Australian Energy Statistics 2020 Energy Update Report

Black coal production grew by 2 per cent in 2018–19. Brown coal outputfell by 6 per cent, reflecting the ongoing fall in brown coal-fired electricity. Crude oil and condensate production increased by 18 per cent in 2018–19,its first increase in ten years, due to new fields commencing production inthe northwest. Naturally-occurring LPG production grew by 32 per cent.Electricity generation Total electricity generation in Australia rose 1 per cent in 2018–19 to264 terawatt hours (950 petajoules). This figure includes industrial, rooftopsolar PV and off-grid generation. About 14 per cent of Australia’s electricity was generated outside theelectricity sector by industry and households in 2018–19. Black and brown coal fired electricity generation fell in 2018–19, by 2 percent and 4 per cent respectively. Coal was 58 per cent of total generationin 2018–19 and fell to 56 per cent in calendar year 2019. Natural gas-fired generation rose in calendar year 2019, to 21 per cent oftotal generation. Renewable generation increased 17 per cent in 2018–19, contributing20 per cent of total generation. This was driven by a 50 per cent increasein solar generation and 17 per cent increase in wind generation. Renewable generation grew further in calendar year 2019, to 21 per centof total generation. Australia last saw a renewables share of totalgeneration this high in the mid-1970s, when the Snowy Mountainshydroelectric scheme was completed. Hydro accounted for 5 per cent of total generation in 2019, while wind andsolar each accounted for 7 per cent. Solar PV was the fastest growing generation type in both 2018–19 and the2019 calendar year.Energy trade Most of Australia’s energy production is exported. Net exports (exportsminus imports) were equal to two-thirds of production in 2018–19. Energy exports grew by 8 per cent in 2018–19 to 15,911 petajoules.LNG exports grew by 21 per cent to 4,094 petajoules, as new capacitycame online. Exports of crude oil grew by 13 per cent and black coal by3 per cent. Australia is also a significant exporter of uranium oxide, for use in nuclearpower plants overseas. Energy imports were essentially stable at 2,451 petajoules in 2018–19.Most imports are of refined petroleum products and crude oil.Australian Energy Update 20203

1.About the Australian Energy StatisticsThe Australian Energy Statistics (AES) is the authoritative and official sourceof annual energy statistics for Australia. It provides information designed toincrease the understanding of energy supply and use in Australia, to supportdecision making in government, industry and more broadly, and to meet annualinternational energy reporting obligations. The dataset also supports thecalculation of greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply and use.The AES provides detailed energy consumption, production and trade statisticsand balances, by state and territory, by energy type and by industry, in energycontent and physical units. Where possible, the data is compiled and presentedusing concepts and definitions intended to align the AES with the frameworkused by the International Energy Agency (IEA).Key data sources include facility level reporting from the National Greenhouseand Energy Reporting Scheme (NGERS), the Australian Petroleum Statistics(APS), the Resources and Energy Quarterly, datasets and estimates from otherAustralian and state government agencies, internal estimates using statisticaltechniques, and public company reporting. Some datasets from privatesubscription services and industry associations are also used to compare withthese estimates and sources.The AES has been published by the Department of Industry, Science, Energyand Resources (2020), the Department of Environment and Energy (2017 to2019), the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science (2015 and 2016),the Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE) (2012 to 2014), theAustralian Bureau of Agricultural and Resources Economics and Sciences(ABARES) (1989 to 2011), and various previous Australian governmentagencies, since the mid-1970s.The full AES dataset is made available through tables in Excel format energy-data/australianenergy-statistics. A list of the AES tables available on the website is providedin Table 1.1.The AES is accompanied by this report, the Australian Energy Update, whichhighlights recent trends in Australian energy consumption, production andtrade.The Guide to the Australian Energy Statistics is designed to assist users inbetter understanding the AES and to increase the transparency of the dataset.It contains information on the publication tables, definitions and concepts, datasources and methodology, conversion factors, confidentiality and historicalrevisions.The main unit in the AES is the petajoule (PJ). One petajoule 1 x 1015 joules.One petajoule, or 278 gigawatt hours, is the heat energy content of about43,000 tonnes of black coal or 29 million litres of petrol. A car using 6 litres ofpetrol per hundred kilometres could drive approximately 483 million kilometreson one petajoule. One petajoule is equivalent to filling up a car with a fuel tankcapacity of 55 litres of petrol around 532,000 times.Australian Energy Update 20204

Table 1.1: 2020 Australian Energy Statistics tablesTable nameTable contentsTable AAustralian energy supply and consumption, energy unitsTable BAustralian population, GDP and energy consumption, by state and territoryTable CAustralian energy consumption, by state and territory, by fuel, energy unitsTable DAustralian energy consumption, by state and territory, by detailed fuel, energy unitsTable EAustralian energy consumption, by state and territory, by industry, energy unitsTable FAustralian energy consumption, by state and territory, by industry and fuel type, energyunitsTable GAustralian energy consumption, by state and territory, by fuel, physical unitsTable HAustralian total final energy consumption, by industry, by fuel, energy unitsTable IAustralian production of primary fuels, by state and territory, physical unitsTable JAustralian energy supply and trade, by fuel type, energy unitsTable KAustralian energy consumption in 2018-19, by state and territory, by industry, selectedfuels, energy unitsTable LAustralian consumption of electricity, by state and territory, physical unitsTable MAustralian energy imports, by fuel type, physical unitsTable NAustralian energy exports, by fuel type, physical unitsTable OAustralian electricity generation, by state and territory, by fuel type, physical unitsTable PAustralian consumption and production of coal, by state and territory, physical unitsTable QAustralian consumption and production of gas, by state and territory, physical unitsTable RAustralian production of gas, by type, state and territory, energy unitsTable SAustralian production and exports of uranium, physical and energy unitsAustralian Energy Update 20205

2.Energy consumptionEnergy consumption measures the amount of energy used in the Australianeconomy. It is equal to domestic production plus imports minus exports (andchanges in stocks). It includes energy consumed in energy conversionactivities (such as electricity generation and petroleum refining), but nets offderived or secondary fuels (such as electricity and refined oil products)produced domestically to avoid double counting of energy. It is equivalent tototal primary energy supply. Further detail is provided in Department ofIndustry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Guide to the AustralianEnergy Statistics.Energy consumption rose by 0.6 per cent in 2018–19 to 6,196 petajoules, itshighest ever level. This compares with average growth of 0.7 per cent a yearover the past ten years. Growth in 2018–19 was 37 petajoules, the sameamount of energy from filling a 55-litre tank of petrol 20 million times.In 2018–19, the Australian economy grew by 1.9 per cent to reach 1.9 trillion.The Australian population grew by 1.5 per cent to reach 25.4 million people.2.1Energy productivityThe relationship between energy use and economic output can be describedin terms of the energy intensity, or inversely, the energy productivity, of theAustralian economy. Energy intensity measures the amount of energy used toproduce a unit of economic output (energy consumption/GDP), while energyproductivity measures the amount of economic output produced per unit ofenergy input (GDP/energy consumption).Figure 2.1: Australian energy intensity and energy productivitySource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian Energy Statistics, Table BAustralian Energy Update 20206

Table 2.1: Australian population, GDP and energy consumptionAverage annual growth2018–1910 years2009–102018–19(per cent)(per cent)22.025.41.51.6GDP ( billion)1,492.51,885.01.92.6Energy consumption ,287.0-1.3-1.9256.3304.21.31.9Population (millions)Energy consumptionper capita (GJ)Energy intensity (GJ/ million)Energy productivity( million/PJ)Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian EnergyStatistics, Table BThe Australian economy has shown lower energy intensity and higher energyproductivity over time, as economic growth in Australia over recent decadeshas generally outpaced growth in energy consumption (Figure 2.1). Thisreflects cumulative improvements in energy efficiency as well as a shift in theAustralian economy away from highly energy-intensive industries such asmanufacturing towards less energy-intensive industries such as services.Increased use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels for electricitygeneration has also had a positive impact on energy productivity.Energy productivity improved by 1.3 per cent in 2018–19 and by 19 per centover the past ten years (Table 2.1). Australia now creates 304 million in GDPfor every petajoule of energy consumed, nearly 50 million more than a decadeago. Alternatively, Australia now uses 16 per cent less energy per dollar ofeconomic output than a decade ago. Australia also uses 8 per cent less energyper person than a decade ago.2.2Energy consumption, by fuel typeFossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) accounted for 94 per cent of Australia’sprimary energy mix in 2018–19. Oil, including crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and refined products, accounted for the largest share of energyconsumption, at 39 per cent in 2018–19 (Table 2.2).Oil consumption includes domestic and imported crude used by Australianrefineries, and imported refined products used by industry and households, butnets off refined products produced domestically to avoid double counting ofenergy. Oil consumption grew by 1 per cent in 2018–19, slightly below the tenyear average growth rate (Table 2.2).Australian Energy Update 20207

Table 2.2: Australian energy consumption, by fuel type2018–19Average annual growthshare2018–1910 yearsPJ(per cent)(per cent)(per RenewablesTotalSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian EnergyStatistics, Table CCoal remained the second largest fuel consumed in 2018–19, accounting for29 per cent of energy consumption (Figure 2.2). Coal consumption fell by2 per cent in 2018–19, slightly more than the average ten year rate of decline.The decline was largely due to lower brown and black coal-fired electricitygeneration, which was displaced by renewable generation.Figure 2.2: Australian energy consumption, by fuel typeSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian Energy Statistics, Table CAustralian Energy Update 20208

Natural gas accounted for 26 per cent of energy consumption in 2018–19. Gasconsumption rose by 2 per cent in 2018–19, with increased use at LNG plantsto support the expansion of LNG exports.Figure 2.3: Australian natural gas flows, petajoules, 2018–19Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian Energy Statistics, Tables A and F andinternal sourcesAround 36 per cent of Australia’s gas consumption in 2018–19 was forelectricity generation (Figure 2.3), including electricity generation by industry.Gas-fired generation by industry includes generation at smelters, refineries andmines. It also includes unprocessed natural gas used to generate electricityduring the gas production process. This consumption is included in theelectricity generation sector in the AES, which allocates consumption to theactivity of generating electricity, rather than to the original industry such asmining and manufacturing.Gas is also an important energy source for manufacturing, accounting for41 per cent of manufacturing energy use in 2018–19. The manufacturing andmining (including LNG) sectors each accounted for just under one-quarter oftotal gas consumption in 2018–19.Renewable energy sources accounted for the remaining 6 per cent ofAustralian energy consumption in 2018–19, comprising mainly of biomass,hydro, wind and solar energy. This includes renewable energy use forelectricity generation, as well as direct use of renewables such as firewood forresidential heating, bagasse use in manufacturing, and solar hot water.In 2018–19, renewable energy consumption rose by 5 per cent, due to stronggrowth in solar and wind (Table 2.3). Consumption of bagasse, the remnantsugar cane pulp left after crushing, declined by 9 per cent. Despite the decline,it remained the largest source of renewable energy in Australia, at 23 per centAustralian Energy Update 20209

of total renewable energy use in 2018–19. Use of hydro energy was flat in2018–19.Wind and solar energy have grown rapidly in the past decade, and combinedare now one-third of all renewable energy consumption, up from 11 per cent adecade ago.Solar PV has grown from less than 2 petajoules a decade ago to 54 petajoulesin 2018–19, and grew by 50 per cent in 2018–19. This high annual growth isdue mostly to rapid expansion in large-scale solar PV power stations in the lastthree years. Wind energy grew by 17 per cent in 2018–19, and by 15 per centa year on average since 2009–10.Solid municipal and industrial waste can be used to generate electricity, andprovided nearly 5 petajoules of energy in 2018–19, up from 1 petajoule fiveyears ago. Biogas from landfill, sewerage and other sources provided a further16 petajoules of energy in 2018–19.Table 2.3: Australian renewable energy consumption, by fuel type2018–19Average annual growthshare2018–1910 yearsPJ(per cent)(per cent)(per cent)179.144.8-5.4-0.1- wood, woodwaste, sulphitelyes87.822.0-1.60.0- .03.00.2na4.31.14.8na7.41.93.2-3.2- ethanol6.11.50.6na- biodiesel0.00.0nana- other liquid .016.715.0Solar PV53.513.449.548.4Solar hot water17.54.45.65.9399.6100.04.63.9BiomassMunicipal and industrial wasteBiogas- landfill gas- other biogasBiofuelsTotalna – not availableSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian EnergyStatistics, Tables D, F, O and internal sourcesAustralian Energy Update 202010

2.3Energy consumption, by sectorThe transport, electricity supply and manufacturing sectors accounted fornearly three-quarters of energy consumption in 2018–19 (Figure 2.4).The electricity supply sector accounted for 26 per cent of energy consumptionin 2018–19 (Table 2.4). Energy consumption in this sector (including fuel inputsto electricity generation, own use and losses) declined by 2 per cent during thisperiod, despite higher electricity output.Lower consumption and higher output in electricity supply reflects a shift fromfossil fuel generation with thermal losses to non-thermal renewable generationsources. When measuring primary energy consumption, a change in thermalelectricity generation has a greater effect than a change in some renewablegeneration such as wind, solar and hydro, because the energy of theserenewables is only measured when turned into electricity.For example, if wind generation rises by 1,000 gigawatt hours, then energyconsumption would rise by 3.6 petajoules, because the electricity generated ismeasured. If coal-fired generation rises by 1,000 gigawatt hours, then energyconsumption would increase by the amount of coal consumed to generate theelectricity, which would be around 10 petajoules (assuming an efficiency of 35per cent).Table 2.4: Australian energy consumption, by sector2018–19Average annual growthshare2018–1910 yearsPJ(per cent)(per cent)(per cent)Transport1,748.428.21.61.8Electricity 2.30.8Construction24.30.4-6.2-0.5Water and 100.00.60.7Source: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian EnergyStatistics, Table EAustralian Energy Update 202011

Figure 2.4: Australian energy consumption, by sectorSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian Energy Statistics, Table ETransport energy consumption grew by 2 per cent in 2018–19 (Table 2.5),maintaining transport as the largest share of Australian energy consumption.Road transport accounted for nearly three-quarters of transport energyconsumption in 2018–19, while air transport accounted for further 20 per cent.Table 2.5: Australian transport energy consumption, by subsector2018–19Average annual growthshare2018–1910 yearsPJ(per cent)(per cent)(per 48.4100.01.61.8RoadAirSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian EnergyStatistics, Table FThe growth in transport fuel consumption was mostly in diesel usage,supported by steady economic and population growth, and switching to dieselvehicles by consumers (Figure 2.5). The diesel vehicle fleet (includingpassenger, light commercial and freight) has doubled in size since 2010, to4.8 million vehicles in 2020 (ABS 2020a) (Figure 2.6).Australian Energy Update 202012

Figure 2.5: Australian transport energy consumption, by major fuel typeSource: Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources (2020) Australian Energy Statistics, Table FFigure 2.6: Australian motor vehicle registrations, by fuel typeSource: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020a) Motor Vehicle Census, Australia, 31 Jan 2020, cat. no. 9309.0Australian Energy Update 202013

In contrast, petrol consumption declined slightly in 2018–19. Use of jet fuel forair transport increased slightly, in line with a 0.5 per cent increase inpassenger kilometres (BITRE 2020).Energy consumption in the manufacturing sector fell about 3 per cent in 2018–19, more than t

Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources September 2020 . Australian Energy Update 2020 v Contents Executive summary 1 1. About the Australian Energy Statistics 4 2. Energy consumption 6 2.1 Ene