, such asstructures and trees,significantly reduces exposureto UV radiation.EARTH SURFACE CHARACTERISTICScan reflect or scatter UV radiation.Snow may reflect as much as 80% ofUV, sand 15%, and water 10%.LATITUDE affects UV radiation,which is strongest at the equator anddeclines toward the poles.H O W T H E U V I N D E X I S C A L C U L AT E DThe UV Index represents the amount of skin-damaging UVradiation reaching the earth’s surface at any instant of time.The basic UV Index forecast is given for solar noon — thesun’s highest point in the sky and the time of the highestfluctuation in UV radiation (under clear sky conditions).A UV Index forecast begins with a forecast of the total ozoneamount. All the forecast parameters used in the UV Indexcomputation are derived from NWS forecast models. The sunangle at solar noon (or for any other time) for that day isdetermined. A radiative transfer model determines the flux ofUV radiation for a range of wavelengths. An action spectrumweights the response of the human skin to UV radiation ateach wavelength. Once weighted, the flux values are integratedover the entire range, resulting in an erythemal dose rate —the instantaneous amount of skin-damaging radiation reachingthe surface under clear sky, at sea level, with low aerosolconditions, as measured by units of milliWatts per squaremeter. Adjustments then account for a location’s elevation,aerosol, and cloud conditions. Next, the optical propertiesof cloud conditions expected at that time refine the doserate further. Finally, the resultant dose rate is applied to theUV Index. One UV Index unit is equivalent to 25 milliWattsper square meter.Different areas of the country have different degrees of variationin the UV Index from day to day and from season to season.Communicators should consider how best to report the UV Indexvalue to their audience so that people actually put recommendationsinto practice and use the UV Index as a guide to healthy behavior.If UV levels in your area tend to be unchanging — particularly ifthey are consistently high during summer months — EPA suggeststhat you emphasize general sun protection steps (for example,reminding people to wear sunglasses with 100% UVA & UVBprotection); make note of local factors that can affect daily UVlevels; and encourage special protection for children.LOCATIONAVERAGE UV INDEX VALUEWinterSummerAtlanta, Georgia2 (Low)8 (Very High)Phoenix, Arizona3 (Moderate)10 (Very High)Anchorage, Alaska 1 (Low)3 to 4 (Moderate)Honolulu, Hawaii6 (High)11 to 12 (Extreme)1 to 2 (Low)6 to 7 (High)New York, New YorkPortland, Oregon1 (Low)5 to 6 (Moderate-High)St. Louis, Missouri1 to 2 (Low)7 to 8 (High-Very High)Miami, Florida4 (Moderate)10-11 (Very High-Extreme)Typical UVI values for different parts of the U.S. at midday. These valuesmay vary significantly depending on cloud cover and ozone levels.5
Overexposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays is the mostimportant preventable factor in the development ofskin cancer. Skin cancer is largely preventable whensun protection measures againstUV rays are used consistently.However, many young peopleand adults do not consistentlyuse sun protection measuresUV Radiationand Public Healthand are unaware of the linkbetweenoverexposureandhealth risks.Reporting Burn Times Not RecommendedCommunicators sometimes report“time to burn” in lieu of the UVIndex level, as a simple concept thatcan easily be translated into action.However, people can interpret burntimes as a safe period during whichthey do not have to take protectiveaction. Relating UV Index values to“time to burn” or “safe tanning time”sends an incorrect and potentiallyharmful message to the generalpublic. The UV Index should not beused to suggest that unprotectedexposure is risk-free.6Myths and Realities About Fun in the Sun
R I S K FA C T O R SEverybody, regardless of race or ethnicity, is subject to the adverse effectsof overexposure to the sun. Some people might be more vulnerable to certainconditions, however.Skin type affects the degree to which some people burn and the time ittakes them to burn. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies skintype on a scale from 1 to 6. Individuals with lower-number skin types (1and 2) have fair skin and tend to burn rapidly and more severely. Individualswith higher-number skin types (5 and 6), although capable of burning, havedarker skin and do not burn as easily.The same individuals who are most likely to burn are also most vulnerable toskin cancer. Studies have shown that individuals with large numbers of frecklesand moles have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. Although individualswith darker skin types are less likely to develop skin cancer, they should stilltake action to protect their skin and eyes from overexposure to the sun.SKIN CANCERSUNBURNUV radiation causes genetic mutationsin skin cells. Over time, such mutationsdue to exposure to the sun and severesunburns can lead to skin cancer. Everyyear, more than one million Americansare diagnosed with skin cancer, makingit the most common form of cancer inthe country. In the United States, oneperson dies of skin cancer every hour.The most common places for skincancer to develop are on those bodyparts exposed to the sun, such as theface, neck, ears, forearms, and hands.The three main types of skin cancerare basal cell carcinoma, squamouscell carcinoma, and melanoma.The most obvious result of too muchUV exposure is sunburn, whichinvolves skin redness and sometimestenderness, swelling, blistering, fever,and nausea. However, tanned skinalso poses a skin cancer risk. Basal carcinomas are tumors thatusually appear as small, fleshy bumpsor nodules. Squamous cell carcinomas appear asnodules or as red, scaly patches. Melanomas may appear withoutwarning as a dark mole or other darkspot in the skin. Melanoma causesmore than 75% of skin cancer deaths.There are more than 50,000 newcases of melanoma per year. One infour persons who develop melanomais under 40.All three types of skin cancer may besuccessfully treated if detected in theirearly stages. For more information about howto detect skin cancer, visit the Center forDisease Control’s skin cancer website atSUN SENSITIVITYSome people may develop bumps,hives, blisters, or red blotchy areas asan allergic reaction to sun exposure.Certain drugs, perfumes, and cosmeticsalso may make some people sensitiveto the sun.EYE DAMAGEExcess exposure to UV radiation cancause a painful burn of the cornea.Chronic eye exposure to UV radiationmay also increase the incidence ofcataract, which is a clouding of theeye lens; pterygium, in which a fleshmembrane covers the eye; andpossibly macular degeneration, or thedevelopment of spots that could resultin blindness. About 13 million Americansage 40 or older have cataracts, andmore than half of all Americans 65 orolder have some evidence of cataracts.P R E M AT U R E W R I N K L I N GIn the long run, too much exposure tothe sun may change the skin’s texture,giving it a tough, leathery appearance.Up to 90 percent of the visible skinchanges commonly attributed to agingare caused by sun exposure. The sunalso may cause discolorations in skintone including red, yellow, gray, orbrown spots.IMMUNE SYSTEM SUPPRESSIONAND DISEASESun exposure suppresses the immunesystem and may make the body morevulnerable to infections and cancers,regardless of an individual’s skin typeor susceptibility to burns.http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nscpep/index.htm.7
F O R M O R E I N F O R M AT I O NAdditional sun safety information from EPA’s SunWise Program is available by calling the National Service Centerfor Environmental Publications at 1-800-490-9198.The Environmental Protection Agency offers a free SunWise Kit to meteorologists. The kit provides fun and interactiveways to teach kids about UV science and sun safety. Information is available at http://www.epa.gov/sunwise.EPA also offers next-day UV Index forecasts by ZIP code for the continental United States, contoured UVI maps,and additional UVI information at http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html.The National Weather Service provides UVI forecasts for 58 cities, UVI climatologies, and additional informationat /uv index/index.html.The World Health Organization's INTERSUN program has developed a graphics package, including a UVI logo, aninternational color code for different UVI values, and a choice of ready-made graphics for reporting the UVI andsun safety messages. The materials may be downloaded and used free of charge. An overview of these graphicsis available at ip.pdf. GIF images may be downloaded athttp://www.who.int/docstore/peh-uv/UVIndex Graphics/gif. To request a CD-ROM containing formats other thanGIF, please contact UVinfo@who.int.United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgencyAir and Radiation(6205J)EPA430-F-04-020May 2004
color scheme, revised exposure categories, and different breakpoints between exposure categories. Although the categories have been reorganized and labeled, actual UV levels associated with the exposure categories in the Global Solar UV Index have not changed. In other words, a UV index report of 6 represents the same intensity UV radiation on both
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vii References The following resources were used in producing this manual: EPA: Package Treatment Plants MO-12, EPA 430/9-77-005, April 1977 EPA: Summary Report: The Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming, EPA 625/8-87/012, July 1987 EPA: Manual: Nitrogen Control, EPA 625/R-93/010, September 1993 EPA: Handbook: Retrofitting POTWs, EPA 625/6-89/020, July 1989
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