Pine - Confined Space

Overview PresentationIn Support ofThe Lorain County Chamber of Commerce5/31/20161

CONFINED SPACE STATISTICS (OSHA and other various sources) There were 431 confined space incidents with 530 fatalities in the US due to oxygen deficientand/or toxic atmospheres from 1992-2005 65% of all confined space fatalities are due to hazardous atmosphere In 139 of these fatalities, there were no detectors nor ventilation utilized 25% of spaces were toxic before entry In 2010, there were 63 worker fatalities and 28 hospitalizations related to confined spaces. From 01/01/2011 to 08/01/2011, there were 22 worker fatalities and 3 worker hospitalizationsrelated to confined spaces. Repair & Maintenance and cleaning & inspection activities account for almost one-quarter ofconfined space-related fatalities. Construction and manufacturing industries experience the most fatalities.

"Confined space" means a space that: Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter andperform assigned work; and Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks,vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that mayhave limited means of entry.); and Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

Part Number:1910Part Title: Occupational Safety and Health StandardsSubpart: JSubpart Title: General Environmental ControlsStandard Number:1910.146Title: Permit-required confined spacesAppendix: A , B , C , D , E , F

Definition A PRCS means a CONFINED SPACE that has one or more ofthe following characteristics: Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant, Contains an internal configuration such that an entrant could betrapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floorwhich slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross section, Contains any other serious safety or health hazard.

“Hazardous Atmosphere” is an atmosphere that may expose employees to the riskof death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaidedfrom a permit space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the followingcauses: Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit(LFL);Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent; Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissibleexposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and EnvironmentalControl, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, of this Part and whichcould result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or PEL; Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health.

OSHA indicates that the entrant is to provide the following equipment at no cost toemployees, maintain that equipment properly, and ensure that employees use thatequipment properly: Testing and monitoring equipment needed to comply with regulations; Ventilating equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions; Communications equipment necessary for compliance with regulations; Personal protective equipment insofar as feasible engineering and work practicecontrols do not adequately protect employees;

Lighting equipment needed to enable employees to see well enough to work safelyand to exit the space quickly in an emergency; Barriers and shields as required by regulations; Equipment, such as ladders, needed for safe ingress and egress by authorizedentrants; Rescue and emergency equipment needed to comply with regulations, and; Any other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit spaces.

The forced air ventilation should be so directed as to ventilate theimmediate areas where an employee is or will be present withinthe space and shall continue until all employees have left thespace; The air supply for the forced air ventilation should be from a cleansource and may not increase the hazards in the space. The atmosphere within the space should be periodically tested asnecessary to ensure that the continuous forced air ventilation ispreventing the accumulation of a hazardous atmosphere.

Tripod Rescue System (Model T-100S)Each Tripod system is composed of a Tripod, 3-Wayfall arrest device with lowering and retrieval capabilitiesand a Personnel or Material Winch.Model :T100-7T100-9T100-10Height, ft.7910Working Load, lbs.310310620Distance between legs, in.617490Weight, lbs.414772Tested static load5400540010000

Personnel Winch (Model 142)Designed for raising or lowering an employee into awork position or for use in rescue operations.Working Load, lbsLifeline Cable310Galvanized, Stainless Steel, Synthetic RopeCable Diameter, in.3/16Length of Cable, ft.50 - 100Weight, lbs.36Locking Speed, ft./sec.4-5

A variety of PPE may be required depending on the environmentand conditions of work. Dupont Tyvek, Tychem, Nomex, Rainfair and Beta brandprotective coveralls and suitsCrew brand protective eyewear and gogglesBeta and Lacrosse brand overshoe and overboot foot protectionMicroflex, Semperguard, and Best N-Dex latex and nitrile glovesMSA and North respirators and respirator cartridges

To select the instruments that willmost Accurately Identify andMeasure those hazards, you mustunderstand:o the environmental conditions andpotential hazards presento the exposure limits and thresholds ofthose hazards

Before an employee enters the space, the internalatmosphere should be tested, with a calibrated directreading instrument, for oxygen content, for flammablegases and vapors, and for potential toxic aircontaminants, in that order.

Evaluation Testing – Analyze atmosphere with the proper equipment toidentify and evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may arise or exist.Have a qualified professional interpret and evaluate results to develop theproper entry procedures including other potential physical hazardsVerification Testing – Conducted at the time of entry to determine thatatmospheric conditions are within the range of acceptable entryconditions prior to entry of the space.Duration of Testing – Minimum response time for the sensors and additionaltubing, hoses, or probe lengthLayered Atmosphere Testing – Test and a variety of levels stratigraphicallyto detect for potential layers of hazardous atmosphereRetesting and Continual Testing – Test the atmosphere frequently and/orcontinually to monitor for changes in atmospheric conditions.

Most units are standard “4 Gas” configurations, Passive/Diffusion or Pump equipped, withO2, LEL, CO, and H2S sensors installedavailable with Infrared LEL sensors to operate when O2 is absentcompact in size and light weight for use in tight confined spacessupported by a separate calibration/bump test docking station for automatedcalibration capability (not required)easily calibrated by a manual process independent of docking stationsdesigned to utilize a calibration gas mixture to eliminate need for multiple gascylinderspowered by both Lithium Ion and Alkaline batteries and continuously operatewhen plugged into charger or 12 V automotive adapterengineered with an Internal pump option to provide quick response andremote sampling with 10-12 hours of run timecapable of data logging and storing a significant amount of informationoutfitted with a data library of response factors for wide variety ofcombustibles and volatile compounds

Sensors – robust construction and high qualityengineering will yield best performance and longevityO2, CO and H2S sensors operate on similar principlesand expire over time (electrochemical by design)LEL sensors have two primary types; Catalytic Bead orNon-Dispersive InfraredCatalytic Bead LEL sensors require O2 to operate andNDIR LEL sensors do notCO and H2S Electrochemical Sensors have differentranges and life expectancy.Cross sensitivity to other toxic gasses is possible whenmonitoring for CO and H2S or other toxic gasses

Oxygen Content (% by Vol.) - Effects and Symptoms (AtAtmospheric Pressure) 23.5%20.9%19.5%15% to 19% 10% to 12% 8% to 10% 6% to 8% 4% to 6% Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazardOxygen concentration in normal airMinimum permissible oxygen level (still may represent an issue)Decreased ability to work strenuously; may impair coordination andmay cause early symptoms for persons of coronary, pulmonary orcirculatory problemsRespiration further increases in rate and depth; poor judgment, bluelipsMental failure, fainting, unconsciousness, ashen face, nausea, andvomitingRecovery still possible after four to five minutes. 50% fatal after sixminutes. Fatal after eight minutes.Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions, respiration ceases, deathThese values are approximate and vary, due to an individual’s state of health andphysical activity.activity.

METHANEToo Lean to BurnLEL(Flammable Range)0%(by Volume)100% LELor 5%by VolumeUEL100% UELor 15%by VolumeToo Rich to Burn100%(by Volume)Understanding the Meter ReadingMethane (ppm)% Methane (by Volume)% LEL Meter 0%40,0004.0%80.0%50,0005.0%100.0%A meter reading of 2.5% would 50% LEL (25,000 ppm Methane)% LEL or % by Volume – You NEED to KNOW and UNDERSTAND what the instrument isdisplaying!

An atmospheric concentration of any toxic compound above thepermissible exposure limit established by OSHA, NIOSH orACGIH. Here are examples of common toxic gases found in aconfined space. (NIOSH references)Toxic GasTWASTELCeilingIDLHAmmonia25 ppm35 ppm--300 ppmCarbon monoxide35 ppm--200 ppm1,200 ppmChlorine0.5 ppm1 ppm--30 ppmHydrogen cyanide----4.7 ppm50 ppmHydrogen sulfide10 ppm15 ppm--100 ppmNitric oxide25 ppm----100 ppmSulphur dioxide2 ppm5 ppm--100 ppm

Threatening Effects: CO and H2SEffects Of Carbon Monoxide ExposureppmTimeEffects & Symptoms358 hoursPermissible Exposure Level(NIOSH)2003 hoursSlight headache, discomfort4002 hoursHeadache, discomfort6001 hoursHeadache, discomfort1000 to 20002 hoursConfusion, discomfort1000 to 2000½ to 1 hourTendency to stagger1000 to 200030Slight heart palpitations2000 to 250030Unconsciousness4000 1 hourFatal

Threatening Effects: CO and H2SEffects Of Hydrogen Sulfide ExposureppmTimeEffects & Symptoms108 hourPermissable exposure level50 to 1001 hourMild eye and respiratoryirritation200 to 3001 hourMarked eye and respiratoryirritation500 to 700½ - 1 hourUnconsciousness, death 1000MinutesUnconsciousness, death

Improper storage in harsh environments expecting no significantperformance issuesImproper training on calibration procedures and performance “bump”testingPoor maintenance program and understanding sensor operationIdentifying end of life behaviors for sensors and replacing in a timelymannerDismissing performance issues as insignificantVerifying pump performance using effective measuring devicesIdentifying sensor response times when using instruments andadditional tubingSensor poisoning with silicone lubricants, sulfur compounds, chlorineand heavy metalsOversaturation of catalytic bead sensors which damages the sensorsand produce false readings

When utilizing tubing to extend the “nose” of yourinstrument, remember to utilize non absorbing brandssuch as Tygon or Teflon Certain VOCs and other toxic gases can be absorbedby polyethylene, vinyl or silicon based tubingMake sure your tripods and winches are fully operable,tested and certifiedCalibration and maintenance of equipment is not anoption and make sure the gasses and standards usedare current and not expired.

CONFINED SPACE STATISTICS (OSHA and other various sources) There were 431 confined space incidents with 530 fatalities in the US due to oxygen deficient and/or toxic atmospheres from 1992-2005 65% of all confined space fatalities are due to hazardous atmosphere In 139 of these fatalities, there were no detectors nor ven