Microbial Ecology - Centurion University
Microbial ecology
Interactions of organisms with each other andwith their physical environment contribute tothe functioning of ecosystems.
Symbiosis Symbiosis is an association: in a number ofways: 1. Ectosymbiosis-microorganism 2. Endosymbiosis-microorganism 3. Ecto/ endo symbiosis-microorganism
Mutualism Obligatory association : reciprocal benefit toboth partners. example: Lichens-an ,fungus,alga, Fungal partner, obtains nutrients well asoxygen. Algal partner is protected from excess light
Syntrophism Syntrophism - mutually beneficial relationshipeach organism provides one or more growthfactors, nutrients, or substrates for the othercross-feeding or the satellite phenomenon
Commensalism The microorganism (commensal) benefits,while the host is neither harmed nor helped Escherichia coli lives in the colon Uses oxygen creating an anaerobicenvironment in which obligate anaerobesBacteroides grow.
Predation Predator organism engulfs or attacks a preyorganism; Predatory bacteria are known Bdellovibrio,Vampirococcus, and Daptobacter
Parasitism One organism (parasite) benefits from another(host)
Ammensalism Ammensaliam -organism releases a specificcompound that harms another organism Ex. production by bacteria
Competition Different organisms within a population orcommunity try to acquire the same resources(e.g., nutrients, location, etc).
Bacteria of extreme environment
Extreme halophiles Prokaryotes that inhabit highly saline environments arecalled extreme halophiles theses organisms require 1.5to 4M (9-23%) NaCl for optimal growth Extreme halophiles belong to Archaea are collectivelycalled halobacteria. Examples Halobacterium sp. Cell wall is stabilized by sodium ions. Cells of Halobacterium pump large amounts of K fromthe environment into the cell to counter the Na . cellwall is made of glycoprotein - high content of acidicamino acids. cytoplasmic proteins are also highly acidic Extremely halophilic Archaea are chemo-organotrophs.
Hypersaline environment
Deep sea bacteria Organisms that inhabit the deep sea overcomethree major environmental extremes. Low temperatures, high pressure and lownutrient levels. Barotolerant groups up to 400 atm. pressure andbarophilic above 400atm. Increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids intheir cytoplasmic membranes; cell wall alsopossesses specific outer membrane protein calledOmpH to overcome the high pressure conditions.
Hydrothermal bacteria Hydrothermal vents are thermal springs on ocean floorwhere hot basalt and magma lie very near the floor Sulphur – oxidizing chemolithotrophs -Thiobacillus,thiothrix and Beggiatoa are present Include nitrifying bacteria, hydrogen, iron andmanganese oxidizing bacteria live in association withother invertebrate At great depths, hydrothermal fluid is emitted attemperatures of 270-380oC and bacteria such asMethanopyrus exist in walls of such vents also. Vents are called black smokers.
Hydrothermal vents (Black smokers)
Hot springs
Ectosymbiosis-microorganism 2. Endosymbiosis-microorganism 3. Ecto/ endo symbiosis-microorganism. . community try to acquire the same resources (e.g., nutrients, location, etc). Bacteria of extreme environment . . Ex
Thus the focus could range from marine and coastal microbial ecology to terrestrial ecology to microbial symbioses. The course focuses on bacteria and viruses; less so on fungi, and protists; and briefly touches upon phytoplankton. One of the emerging new paradigms of microbial ec
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population ecology) and then subsequently covering interactions between species in a community (i.e., community ecology). However, to facilitate completion of the final paper, I have recently switched to covering community ecology and ecosystem ecology before population ecology. As both ecology and evolution have to be covered in the same .
and Microbial Ecology Current Research and Future Trends (Second Edition) Editor: Jürgen Marxsen Justus Liebig University iFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition Department of Animal Ecology Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 35392 Giessen . As temperature is a major regulatory factor of microbial growth, an increase in temperature .
PART I The Scope of Microbiology 1 1 Evolution, Microbial Life, and the Biosphere 3 2 Historical Overview 31 3 Fundamental Chemistry of the Cell 55 4 Structure and Function of Bacteria and Archaea 75 PART II Microbial Physiology: Nutrition and Growth 123 5 Nutrition, Cultivation, and Isolation of Microorganisms 125 6 Microbial Growth 153 7 Control of Microbial Growth 179
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