Potential Of Biomass Utilization In ACMECS (Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia .

Potential of biomass utilization inACMECS (Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia,Vietnam and Thailand)Assist.Prof.Dr.Nikhom LaemsakDr.Maliwan HaruthaithanasanKasetsart University, Thailand

Outlines What is ACMECS Overview for biomass Utilization in ACMECS Potential of Biomass for bioenergy in AMECS(Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia andLaos)

ACMECS : Ayeyawady- Chao Phraya - MekongEconomic CooperationStrategyACMECS : a cooperation framework among Cambodia,Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam to utilizemember countries diverse strengths and promotebalanced development in the sub region.

Forest cover of ACMECS and neighbering countrie(Source: FAO, hinaCambodiaLao PDRMyanmarThailandVietnam

Potential of biomass utilizationin Thailand

Increased into 4,800 MW

EucalyptusAcaccia hybrids

Agroforestry (Cassava)

Potential of biomass utilizationin Vietnam

The Country Natural area:33 mil. ha Population:90 mil. Ethnic groups: 54 Forest land:19 mil. Forested area: 13.4 mil. Natural forest: 10.2 mil. Plantation:3.2 mil. 25% of total pop. living in ornear forests (23 mil.)

Energy situation in Vietnam Energy consumption increased over 8 % per year and this increasedepends on fossil fuels (Institute of Energy 2010) Before 2010 Vietnam exported fuels, but there will be deficit after2012(1) An estimated import could be:o 2015: import 6.27 mil. TOE*o 2020: import 24.9 mil. TOEo 2030: import 62.8 mil. TOEVietnam’s target to increase the share of renewableenergy from 3% in 2010 to 5% in 2020 and 11% in 2050New clean renewable energy sources (e.g wind energy, solar energy and bio-energy)are important.1* TOE: tonne of oil equivalentsource: Truong Nam Hai. Biomass‐Asia Worshop 2005, Tokyo –Tsukuba, Japan

Biomass feedstockVietnam has huge resources of biomass withsome selected residues for bio‐energy 1AgriculturalEnergy nureBambooCoconutSugar CaneCoffee* Organic Municipal Solid Waste1 Source:NL Agency’s report 2012

Woody biomass feedstockSourceArea (ha)Naturalforest10 mil.Plantation 3.2 mil.Bamboo 1.4 mil.(150.000plantation)Residues yield% ofresource isresidue orwasteLogging:40%5 mil.In whole Sawmilling:ton/ yearcountry 38% solid (*)12%sawdust10 – 13tons/haLocationLamDongand thenorththeoreticalAvailabilityCurrent uses ofwood residues11 mil. tonresiduesWood chip export,Saw log, boardsproduction,burning in kilns,domestic cooking.Floormanufacturing,charcoal, paperand pulp, domesticfuel.50 – 70%(*) 2 mil. tons from logged timber, 2.5 mil. tons from sawmills, 500,000 tons from scattered treesSource: NL Agency’s report 2012

Current estimated area of plantationsSpeciesTotal areaAcacia and Eucalypts1.5 mil haPines200 ‐ 250,000 haMelaleucas70,000 ‐ 100,000 haCasuarinas60,000 – 80,000 haBamboos & rattan150 ‐ 200,000 haOther NTFP* tree species50 ‐ 70,000 haOthers (i.e. Dipterocarps; Teak; Melia and some native species)100 ‐ 150,000 haScattered planting200 mil. trees/years* NTFP: non‐timber forest productsSource: MARD 2010

Potential of biomass utilizationin Myanmar

Forest Resources of MyanmarForest Cover of Myanmar (2010)Area(,000 ha)Closed forestOpen forestTotal forestOther Wooded 90367658% of totalcountry area19.8727.0946.9629.7320.502.81100Closed Forest Open ForestCanopy Coverage30% and aboveCanopy Coveragebetween 10% and 30%19

Source of energy in MyanmarHydropower Coal and lignite2.48%9.55%Natural gas10.67%Biomass 63.86%Crude oil andpetroliumproducts13.45% About 70% of total population of Myanmar dwell in rural areas.Current level of wood fuel consumption is about 19.12 million cubictons per year.The supply sources are natural forests, plantations, homesteadgardens, community forests and tops and lops from timber harvesting.20

Availability of energy resources in MyanmarCrude oil (Offshore & On-shore)(Proven Probable)648.59 MMBBLNatural gas (Offshore & Onshore)(Proven Probable)122.5391 TSCFHydro power108, 000 MWCoalBiomass711 Million Metric Tons1.2.46.96% of total land areacovered with forest .Potential available annualyield of wood-fuel 19.12million cubic tonWindSolar powerSource: Ministry of Energy, 2008365.1 TWH per year51973.8 TWH per year21

Potential biomass from Forests Growing Stock in Natural forests of Myanmar – 1430 mil m3 (45m3/ha) 17.8% of total volume is commercial growing stock (volume ofcommercial tree species ). Estimated forest carbon stock decliningTrend in Carbon Stock (mil 02005201022

Estimated rice husk production and atedHuskvolume(‘000ton/year)Ricehusk forpowerplant(‘000ton/year)No. ofrice 07352Small scale 1,9634,392352Largescalerice millsSource: Myanmar Rice Millers’ Association, 200923

Area and production of Ethanolproducible crops toSweet PotatoGrowing Area(1000 ha)Production(1000 nolSupply(mil. Gallons)30930281n.an.aSource‐ Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar24

Area and production of Biodiesel produciblecrops (2008‐2009)CropsGrowing Area(1000 ha)Production(1000 MT)Potential EthanolSupply(mil. Gallons)Oil Palm105261*52**Niger1458330Rape nut8131243358Soybean16524329Coconut53350 Copra350 CopraJatropha272263* Fresh Fruit Punch** crude oilSource‐ Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar25

Potential of biomass utilizationin Cambodia

Biomass resources, particularly residues from forests,wood processing, agricultural crops and agro‐processing, are under utilized in several ways and toencourage alternative sources of income in rural areas.These resources are renewable, environmentallyfriendly in energy production, and sustainable in termsof supply. In Cambodia, the use of wood‐derived fuel represents80% of total energy consumed and similar highpercentages are common for many countries in Asia.27

Current Situation of Forest Cover in CambodiaForest Cover in 2010‐ Evergreen Forest : 3,499,185 ha (19.27%)‐ Semi‐Evergreen Forest : 1,274,789 ha (7.02%)‐ Deciduous Forest: 4,481,214 ha (24.68%)‐ Other Forest : 1,108,600 ha (6.1%)The forest land of Cambodia is 10,363,789 ha,(57.07%) of the total land area.‐Non Forest : 7,796,885 ha (42.93%)TOTAL AREA: 18,160,674 (100%)28

Current situation of biomass/wood energyUtilization and Technology 80% of national energy consumption (MIME 2001) Biomass power generation is very limited (200 kW )Biomass source for electricity generation Agricultural Waste Rice husk –One million ton /year ; 60‐100 MW capacity Cashew nuts shell, sugarcane baggasse, cassava stemsetc. Old Rubber Trees 40,000 ha plantation, 25‐30 year replanting cycle, 180t/ha250,000 t/year; 20‐50 MW capacity Forest Resource Plantation, tree farming29

Biomass source for wood energyWood/charcoal flows:The sources of charcoal and firewood transport to Phnom Penh city are:National road No4 : Aural Wildlife Sanctuary, Kirirom National Park and Koh KongProvinceNational road No5‐6 : flooded forest around Toule sap Lake and Upland forest.Wood energy is consumed by households,approximately 7,000,000m3 of fuel wood isestimated to be collected annually (FAO,2001)30

Potential of biomass/wood energy utilization Wood and wood charcoal account for approximately80% of the total energy consumption in Cambodia. 80%in urban and 94% in rural areas use for cooking. Woodis used in huge quantity mainly in brick industry,garment factory, Sugar palm production and restaurants (Duraisamy, 2010). In Cambodia 22% of the total population has access toelectricity (60% in urban and 10% in rural areas).Phnom Penh, with 10% of the country‘s population, usemore than 85% of the total electricity in the country.31

Potential of biomass/wood energy utilization For non‐electricity areas, mostly batteries or Keroseneor solar lanterns are use for lighting in rural areas. Themiddle group’s households also use high capacitydiesel engine (3‐5 KW), consuming large amount ofdiesel (Duraisamy, 2010). Biomass fuels are mostly used in the household sector,primarily by the rural and urban in small towns. Thesepeople usually end up paying more for their householdenergy.32

Planted forest in degradation areas33

Potential of biomass utilizationin Laos

The forest cover 68 % of the country FAO, 2010) About 80 % of Lao population are living in therural areas and they rely heavily on the forest forfuel wood, medicines, houses and shelter. Woodenergy is widely used through out the country. The forest are already a vital economic resourcesfor Lao PDR, there provide essential contributionto the consumption and income of rural poorpeople and conserve biodiversity, soil and watervalues. Energy use within the country is stilldominated by the use of fuel wood, whichaccounts for about 88 % of total energyrequirement.

Biomass DevelopmentEnergy Self Sufficiency VillagePangbong VillageNgeun DistrictXayabury ProvinceInstall Capacity:40 kWFeedstock: Corn705860504039.74302024131002013-2015Existing (MW)Hoang Anh Sugar MillPhouvong, districtAttapeu ProvinceInstall Capacity: 30 MWFeedstock: BagasseMit Lao Sugar MillXaibury, districtSavannakhet ProvinceInstall Capacity: 9.7 MWFeedstock: Bagasse20202025Target (MW)

Fuel Wood Energy About 50%-80% of hh are Using fuel wood for cooking,and other relates activities

Case study of wood biomassItem20072010 (est.)Total populationconsumption of woodbiomass for energy4.684 million5.040millionTotal small industryconsumption wood forbioenergy (503 unit)279,644 ‐330,716m3/yearWood charcoal factory (47unit)38,100m3/yearAgar wood factory (53 unit)37,179m3/yearWood charcoalConsumptionRaw wood materials866,421persons17,949 t/year119,660 m3Ref.Ingsay et al.,2008 (cover 8provinces inLaos)

Case study of wood biomassItemBasic dataRef.Forest area16,142 MhaSuzuki et al., 2009Biomass stock3,301 MtSuzuki et al., 2009Biomass stock by area204 t/haSuzuki et al., 2009Growing stock957 Mm3Suzuki et al., 2009Growing stock by area59 m3/haSuzuki et al., 2009Sawn wood130 Km3Suzuki et al., 2009Plywood24 Km3Suzuki et al., 2009Wood fuel5,944 Km3Suzuki et al., 2009Wood charcoal20 KtSuzuki et al., 2009Energy consumption1.41 MtoeFAO, 2008Energy consumption per capita0.27 toe/capitaFAO, 2008

Case study of wood biomassItemBasic dataMain produce volume (MPV)Residue production ratio (RPR)Residue volume (RV)130 Km3Ref.FAO, 200840%Yoshida et al., 200787 Km3Yoshida et al., 2007Low heating volume (LHV)8.4 Gj/m3IEA, 2007Energy potential (EP)0.02 MtoeIEA, 2007Formula for Estimating the biomass energy potentialRV MPV RPR/(100 – RPR)EP RV LHV

Case study of wood biomassItemRice residuebiomass energyRice huskresidue (RPR)Rice strawresidue (RPR)BasicdataResidueLHV(Mj/kg)PE(MGj)Ref.FAO2.66 Mt0.250.6712.858.560.250.8814.0012.31Asia ProEcoProject ,2006;Sajjakulnukit et al.,2005

National road No5‐6 : flooded forest around Toule sap Lake and Upland forest. Wood energy is consumed by households, approximately 7,000,000m3 of fuel wood is estimated to be collected annually (FAO,2001) 30. Potential of biomass/wood energy utilization Wood and wood charcoal account for approximately .