Becoming A World Power 1890-1917 - Mr. Goethals

“We assert that no nation can long endure halfrepublic and half empire, and we warn theAmerican people that imperialism abroad willlead quickly and inevitablyto despotism at home”Democratic NationalPlatform (1900)Becoming aWorld Power1890-1917

United States Foreign Policy 1890-1917US Imperialism: Arguments for ExpansionExpand business interests –US economy boomed. Companies built overseas factories. Need newmarkets to prevent financial panics.Military interests –International competition for colonies would leave America behind.Social Darwinism –US must expand to survive. Whites are superior race. Must spreadsuperioritySpread Christianity –All nations should be Christian. Bring values to “backward” peopleAmerican Frontier Closed –US pioneer spirit looks towards foreign interests. Expand or explode

Benjamin HarrisonGrover ClevelandWilliam McKinleyTheodore RooseveltWilliam H. TaftWoodrow WilsonThe Men Who DevelopedU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

Benjamin HarrisonThe Men Who DevelopedPresidential Agenda Willing to go up against ForeignNations when American Interestswere at stake Promoted U.S. Intervention topromote economic and culturaladvancementInitiatingAmerica’sRise to GlobalImperialismU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedBenjamin Harrison Oct 1889:Convened the firstPan-American Conference Oct 1891:USS Baltimore Incident –Mob in Valparaiso, Chileattacked U.S. SailorsPoliticians and Journalists promoted warwith Chile over the incidentThreat of U.S. military action resulted in a 75,000 apology from ChileU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedBenjamin Harrison Jan 1893:American Fruit Planterssupported a Coup d’etatthat overthrew Hawaii’sQueen LiliuokolaniCompany of U.S. Marineswere provided to protectAmerican interestsNew Provisional Republic was established withAmerican planter Sanford B. Dole as PresidentPresident Harrison’s efforts to formally AnnexHawaii failed to succeed (before he left office)U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

Grover ClevelandThe Men Who DevelopedPresidential Agenda Primarily Opposed to TerritorialExpansion and Entangling Alliances Placed the wants and needs ofNative Populations over the desiresfor American ExpansionReluctantImperialistProtector of theNative PopulationU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedGrover Cleveland Dec 1893:President Cleveland removed thetreaty establishing the Republic ofHawaii and promised to supportQueen LiliuokalaniHe refused to supportany Annexation efforts Jan 1895:U.S. Efforts to build a canal inNicaragua since 1885 continuedwith the creation of a Canal BillPresident Cleveland refused tosupport any bill that violated therights of the people of NicaraguaU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedGrover Cleveland Since 1887:Unsuccessful diplomatic efforts between Great Britainand Venezuela to negotiate claims over territorybordering Venezuela and British Guiana occurred Feb 1895: U.S. finally answered repeated requestsfor assistance by Venezuela May 1895:British Royal Navy occupiedNicaraguan port of Cornito July 1895: “Twenty Inch Gun”U.S. sent long message to theBritish suggesting Arbitration inorder to avoid War with the USU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

William McKinleyThe Men Who DevelopedPresidential Agenda Continue Policies of “ManifestDestiny” by expanding AmericanFrontier Moral Responsibility to Christianizeand Civilize those who were notAmericanExpansionistIn Search of NewFrontiers BeyondAmerican ShoresU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam McKinley 1897: Attention turned to HawaiiPresident McKinley re-initiatedefforts to Annex Hawaii July 1898:Congress passed the NewlandsAct (allowing annexation of Hawaii) Since 1895:Repressive Spanish Regime had caused aCuban Revolution 1897:President McKinley pressured Spain to endthe conflict responsibly and humanelyU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam McKinley Jan 1898: USS MaineSent to Havana Harborto protect U.S. Interestsin Cuba Feb 1898: DisasterUSS Maine explodedkilling 266 U.S. Sailors 23 Apr 1898: Spain declared war on U.S. 1 July 1898: Battle of San Juan HillColonel Teddy Roosevelt led the famousRough Riders to victory up San Juan Hill 12 Aug 1898: Spain SurrendersU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam McKinley Dec 1898: Treaty of ParisU.S. gain the territories ofPuerto Rico, Guam, andthe Philippines Feb 1899: Philippine InsurrectionFilipino Guerillas began struggleagainst U.S. occupation of islands 2 June 1899: First Philippine Republicofficially declared warU.S. Troops were deployed to deal with theFilipino InsurrectionU.S. difficulties against guerilla fighterscaused war to drag on till 1902U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam McKinley Sep 1899: Open Door PolicySecretary of State John Hay sentout message proposing free tradein China by all nations 1899: Boxer RebellionChinese revolutionaries opposeforeign influences in China Apr 1900: International ReplyU.S. joined Eight-Nationalliance against Chinese Boxers295 Marines & 3,125 Army troopsjoin multi-national force in China 7 Sep 1901: Boxer ProtocalU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

Theodore RooseveltThe Men Who DevelopedPresidential Agenda U.S. had a Moral Responsibility tocivilize oppressed and/or weakernations International Negotiations could bebacked by U.S. Military Power“Big Stick”Diplomacy“Speak Softly andCarry a Big Stick”U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedTheodore Roosevelt 1901: Hay-Pauncefote TreatyAgreement authorizing the USto build a canal in CentralAmerica Aug 1903: Hay-Herran TreatyColumbia refused U.S. offer of 10 million for Panama Canal Sep 1903: Panamanian RevolutionUSS Nashville sent as part of Naval force toassist Panamanian rebels with supplies Nov 1903: Panama & Canal Zone formedU.S. officially recognized new PanamanianGovernment and established the Canal ZoneU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedTheodore Roosevelt 1902 – 1903:Venezuela CrisisEuropean blockade toforce Venezuela to payforeign war debts 1904: RooseveltCorollary Issued“ Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of theties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require interventionby some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of theUnited States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, howeverreluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of aninternational police power. ”Ultimately established the U.S. as an International Police PowerU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedTheodore Roosevelt Aug-Sep 1905:Treaty of Portsmouth, NHRoosevelt facilitated peaceagreement officially endingthe Russo-Japanese War 1906: Nobel Peace Prize 1907 - 1909: Great White FleetRoosevelt sent two squadrons of 16battleships to circumnavigate the world Showcase of American Goodwill Demonstrate growing Naval Power Increase Sea & Battle preparednessU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedTheodore Roosevelt 1904 -1910: Panama CanalRoosevelt capitalized hisefforts on the building of thePanama Canal"I took the Canal Zone and letCongress debate; and while thedebate goes on, the canal does too.” 1907-1910: Building SupervisionRoosevelt appointed Brigadier GeneralGeorge Washington Goethals to finishsupervising the building of the canal 1914: Panama Canal OfficiallyOpened in time for World War IU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam H. TaftPresidential Agenda Supported U.S. Desire toexpand American Foreign Trade Maintain orderly societies abroadby increasing investments inforeign economies“DollarDiplomacy”“U.S. FinancialLeverage”U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWilliam H. TaftUsed U.S. government officials to promotethe sale of heavy industrial goods and militaryhardware to foreign powersConvinced U.S. Banks to resolve the problemsof debt-ridden Honduras 1909: Nicaraguan Crisis2,700 U.S. Marines were sentto help stabilize the pro-U.S.Nicaraguan government froman attempted rebel overthrow“Peaceful Bill”U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

Woodrow WilsonThe Men Who DevelopedPresidential Agenda Dedicated to helping othernations achieve self-government Believed in promoting peace andcultivating friendships with f-Determination”U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWoodrow Wilson 1913: Issues with MexicoWilson refused to recognizethe Mexican Governmentunder Victoriano Huerta“As a Government of Butchers” 1914: Tampico IncidentMexican officials arrested nine U.S. Sailors inTampico, Mexico (for entering a restricted area)President Wilson sent the U.S. Navy to the portof Vera Cruz with a force of U.S. MarineDue to U.S. pressure and growing rebel activityGeneral Huerta stepped down from powerU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWoodrow Wilson 1916: Acquiring a NewTerritoryU.S. and Denmark signeda treaty transferring controlof the Virgin Islands to theUnited StateAgreement was made due to: Increased German navalactivity in the Atlantic Concerns that Germanymight annex Denmark The Virgin Islands wouldgive Germany a navalbase close to the U.S.U.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

The Men Who DevelopedWoodrow Wilson 1916: Impact of the MexicanRevolution on the U.S.Mexican rebel, Poncho Villa,raided across the U.S. borderfor food and supplies inhopes of provoking warbetween the U.S. & MexicoGeneral John J. “Black Jack” Pershing led theMexican Punitive Expedition to hunt down theMexican rebels 1917: Approaching storm of World WarU.S. Troops were withdrawn from the Mexicanborder to prepare for deployment overseasU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

New Territorial AcquisitionsU.S. Foreign Policy (1890-1917)

Panama Canal "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on, the canal does too.” Roosevelt appointed Brigadier General George Washington Goethals to finish supervising the building of the canal 1907-1910: Building Supervision 1914: Panama