ELG4126: Sustainable Power Systems - Engineering
ELG4126: Sustainable Power SystemsConcepts and Applications: You should be familiar withIntroduction (Structure of Power Systems)Basic Principles (AC Power)GenerationTransmission LinesTransformersPower FlowStabilityTransient and Harmonic StudiesProtectionRelated Topics:Distributed Generation, Renewable Power, EfficiencyComputer Programs:MathCAD, PSpice, MATLAB / Simulink (PowerSym), PowerWord,EMTDC/PSCAD
An Overview of Power and Energy SystemsPower System Analysis, Computing and EconomicsComputing applicationsDistribution system analysisEconomics, market organization, cost structures, pricing, and risk managementIntelligent system applicationsReliability, uncertainty, and probability and stochastic system applicationsPower System Dynamic PerformancePower system dynamic modeling: components and systemsPower system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniquesPower system stability controls: design and applicationsPower system dynamic measurementsPower system interaction with turbine generatorsDynamic security assessment: techniques and applications, risk-based methodsPower System OperationsPower system dynamic modeling: components and systemsPower system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniquesEnergy control centersDistribution operationSystem controlOperating economics and pricing
An Overview of Power and Energy SystemsPower System Planning and ImplementationGeneration system resource planningTransmission system planningDistribution system planningIntegrated resource planning and distributed resource planningLoad forecastingCustomer products and services planning and implementationIndustry restructuring planning and policy issues.Electric MachineryDC Machines; Permanent magnet machinery systems; Switched and variable reluctance;machines; Integral horsepower induction machinery; Wound rotor induction machinerySingle phase induction motors; Electronic drives for electric machinery; Induction generatorsfor grid and isolated applications; Synchronous generators; Motor/generator sets for pumpedstorage; Synchronous motors materials to electric machinery; Electrical machinery theoryNumerical analysis of electric machinery; Power processing equipment; Insulation for electricmachinery; Application of magnetic materials to electric machinery; Application ofsuperconducting.Power System CommunicationsCommunication systems; Communication media; Communication protocols; Communicationstandardization; Home automation and communication.
Introductory Terms and ConceptsPower System Components : Electrical ComponentsLight bulbSocketWire to switchSwitchWire to circuit boxCircuit breakerWatt-hour-meterConnection to distribution systemDistribution transformerDistribution systemSubstationCapacitorsCircuit mission systemTap changersCurrent transformersPotential transformersProtective relayingReactorsMetal-oxide varistorsTransmission systemSuspension insulatorsLightning arrestorsGenerator step-up transformersGeneratorsCapacitor
An Overview of Power and Energy SystemsPower System Instrumentation and MeasurementsDigital technology for measurementsElectricity meteringHigh voltage testingMeasurement techniques for impedance elementsPower System RelayingDigital protection systemsAdaptive protectionsPower system protectionProtection of electrical equipmentRelaying communicationsRelaying for consumer interfaceSubstationsSubstation automationIntelligent electronic devices (IEDs)Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)Substation designHigh voltage power electronics stationsGas insulated substations (GIS)
An Overview of Power and Energy SystemsSurge Proctective DevicesDesign/testing of high voltage surge protective devices ( 1000V)Application of high voltage surge protective devices ( 1000V)Design/testing of low voltage surge protective devices ( 1000V)Application of low voltage surge protective devices ( 1000V)Nuclear Power EngineeringNuclear power plant controlsModeling, simulations and controlmonitoring and instrumentationTransformerPower and instrument transformersInsulating fluidsDielectric testingAudible noise and vibrationTransformer modeling techniques.
An Overview of Power and Energy SystemsTransmission and Distribution SystemsAC transmission and distribution facilitiesLightning phenomena and insulator performanceOverhead line conductors: thermal and mechanical aspectsCorona, electric, and magnetic fieldsTowers, poles, and hardwareCapacitors, shunt and series capacitor banks, and harmonic filter banksHVDC transmission and distribution, FACTS and power electronic applications to actransmissionHarmonics and power qualityTransients, switching surges, and electromagnetic noiseMaintenance and operation of overhead linesWork procedures, safety, tools, and equipmentSuperconductivity analysis and devicesDistributed resourcesPower GenerationExcitation systemsPower system stabilizersAdvanced energy technologies, Renewable energy technologiesStation design, operations, and controlModeling, simulation and control of power plantsMonitoring and instrumentation of power plantsControl of distributed generationHydroelectric power plants, Power plant scheduling, Engineering economic issuesInternational practices in energy development.
Simple Power System Every power system has three major components:– Generation: source of power, ideally with a specifiedvoltage and frequency.– Load or demand: consumes power; ideally with aconstant resistive value.– Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as aperfect conductor. Additional components include:– Distribution system: local reticulation of power.– Control equipment: coordinate supply with load.8
Power Power:– Instantaneous rate of consumption of energy,– How hard you work! Power Voltage x Current for DC Power Units:Watts amps times volts (W)kW–1 x 103 WattMW –1 x 106 WattGW –1 x 109 Watt Installed Canadian generation capacity is about592 TWh. Maximum load of Ottawa may be about 2500 MW. Maximum load of uOttawa campus is about 50 MW.9
Energy Energy:– Integration of power over time,– Energy is what people really want from a powersystem,– How much work you accomplish over time. Energy Units:Joule 1 watt-second (J)kWh –kilo-watt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)Btu –1055 J; 1 Mbtu 0.292 MWh10
The Greenhouse Effect!
23Hour of 862069155210355181MW LoadExample Yearly Electric Load2500020000150001000050000
Review of Basic Electric Circuits Phasor Representation in Sinusoidal Steady StatePower, Reactive Power, and Power FactorPower Factor CorrectionThree Phase CircuitsReal and Reactive Power Transfer Between AC SystemsApparatus Ratings, Base Values, and Per Unit QuantitiesEnergy EfficiencyRead Example 2.1; Example 2.2; Example 2.3; Example 2.5.
Review of Electromagnetic Concepts Ampere’s LawFlux ConceptsFerromagnetic MaterialsInductancesFaraday’s LawLeakage and Magnetizing Inductances.
Single-Phase CircuitCurrent IVoltage V 0 degThis circuit requires 2 wires to deliver power to the load
Three-Phase CircuitPhase aVoltage a: V0 degNeutralVoltage cV 120 deg3-PhaseLoadVoltage b:V -120 degPhase bPhase cIf the three phase load is “balanced” the neutral carriesno current and can be eliminated.
From Two-Line Diagram to One-Line DiagramVoltage Drop and Reactive Power CompensationV1 13.2 x103 j0V2P and QIZLine 1 j7ZLoad 10 j30C ?Calculate the voltage at the receiving end of the line. If the voltage is toolow, compute the size of the capacitor which will recover the voltage to thesame value of the sending end. Calculate the value of C.
The Per Unit System Allows engineers to analyze a single phase network where:– All P and Q quantities are three phase– Voltage magnitudes are represented as a fractional part of theirstandard or “base” value– All phase angles are represented in the same units as normally used. Each region of the power system is uniquely defined by a standard voltagedetermined by the transformer windings, this sets base voltage. The entire system is given a base power to which everything in the powerflow is referred.
Advantages Per-unit representation results in a more meaningful and correlated data. It gives relative magnitudeinformation.There will be less chance of missing up between single - and three-phase powers or between lineand phase voltages.The p.u. system is very useful in simulating machine systems on analog, digital, and hybridcomputers for steady-state and dynamic analysis.Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a piece of apparatus in p.u. (or per cent) on the baseof the name plate rating of power ( ) and voltage ( ). Hence, it can be used directly if the baseschosen are the same as the name plate rating.The p.u. value of the various apparatus lie in a narrow range, though the actual values vary widely.The p.u. equivalent impedance (Zsc) of any transformer is the same referred to either primary orsecondary side. For complicated systems involving many transformers or different turns ratio, thisadvantage is a significant one in that a possible cause of serious mistakes is removed.Though the type of transformer in 3-phase system, determine the ratio of voltage bases, the p.u.impedance is the same irrespective of the type of 3-phase transformer. (Yç D , D ç Y, D ç D , or YçY).Per-unit method allows the same basic arithmetic operation resulting in per-phase end values,without having to worry about the factor '100' which occurs in per cent system.
Nature of Power Systems in North AmericaThousands of Generators, all Operating in Synchronization, Connected byabout 300,000 km of Transmission Lines at 230 kV and Above!Advantages: Continuity; Reliability of Service; Low Cost!
Electric Energy and the Environment Choices:––––Hydro: Drop in the River; Run-of-RiverFossil Fuels: Coal; Natural Gas; OilNuclear: Fusion; Fission ReactorsRenewable: Wind; Photovoltaic; Fuel cells; Biomass Consequences:–––––Greenhouse GassesSulfur DioxideNitrogen OxidesMercuryThermal Pollution
Distributed Generation Smaller in Power Rating Spurred by Renewable Resources Generate Electricity Local to the Load; Minimize the Cost ofTransmission and Distribution in addition to MinimizingLosses. Utilize the Heat Produced as a Byproduct rather thanThrowing it as is Common on Central Generation. An Ultimate Advantage would be when the Cost of Wind andPhotovoltaic Energy Decrease Significantly.
Wind Energy
Wind Energy Θ Pitch angle
Photovoltaic Energy Photovoltaic cells consists of pn-junction where due to incident photons inthe sun’s ray cause excess electrons and holes to be generated above theirnormal equilibrium. This causes a potential to be developed and results inthe flow of current if an external circuit is connected. The following figure shows the v-i characteristic of the photovoltaic cell.
Components of Photovoltaic System
Fuel Cells Fuel cells use hydrogen, and possibly other fuels, through achemical reaction to produce electricity with water and heatas byproducts. Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carrieselectrically charged particles from one electrode to the other,and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the electrodes.
Power system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniques Power system stability controls: design and applications Power system dynamic measurements Power system interaction with turbine generators Dynamic security assessment: techniques and applications, risk-based methods Power System Operations P
Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Textile Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, other related Engineering discipline Energy Resources Engineering (ERE) The students’ academic background should be: Mechanical Power Engineering, Energy .
1.2.2 building climate resilience 9 1.2.3 relevant council policies and strategies 10 1.3 aims objectives 11 1.3.1 sustainable design aims 11 1.3.2 sustainable design objectives 11 2 sustainable design policy 12 3 implementing a sustainable urban environment 13 3.1 defining the scope of eligible applications 14 3.2 sustainable design assessment in the planning process (sdapp) 15 3.3 .
mechanical engineering, Railway mechanical engineering, Welding and welded structures, Engineering of biotechnical systems, Industrial engineering, Information technologies, Motor vehicles, Internal combustion engines, Food industry engineering, Production engineering, Process engineering and environment protection, Weapon systems, Thermal power
that leverages systems engineering in the transition to team-based engineering for conception, design, and implementation. Use of Systems Engineering. Making effective engineering decisions via hazards and risk analysis to integrate all engineering topics (such as cyber security and SCCF) into a single engineering process. Risk Informed Engineering
Careers in Engineering Guide the brighter choice. Contents ABOUT LSBU 4–5 BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING 6–7 CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 8–9 CIVIL ENGINEERING 10–11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 12–13 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 14–15 MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING 16–17 PRODUCT DESIGN ENGINEERING 18–19 An engineering degree is a big challenge to take on. There is no denying .
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Civil Engineering 30 Computer Systems Engineering 32 Engineering Science 34 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 36 Mechanical Engineering 38 Mechatronics Engineering 40 Software Engineering 42 Structural Engineering 44 Course descriptions 46 APPENDIX 84 Find out more 88. 2 Dates to remember 06 Jan Summer School begins 12 Jan Last day to add, change or delete Summer School Courses 01 Feb .
C is much more flexible than other high-level programming languages: C is a structured language. C is a relatively small language. C has very loose data typing. C easily supports low-level bit-wise data manipulation. C is sometimes referred to as a “high-level assembly language”. When compared to assembly language .
