2011 Beaufort Sea Ac Ve Acous Cs Survey For Marine Mammal .
2011 Beaufort Sea Ac!ve Acous!cs Survey forMarine Mammal and Pelagic Fish Detec!onFinal ReportMay 21, 2012Affaires autochtones etAboriginal Affairs andNorthern Development Canada Développement du Nord Canada
2011 BEAUFORT SEA ACTIVE ACOUSTICS SURVEYFOR MARINE MAMMAL AND PELAGIC FISHDETECTIONPrepared for:Beaufort Regional Environmental Assessment (BREA)ArcticNet IncKongsberg Maritime ASBP Exploration Operating Company LimitedImperial Oil Resources Ventures LimitedExxonMobilPrepared and Edited by:M. Geoffroy1, S. Rousseau1 & 3\ü212ArcticNet Inc., Québec, CanadaBP America Inc., Houston, USAMay 21st, 2012
2011 Beaufort Sea active acoustic survey for marine mammal and pelagic fish detectionFisheries research and marine mammal components of the 2011 ArcticNet-Kongsberg Maritimeacoustic program were under the responsibility of two Principal Investigators (PI):F isheries research component:Prof. Louis Fortier (collaborators: Maxime Geoffroy, Shani Rousseau, and Keith Lévesque)Canada Research ChairDépartement de Biologie1045, avenue de la MédecineUniversité LavalQuébec (QC), CANADAG1V 0A6Tel: (418) 656-5646louis.fortier@bio.ulaval.caM arine mammal component:Dr. Frank Reier Knudsen (collaborators: &\QWKLD 3\ü DQG 2OH %HUQW Gammelsæter)Kongsberg Maritime ASStrandpromenaden 50NO-3183 HortenNorwayP.O.Box 111Tel: 47 33 03 41 00frank.reier.knudsen@simrad.comF unding for this program was provided by:BP Exploration Operating Company LimitedKongsberg MaritimeArcticNet and the Amundsen ProgramBeaufort Regional Environmental Assessment (BREA)Imperial Oil Resources Ventures LimitedExxonMobil2011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectionii
AbstractAs part of a large environmental research effort in the Canadian Arctic, a fisheries sonar (SimradSX90) and a multi-frequency echosounder (Simrad EK60) mounted on the Canadian researchicebreaker CCGS Amundsen were used to conduct a study on pelagic fish and marine mammaldetection. The echosounder was continuously operated while adaptive and opportunistic sonarsurveys were conducted from July 20th to August 10th in the St-Lawrence and eastern CanadianArctic, and from August 27th to October 3rd in the Beaufort Sea. The fisheries component of thisproject was aimed at validating the hypothesis that arctic cod ( Boreogadus saida ) form schoolsnear the surface during summer/fall. The acoustic surveys conducted in the Beaufort Sea area in2011 suggest that, instead, age-0 fish form a scattered layer in the top 100 m of the watercolumn, whereas larger fish (age 1 ) form a distinct layer near the bottom, over the slope and indeep water areas. The main goals of the marine mammal component of this study were to assessthe ability of the SX90 sonar to detect Arctic cetaceans and to develop acoustic recognitioncriteria for species identification. Acoustic detections were validated by trained Inuit andbiologist Marine Wildlife Observers (MWOs). During all 367 hours of sonar operations, 126cetaceans were visually sighted by MWOs, of which 60 (59 bowhead whales, Balaenamysticetus, and 1 minke whale, Balaenoptera acrostrutoata ) were also detected by the sonar.Additional observations of pinnipeds were recorded both by MWOs and sonar operators. Mostcetaceans were sighted outside the 2000 m maximum detection range of the sonar, but 92% ofthe whales sighted within 2000 m were acoustically detected. Target Strength (TS) of bowheadwhales varied from -15 dB to 10 dB and TS of seals from -34 dB to -3 dB. Based on recognitioncriteria established during this study, echoes of two bowhead whales and one seal were identifiedwithout validation by MWOs. Although the SX90 sonar efficiently detected cetaceans at a rangeup to 2000 m, the detection range varied greatly with changes in the physical properties of thewater column and real-time identification requires a number of technological improvementsidentified in this report.2011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectioniii
TableofcontentsTable of contents . ivList of tables . viList of figures . vii1. Introduction . 11.1Project overview . 11.2Fisheries research component . 11.3Marine mammal detection component . 32. Material and methods . 52.1EK60 echosounder . 52.2SX90 sonar. 52.3 Survey design and area . 72.4Collaboration with MWOs. 92.4.1 Monitoring of marine mammal negative behaviours . 102.5Data analysis . 102.5.1Determination of the SX90 sonar theoretical detection range . 112.5.2 Fish TS analysis . 132.5.3 Marine mammal TS analysis . 133.Results . 153.1 Theoretical detection range and ray tracing of the SX90 sonar . 173.2 Fisheries research component . 203.2.1 Detection of pelagic fish schools with the SX90 sonar in the St-Lawrence River and inCumberland Sound . 203.2.2Detection of pelagic fish layers with the EK60 echosounder . 223.3 Marine mammal detection component . 243.3.1 Detection of marine mammals with the SX90 sonar and validation by MWOs. 243.3.2 Echo-track characteristics of marine mammals . 323.3.3 Acoustic signature of marine mammals. 353.3.4 Incident angle dependency of Target Strength . 383.3.5 Non-validated marine mammal detections . 393.4 Iceberg detections . 402011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectioniv
4. Recommendations for future acoustic surveys . 404.1 SX90 hardware and software improvements . 404.2 Survey design recommendations . 425. Summary and conclusions . 445.1 Fisheries research component . 445.2 Marine mammal detection component . 445.3 General conclusions . 466. Acknowledgments . 467. References . 478. Appendices . 52Appendix 8.1 Results from the SX90 sonar passive noise test conducted in the St-LawrenceRiver on July 20th, 2011. . 52Appendix 8.2 Details of simulated detection ranges . 532011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectionv
ListoftablesTable 1. Beam width of vertical and horizontal transmission modes corresponding to Normalsetting for operational frequencies ranging from 20 to 30 kHz. . 6Table 2. TS FRUUHFWLRQ IDFWRUV ǻ76 LQ G% UH ȝ3D DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ ı LQ G% UH ȝ3D IRU each frequency of the Simrad SX90 sonar onboard the CCGS Amundsen. Values were calculatedwith the beam mode set to Normal. 14Table 3. Detailed summary of the adaptive acoustic surveys conducted in 2011 onboard theCCGS Amundsen. Note that survey SA-4 was merged with survey SA-1. . 16Table 4. Summary of the opportunistic acoustic surveys conducted in 2011 onboard the CCGSAmundsen. 16Table 5. Theoretical average detection ranges based on simulations computed with the Lybinsoftware for 78 CTD casts conducted in the Canadian Beaufort Sea from August 27th to October3rd. 18Table 6. Summary of MWO-validated marine mammal detections by the SX90 and of MWOsightings throughout the 2011 active acoustic survey. . 26Table 7. Details of all marine mammals detected with the SX90 sonar and validated by MWOs.0D[LPXP GHWHFWLRQ UDQJHV VWDUWLQJ ZLWK ³ ! LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DQLPDO FRXOG KDYH EHHQ GHWHFWHG beyond the display range of the sonar. TS are included for each frequency at which the animalZDV GHWHFWHG LQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP DQG RU WKH DFRXVWLF FKDQQHO QRWH ³WKH HFKR LV QRW FOHDU indicates that the echo was detected on the sonar screen, but was not clear enough to conduct aTS analysis. . 28Table 8. Details of non-validated marine mammals detected by the SX90 sonar. MaximumGHWHFWLRQ UDQJHV VWDUWLQJ ZLWK ³ ! LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DQLPDO FRXOG KDYH EHHQ GHWHFWHG EH\RQG WKH display range of the sonar. TS are included for each frequency at which the animal was detectedLQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP DQG RU WKH DFRXVWLF Fhannel. . 39Table 9. Severity scale for ranking observed behavioral responses of free-ranging marinemammals to anthropogenic sound during SX90 adaptive surveys (adapted from Southall et al.2007). 437DEOH 3DVVLYH QRLVH G% UH ȝ3D PHDVXUHG DURXQG WKH VKLS 7HVWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG DW kHz. . 527DEOH 3DVVLYH QRLVH G% UH ȝ3D PHDVXUHG DW VWDEOH VSHHG GXULQJ DFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG GXULQJ deceleration of the ship. Bearing is 0 for all measurements and tests were conducted at 26 kHz.³- LQGLFDWHV WKDW QR GDWD DUH DYDLODEOH . 52Table 12. Simulated detection ranges at 10 m depth based on CTD casts conducted in theCanadian Beaufort Sea from August 27th to October 3rd. Calculations were made with theNorwegian Lybin software. . 532011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectionvi
ListoffiguresFigure 1. EK60 beam extent illustrating limited ability to detect fish in the surface layer. . 2Figure 2. Schematic representation of the SX90 omni directional beam. . 3Figure 3. Schematic representation of (a) omni beam principle: the beam can be tilted from 10up to -60 degrees down; (b) 60 degrees vertical slice; and (c) omni/vertical combination. . 6Figure 4. SX90 sonar interface onboard the CCGS Amundsen . 6Figure 5. Areas where opportunistic (red line) and adaptive (Cumberland Sound; yellow star)surveys were conducted from July 20th to August 10th (leg 1) in the St-Lawrence and the easternCanadian Arctic. . 7)LJXUH 0DS RI WKH VKLS¶V WUDFN GXULQJ DGDSWLYH VXUYH\V 6 -01 (red), SA-02 (green), SA-03(purple), and SA-05 (blue) conducted from September 1st to 29th. Yellow polygons indicateknown whale feeding areas provided by Fisheries & Oceans Canada. . 8)LJXUH 0DS RI WKH VKLS¶V WUDFN UHG OLQH GXULQJ RSSRUWXQLVWLF VXUYH\V FRQGXFWHG IURP XJXVW 27th to October 3rd in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Yellow polygons indicate known whale feedingareas provided by Fisheries & Oceans Canada. . 9Figure 8. Examples of a bowhead whale in (a) a radial plot, and (b) a surface plot generated fromSX90 sonar data and using Matlab. . 11Figure 9. Parameters used for the simulation of ray tracing, propagation losses and probability ofdetection with the Norwegian Lybin software. . 12Figure 10. Triplane target reflector (50x50 cm) with a TS of - G% UH ȝ3D DW N ] . 12Figure 11. Frequency response of the 63 mm calibration sphere from 15 to 30 kHz. . 15Figure 12. Example of transmission losses used for TS calculations (solid line) compared withtransmission losses computed with the Lybin software (dashed line) based on a representativeCTD cast conducted on September 28th in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. In this case, an acousticchannel was present and TS calculations under-estimated losses at a range 100 m, were accuratefrom 100-350 m, and over-estimated losses at a range 350 m. . 17Figure 13. Examples of the sound beam pattern and probability of detection of a target (%, colorscale) by the SX90 sonar computed with the Lybin software in (a) the presence, and (b) theabsence of an acoustic channel based on the temperature-salinity profile. . 18Figure 14. Examples of ray trace simulations computed with the Lybin software for CTD castsconducted in the Canadian Beaufort Sea in (a) the presence and (b) the absence of an acousticchannel. Note the downward bending, typical for the area during summer/fall. Bottom depth was300 m and 65 m, respectively. 19Figure 15. Example of annular noise created by bottom refraction and of a bowhead whaleGHWHFWHG LQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP %RWWRP GHSWK ZDV P . 202011 Beaufort Sea active acoustics survey formarine mammal and pelagic fish detectionvii
Figure 16. Example of a fish school detected in the St-Lawrence River on July 20th. . 21)LJXUH 1XQDYXW *RYHUQPHQW¶V UHVHDUFK WUDZOHU YHVVHO 1XOLDMXN . 21Figure 18. Example of a 1-hour EK60 echogram (Sv minimum threshold -80 dB) in theCanadian Beaufort Sea in September 2011. Two distinct layers of pelagic fish can be observed,in the top 100 m and at 350 m near the bottom. . 22Figure 19. Ichthyoplankton nets deployed from the CCGS Amundsen. . 23Figure 20. Rectangular Mid-Water Trawl before deployment from the CCGS Amundsen. . 23Figure 21. Frequency distribution of the Target Strength (TS in dB re 1m2) of individual fish inthe Canadian Beaufort sea from September 7th to September 22nd for (a) the surface layer (0-100m), and (b) the bottom layer ( 100 m). . 24Figure 22. Location of 59 bowhead whales (black dots) and 15 seals (red dots) detected with theSX90 sonar from August 27th to October 3rd, 2011. All detections were validated by MWOs. . 25Figure 23. Echo-track charactHULVWLFV RI D WZR ERZKHDG ZKDOHV DQG WKHLU ZDNH GHWHFWHG LQ WKH DFRXVWLF FKDQQHO DW D UDQJH P E D ERZKHDG ZKDOH DQG LWV ZDNH GHWHFWHG LQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP DW D UDQJH P F D ULQJHG VHDO GHWHFWHG LQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP DW D UDQJH P DQG G D EHDUGHG VHDO GHWHFWHG LQ WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP DW D UDQJH P QQXODU QRLVH GXH WR ERWWRP refraction is present in panels (a-c), but not in panel (d), most likely because water stratificationdid not result in ray bending. . 34Figure 24. Target Strength (TS) as a function of frequency of the SX90 sonar for (a) 50 bowheadwhales detected in the acoustic channel (range 300 m), and (b) 13 bowhead whales detected inWKH ³QRUPDO EHDP UDQJH P F 0HDQ 7DUJHW 6WUHQJWK 76N) as a function of frequency inthe acoustic channel DQG WKH ³QRUPDO EHDP with confidence intervals. . 36Figure 25. (a) Target Strength (TS) as a function of frequency of the SX90 sonar for 12 ringedseals (solid line), and 2 bearded seals (dashed line). (b) Mean Target Strength (TSN) as a functionof frequency for ringed seals (solid line) and bearded seal (dashed line) with confidence intervals.No confidence interval means that only one TS value was available for a given frequency . 37Figure 26. Target Strength (TS) as a function of the angle of incidence (relative to the acousticbeam) for five bowhead whales detected in the Beaufort Sea in September 2011. 0
strong 2011 /strong Beaufort Sea strong Ac!ve /strong Acous!cs Survey for Marine Mammal and Pelagic Fish Detec!on Final Report May 21, 2012 Aboriginal A!airs and Northern Development Canada A!aires autochtones et Développement du Nord Canada. strong 2011 /strong BEAUFORT SEA ACTIVE ACOUSTICS SURVEY FOR MARINE MAMMAL AND PELAGIC FISH
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 1. Introduction 2 The extent of seasonal sea ice in the Beaufort and Chukchi Sea of the 3 Arctic Ocean is changing (Je ries et al., 2013). This paper explores the 4 timing and location of the annual ice minimum and transition to refreezing 5 conditions, with application to the sea state over the open water portion of 6 the domain.
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