Ccwater /conserve Gardening - San Diego
Where to get helpsmart Gardening ideasSubscribe to Sunset magazine for landscaping inspirationand gardening advice tailored to your climate in eachmonthly issue. Visit sunset.com or call 800/777 0117.Use these companion books from Sunset to help yougarden successfully in your climate zone. Available atyour local bookseller and home and garden center.Many professionals can help youdesign and implement a water conserving landscape. Before decidingon anyone, get several bids and talkwith previous clients.Local water districts usually offera wealth of information, includingrecommended plant lists, wateringguidelines, and water saving tips.Landscape architects design entireoutdoor environments, from plantingsto structures like patios and decks.Licensed and university trained, theycan provide the whole package, fromdesign to installation. Or they can helpin specific trouble spots, such as steepslopes or areas with poor drainage.Landscape contractors are trainedand licensed in methods of earthmoving, construction, irrigation, andplanting. They are very useful for diffi cult projects.Landscape or garden designershave varying degrees of education butare usually not licensed. The focus oftheir work is likely to be residentialgardens. Often they work in conjunc tion with a landscape contractor.Irrigation consultants areusually licensed contractors associatedwith an irrigation supply store (anothergood source of information). They canhelp design and install efficient irriga tion systems.Local nurseries can offer usefulinformation and assistance in choosingplants and irrigation equipment. Manyhave design services.Favorite websitesbewaterwise.com Low water landscapeEasy water-wisegardeningdesign ideas, irrigation advice, andlinks to local water agencies.ccwater.com/conserve Contra CostaWater District’s website provides infor mation on water conservation, land scape design, and maintenance.irrigation.org Information on smartcontrollers and efficient irrigation, andtips for hiring an irrigation contractor.irrigationessentials.com Information onirrigation equipment and efficientwatering.www.nrcs.usda.gov Tips for backyardconservation.savingwater.org The Saving Water Part nership’s website provides water conserving information for theNorthwest.snwa.org The Southern Nevada WaterAuthority’s website provides informa tion on low water plants, landscaping,and irrigation.sunset.com Sunset’s website offerslandscape ideas, planting plans, anddetailed information about localclimate zones.water.ca.gov California Department ofWater Resources’ website providesinformation on drought in California,unthirsty plants, and efficient irrigation.Advice and design ideasfor the 21st century.From the editors of ALooking for the right low waterplant for your climate and gardeningstyle? Go to sunset.com/plantfinderand search by type, growing condi tions, and color.ACopyright 2009Sunset Publishing CorporationER-64132SunsetThomas J. StorySunset Plant FinderEasy Water-Wise Gardening1
Great gardensfor a new eraIn the West, water is as precious asgold. Most of our rainfall comes in winter,yet many garden plants need irrigationin summer, during our driest months.Seasonal droughts, groundwater pollu tion, and population growth stress thisvaluable resource. If we are to haveenough water in the future, we mustavoid wasting water in our homes andgardens today.Of the water Westerners use at home,about 50 percent goes to gardens. So themost important place to start a conserva tion program is right outside our doors.Fortunately, water conservation doesn’tmean settling for a barren landscape; itmeans practicing good gardening. Choos ing plants well adapted to your climate,improving your soil, watering efficiently,and taking advantage of the latest irriga tion technology all help save water.Plants that require less water arewidely available at nurseries. The SunsetWestern Garden Book, Sunset Western Land scaping, and the online Sunset Plant Findertool (sunset.com/plantfinder) can provideyou with lists and plans.In this booklet, we offer many ways tosave water in your garden, includingwatering strategies based on soil type,smart use of watering devices, and adviceabout selecting an efficient irrigationsystem for your garden.ContentsSaxon HoltA gorgeous mix oflow-water plants,including Californiafescue, carex, catmint,erigeron, ‘Garnetpenstemon, lavender,Mexican bush sage,Morning Lightmiscanthus, androsemary.2Sunset4 Low-water landscape designElements of a dry garden, plantsfor all climates, planting plans,permeable surfaces14 Efficient irrigationManual watering, sprinklers, dripsystems, choosing the right system26 Water savingsMulch basics, rainwater harvesting,putting it all together32 Where to get helpProfessionals to consult and websitesto browseEasy Water-Wise Gardening3
DesignElements ofa low-waterlandscapeA dry garden can be asinviting as any otherDrought is a fact of life in the West.It’s part of the natural weather cycle.That's why water conservation should be apart of every Westerner’s lifestyle. Happily,a well designed water wise landscape canbe lush and colorful and will make yourhome a beautiful and inviting place.Start by leaving more areas unplantedthan you would if you lived in a wetterclimate—a big water savings right off thetop. Make the paths generous and putgravel under seating areas instead ofplanting a groundcover. Use decomposedgranite in place of thirsty lawn grass. Thenplant the remaining spaces with ornamen tals that are adapted to arid climates.Finally, to highlight water’s revered statusin the unthirsty garden, add a few tracesof it, some real, some illusory: a fountainthat barely trickles, a dry streambed thatawaits the next downpour, or a lovely urn.8 Water savingbasicsFollow these guidelines fora water-efficient garden1. IMPROVE THE SOILRoutinely cultivate thesoil in your vegetable andannual beds, incorporating organic matter suchas compost. Doing soimproves the soil’s abilityto retain moisture. Mostlandscape plants (trees,shrubs, and native plantsespecially) establishfaster when planted innative soils without theaddition of amendments.If your soil is sandy orrocky, you may need toadd compost.2. plant in the rightplace Locate unthirstyplants where they’ll getthe sun (or shade) exposure and soil drainagethey need. Group plantsthat have similar waterneeds so none gets toolittle or too much water.3. Shrink the lawnMost lawn grasses needenormous amounts ofwater to stay green andlush. Reduce your lawn’ssize, or—unless you needit for kids to play on—eliminate it altogether.4. CONTROL WEEDSThese garden intruderssteal water needed bydesirable plants. Regularly hoe or pull them outwhen they’re young, oruse landscape fabrics andmulches to discouragegrowth.5. Upgrade yourirrigation system Addelements such as smartcontrollers connected toweather stations andnew, highly efficientsprinklers or drip emittersto make precision watering much easier. (Seepages 16–21.)6. WATER DEEPLY Irrigateestablished plants thoroughly but infrequentlyto encourage roots togrow downward; they willbe buffered from the wetdry cycle typical of theupper soil area and maytap into groundwater.7. IRRIGATE EFFICIENTLY Make sure yourwatering practices anddevices are as efficient aspossible. Water plantsonly when needed, not bythe calendar or clock.Water at night, whenevaporation is muchlower and the air generally calmer. Tightenfaucets so they don’tleak. Avoid runoff andwasteful overspray.8. MULCH Cover bareground around each plantwith a 3-inch layer ofmulch to help conservesoil moisture, suppressweeds, and keep the soilcooler; renew annually.Organic types such asbark chips, shreddedbark, or compost improvethe soil as they breakdown, and encouragebeneficial microbes. (Seepages 26–27.)Using a tapestry of groundcoversinstead of thirsty turf to landscapethe front yard saves precious water.design Jeffrey Gordon SmithLandscape Architecture, Los Osos,CA (jgsdesigns.com)4SunsetDrip irrigationSteven A. GuntherNo lawnLow-flow irrigation is the mostefficient way to water plants—there’s no runoff or evaporation.It’s also the healthiest system forplants because the water penetratesdeeply into the soil, encouragingplant roots to do the same.Permeable pavingStrips of elfin thyme and Armeriamaritima dissect the flagstone pavingleading to the front door, soaking uprainfall and directing excess to theyard on either side.Xeric plantsNative and Mediterranean plants,such as the manzanita, yarrow,Euphorbia, and Kniphofia pictured,are well adapted to the West: Theyrequire little water and maintenance,and their blue-green, gray-greenfoliage looks right in our light.MulchA thick layer of mulch helps preservesoil moisture. But it can also enhancedesign, creating negative space thatmakes plant groupings or individualspecimens stand out.Easy Water-Wise Gardening5
DesignCombine flowering andfoliage plants for a colorful,all season gardenWater-thrifty gardens deliver all thebold forms and colors of traditional land scapes, but with minimal resources and alot less effort. As with any garden, theyincorporate all the elements necessary foroutdoor living and entertaining: Paths andpatios to give the garden form and direc tion. Arbors and trellises to help divide thegarden into rooms, and to create shade.Benches and outdoor furnishings forcomfort. But that’s where the similarity toconventional landscapes ends.The gardens pictured here are designedto thrive on little more than rainfall, butthey offer many other advantages beyondconserving moisture. Drought tolerantplants don’t require much, if any, fertilizer,so they tend to grow at a rate that’s easyto manage without constant pruning.Because they produce less green waste,they contribute less to landfills. In addi tion, many drought tolerant plants, espe cially Western natives, attract birds andbutterflies, which come to dine on insectpests or to sip nectar.It’s possible to have a garden that’sboth water conserving and beautiful, withplenty of lush foliage and a generous doseof seasonal flowers. All of the gardenspictured are rich tapestries of color andmotion, thanks to their diverse palettes ofcarefully chosen natives, perennials, orna mental grasses, shrubs, or succulents.Water wise gardens take a bit moreplanning than ordinary landscapes, butover time they offer significant savings inlabor costs—and, of course, water.1. BRIGHT COLORSYellow columbine, redvalerian, and lavendercatmint bloom amid a seaof mown buffalo grass ina New Mexico garden. Acluster of aspen treesprovides light shade forthe columbine.2. FOLIAGE TEXTUREStrong architecturaldetails set the stage forthis Seattle garden filledwith billowy grasses andperennials. Along thegravel path, giant feathergrass (Stipa gigantea) andmaiden grass createclouds of strappy foliagebeside catnip and Spanish lavender.3. BOLD SHAPES Goldenbarrel cactus appear tomarch along the top of arock wall between finetextured purple Daleagreggii plants. An Agaveweberi adds drama behindthem, while blue paloverde and desert ironwood trees soften thehouse walls.4. LUSH PLANTINGS In aSan Diego garden, adense border on a slope isfilled with large nativeboulders. From the frontare bright green aeonium,yellow pincushion(Leucospermum), yellowCotula coronopifolia, variegated Furcraea foetida‘Mediopicta’, and a redflowering ivy geranium.5. TWIST ON TRADITIONA suburban front yard inLong Beach, CA, plantedwith dark green Carexpansa, is watered onlyonce a week in summerand mowed just fourtimes a year.2156Sunset3clockwise from top left: saxon holt, andrew drake, d.a. horchner/design workshop, bob wigand, saxon holtLow water,high style5 greatwater wisedetails4Easy Water-Wise Gardening7
DesignChoose ornamentals thatthrive in your regionWhile local natives are best suited tomost sites, other good choices includedrought tolerant plants from all corners ofthe world. Some of the most water wiseoptions are native to the Southwestdeserts. Others are from the five Mediter ranean climate regions—California, theMediterranean basin, South Africa, south western Australia, and the central coast ofChile—where rains are spare and summersare warm and dry.Many of these plants share characteris tics that help them survive periods ofintense heat and low rainfall. They mayhave gray or velvety leaves that reflectheat; succulent leaves, stems, and rootsthat store water; or needlelike leaveswhose small surface area limits the poten tial for water loss. Or they may go dormantduring the hottest months of the year.Water wise plants have differentdegrees of drought tolerance. Plants thatthrive on 30 inches of rain in the Northwest,for instance, will wither in a Southwestgarden where the average rainfall is 10inches or less. Do your homework beforefinalizing plant choices, then group plantsinto zones by their water needs. Placethirstier (and often showier) plants near est the house or in other high visibilityspots, less thirsty plants in the background.Make sure your irrigation plan supportseach zone independently of the others.Avoid the mistake of thinking that sometypes of plants never need watering. Allplants, native or not, need regular, deepirrigations through the first year to helptheir roots become established. Some needmoisture into the second year, but by then,many do fine with only an occasional deepwatering. A bit of research and consultingwith your local nursery or cooperativeextension service will help you figure outhow much water your plants need.8Sunset7 greatwater wiseplantings1. LOW SPREADING Cean othus griseus ‘Kurt Zadnik’is a colorful groundcoverthat grows 2 to 3 feet talland 6 feet wide or more.Spring flowers are deepblue.2. WATER-WISE ANDFIRE-WISE In a SanDiego–area garden,spaces between bouldersare filled with a deep pinkrose-scented geranium,white nutmeg-scentedgeranium, and purplesweet-pea shrub.3. wildlife magnetConeflower (Echinacea) isa tough perennial withdaisy-like flowers in pink,lavender-purple, yellow,orange, and white. Beesand butterflies love tovisit the beehive-shapedcenters for nectar; finchesvisit later for seeds.4. EASY TO GROW Hornedpoppy (Glaucium flavum)produces rosettes of crinkly gray-green leavestopped by orange tobright yellow blooms.5. BRIGHT BERRIES Tall(usually to 10 feet), denseToyon puts on a brightshow in winter, when redberries envelop the shrub.6. BOLD FOLIAGE Cloudsof lime-colored flowerson Euphorbia characiaswulfenii contrast withchocolate-hued Aeoniumarboreum ‘Zwartkop’ tocreate drama in a SanClemente, CA, garden.7. SHAPE AND TEXTUREMediterranean-climateplants fill a garden borderin a rain shadow alongWashington’s PugetSound. They include Aster‘Mönch’ and Schizostyliscoccinea ‘Oregon Sunset’,framed against ‘GoldSword’ New Zealand flax.Behind is tall, airy Verbenabonariensis.217clockwise from top left: bob wigand (2), Steven A. Gunther, bob wigand (3), jim mccauslandPlants forall climates3465Easy Water-Wise Gardening9
DesignLow-waterplanting plansEgBrighten a garden bed withherbs for your kitchen orberries and flowers for birdsDiChivesCatmintFountain grassSunsetFirethornjPlanting area: 8' x 6'Just 48 square feet is space enough for a diverse assortment ofscented herbs plus a compatible fragrant rose. Seven of the nineherbs have culinary uses, making this planting especially appeal ing to cooks (particularly if it’s located near a kitchen door). Thetwo nonculinary choices—lavender cotton and catmint—add tothe plot’s beauty with their soft textures and equally soft gray green to gray white leaf color. In fact, much of this garden’scharm derives from its varied foliage colors and textures; conspic uous flowers appear chiefly on the chives, catmint, lavendercotton, rosemary, and rose.Common sageBlack-eyed SusanacLemon thymePocket size herb samplerBlanket flower10bhopposite, clockwise from top left: david cavagnaro, thomas j. story (3), ben woolsey, claire curran,norman a. plate (2); illustrations, from top: lois lovejoy (2), erin o’toole (2)The best plants for low water gardensnot only enliven the landscape and thriveon little water once established, they haveother benefits as well. Woody perennialherbs such as rosemary, sage, andthyme—all native to the Mediterraneanregion—produce leaves that can be usedfresh or dried to flavor meat, soups, andstews. In beds and borders, they combinewell with blooming perennials such asblue flowered catmint and sunny yellowpatio roses.Unthirsty shrubs and perennials thatpump out flowers, berries, or seeds inviteall kinds of birds to your garden, bringing italive with beauty and motion. (Birds alsofeast on pest insects.)You can re create one of the borderspictured at right in your own garden. Thebest time to plant is early fall, before rainscome (they’ll help irrigate the new trans plants for free). Locate both beds in fullsun. The bright herb sampler is designedto fit a small (8 by 6 foot) space. Thebirdscape is backed with three billowyshrubs that need more room to sprawl.The total number of each plant neededis indicated after each plant in the “PlantLists,” far right.fPlant listA. Chives (Alliumschoenoprasum); 3B. French tarragon(Artemisiadracunculus); 4C. Catmint (Nepeta xfaassenii); 3D. Sweet marjoram(Origanum majorana,Majorana hortensis); 1E. Oregano (Origanumvulgare); 2F. Rose (‘Sunsprite’); 1G. Rosemary (Rosmari nus officinalis); 1H. Common sage(Salvia officinalis‘Icterina’); 1I. Lavender cotton(Santolina chamaecypa rissus ‘Nana’); 3J. Lemon thyme(Thymus x citriodorus)‘Aureus’; 1cbahfegfidgcPlanting area: 25' x 18'Western birdscapeThis small planting design is suited to mild winter areas of Cali fornia and the Southwest deserts. Though it lacks trees and awatering hole, it offers most of the inducements that birds crave:berries, seeds, and shelter. The irresistible lure—as legions ofgardeners have come to know—is the yearly crop of firethornberries, but the garden’s feathered patrons will also feast on thefruits of lantana, heavenly bamboo, cotoneaster, and Elaeagnus.Seed eaters will appreciate the bounty of coreopsis, blanketflower, black eyed Susan, and fountain grass. The shrubs allafford ample shelter.Plant listA. Elaeagnus xebbingei; 1B. Firethorn (Pyracan tha coccinea ‘Kasan’; 1C. Lantana‘Radiation’; 3 D. Heavenlybamboo (Nandinadomestica); 2E. Willowleaf cotoneaster (Cotoneastersalicifolius ‘EmeraldCarpet’); 2 F. Black-eyed Susan(Rudbeckia fulgida sulli vantii ‘Goldsturm’); 11G. Fountain grass(Pennisetumsetaceum); 6H. Blanket flower(Gaillardia x grandi flora); 5I. Coreopsis grandiflora‘Sunburst’; 4Easy Water-Wise Gardening11
DesignLet rainfall percolate downto plant rootsPaths and patios that are paved withgravel, decomposed granite, spaced flag stones, or porous concrete are the bestchoices for water conserving gardens.Permeable paving materials add beautyand structure to the garden and, of course,require no irrigation themselves. More over, they allow rainwater and irrigation topass through them and into the soil,preventing runoff that can clog stormdrains and pollute nearby lakes, streams,and coastal waters.If you’re considering gravel, visit yourlocal landscape supply yard to experiencethe look and feel of different types. Gravelrefers to rocks ranging in size from 1/8 inchto 11/2 inches. It comes in two forms:Manmade crushed rock has sharp, irregu lar edges; nature made river rock (alsoknown as natural pebbles) is rounded.Think about where it will be used. Forhigh traffic areas, such as paths andpatios, use manmade crushed rock.Because the pieces bind together well,they create a more stable surface for walk ing. The most common size is 3/8 inch, anall purpose gravel that’s also good as amulch around plantings. For a softersurface under bare feet, use 1/4 inch orfiner natural pebbles. For low traffic areas,river rock is an attractive choice, but thelarger, smoother pieces are less stableunderfoot than crushed rock.You can green up surfaces covered withstone or cobbles by planting mat forminggroundcovers between the pavers. Goodchoices for this use include creeping thyme(shown at far upper right); Dymondiamargaretae, which forms a tight mat ofnarrow, gray green leaves and tiny yellowflowers in summer; and snow in summer(Cerastium tomentosum), a dense, tufty matof silvery gray foliage with small whiteflowers in early summer.12Sunset7 ways to useporous paving1. golden gravel Inthis Los Angeles garden,a base of warm-toned3/4-inch gravel makes abold visual distinctionfrom surrounding greenery, including droughttolerant blue Seneciomandraliscae.2. shale and paversFractured shale fills gapsbetween concrete paversin a garden in Alamo, CA;yarrow and grassessoften path’s edges,3. classic fillerDrought-tolerant creeping thyme grows 3 inchestall and roots as it spreadsto fill spaces betweenflagstone pavers.4. woodsy path Spacedconcrete “stones” curvethrough a garden in GigHarbor, WA.5. fit for a fireside‘Paprika’ yarrow and‘Walker’s Low’ catmintedge a secluded gravelseating area in California’s wine country.6. paired materialsEdged with pale flagstone, a half-inch ofdecomposed granite overa compacted base formsa well-draining surface inthis garden in RanchoMirage, CA. Palo verde,agaves, opuntia cactus,and barrel cactus thrivein the flanking gravelpatches.7. Pocket patio A 7-footcircle of bricks set into abase of compacted sandis easy to move and adaptfor different purposes.23174Clockwise from top left: Steven A. Gunther, Thomas J. Story,jennifer cheung/Jupiter Images, jimmccausland,Thomas J. Story, Steven A. Gunther, Thomas J. StoryPermeablesurfaces65Easy Water-Wise Gardening13
IrrigationEfficientwatering 101Learn about your soil,watch your plants, and getthe right toolsWhen determining how you shouldwater, first consider your plants. Becauseplants with deeper roots are better able towithstand periods of drought, your goalshould be to apply enough water to wetthe entire root zone and to encouragedeep rooting. Shallow watering leads toshallow roots and plants that are verysusceptible to drought and fluctuatingtemperatures. You should also avoidapplying so much water that it penetratesdeeper than roots actually grow. Thatwater is wasted.How to choosethe right hoseA cheap hose prone to kinks and cracks makesgardening a chore. It pays to invest in quality.Hoses may be made of rubber or vinyl or acombination of the two. The best models incorporate multiple layers of reinforcing fabric suchas nylon or rayon. Hose couplings and swivels areanother indication of quality. The strongestcouplings are made of brass—the thicker thebetter—and the best swivels are hexagonal foreasy gripping. Also look for a protective collar justbelow the coupling; it’s designed to prevent thehose from kinking at the faucet.n1Garden hoses vary in length (25, 50, and 100feet) and diameter (1/2, 5/8, and 3/4 inch). A 1/2-inchhose can deliver about a third as much water as a3/4-inch hose. If you have low water pressure or ifyou must run your hose uphill, buy the shortest,largest-diameter hose that’s practical for yoursituation.nHydrozoning. Organize your landscapeinto “hydrozones”—groups of plants withsimilar water, soil, and exposure needs. Bydoing so, it’s possible to apply water veryefficiently and allocate more water tothirsty plants and less to unthirsty ones.For example, you should separate low water users, which thrive on rainfall aloneor with minimal supplemental water (suchas native plants, or ones similarly adaptedto drought) from high water users (suchas lawns, annual flowers, and vegetablegardens). As much as possible, maximizethe amount of garden space dedicated tolow water users.Observe your plants. Get to know thesigns of moisture stress, such as droopy,off colored foliage.Know your soil. Examine it frequently,making sure it is not too wet or too drybetween waterings. If necessary, addorganic matter to new planting areas toimprove soil texture or to hold moisturebetter.Water deeply, then let the soil partiallydry before watering again. Irrigate longenough to wet the entire root zone.To determine how deep the water is14Sunset23manual watering devicesHand watering can be very efficient: You can pinpoint individual plants and vary watering times basedon plant needs and weather. The right devices make it easier.1. Portable sprinklersThey feature different spraymethods: oscillating, rotating,impulse, or traveling. Choose aheavy-weight model with apattern that matches theshape of the area to be wateredand that applies water evenlyover the entire area.2. Soaker hoses Flat hosesperforated on one side orporous “ooze” types work beston level ground. Run themalong rows of vegetables,flowers, or hedges; spiralaround trees; or use tomoisten beds of seedlings.3. Hose-end nozzlesNozzles turn water flow into avariety of sprays, from strongjet to gentle mist. Those withlong handles are especiallyhelpful for watering hangingbaskets. (If the nozzle doesn’talready have a shutoff valve,you can connect one betweenit and the hose.)CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Thomas J. Story, craig d. wood, Norman A. Plate, Thomas J. Story, darrow m. wattWatering checklistuse a hose in furrows1. Basins 3 to 6 inches deep hold water aroundplants. On level ground, link basins to makewatering easier.2. Furrows 3 to 8 inches deep help a hose-endbubbler attachment irrigate straight rows.1penetrating, push a stiff metal rod into thesoil after watering. It will move easilythrough wet soil but will stop or be harderto push when it hits dry soil. Before water ing again, let the top few inches of soil dryout, depending on the size of the plant.Avoid runoff. Don’t apply water fasterthan the soil can absorb it. Direct water toplant roots by building basins or furrows ofsoil around plants. Use terraces or basinsto avoid runoff on slopes. Pulse irrigateplants in clay soil or on slopes: Applywater until puddles appear, stop until thewater is absorbed, then repeat the cycleuntil water penetrates to the desireddepth. Use drip or low volume irrigation(see pages 18–21).Adjust watering schedules with theweather and seasons. Water less often incool weather, more frequently during hotweather. Irrigate early in the morning,when winds are calm and evaporation islow. (See “How season affects watering,”page 25.)12Easy Water-Wise Gardening15
IrrigationIsolate sprays. Position sprinklers toprevent overspray into neighboringhydrozones or paved areas.Efficientwatering:with sprinklersGroup by valve. Plot circuits—a group ofsprinklers controlled by the same valve—to correspond to the hydrozones. Every thing on one circuit (valve) will be wateredat the same time. Your water pressure andflow rate will determine how many sprin klers you can have on each circuit. Eachcircuit should comprise the same type ofsprinklers: spray or rotor. Don’t mix the two.For large lawns and some vegetableand flower beds, underground sprinklersystems are a good option. To operateproperly, they need high pressure (40 psior more at the water source). You maywant to hire a professional to plan andinstall the system, which entails muchphysical labor. However, sprinkler manu facturers provide good instructions,and many people decide to do the jobthemselves.To design an underground irrigationsystem, follow these steps:SprinklerMake a scale drawing of your property.Include new or existing landscaping, hard scaping like paths and patios, and anyexisting underground utilities. Divide yourproperty into hydrozones.to familiarize yourself with componentslisted and shown in the photograph on thefacing page. Pay attention to sprinkleroutput rates and nozzle spray patterns.Sketch your systemLimit heads. Use as few sprinklers aspossible to achieve head to head cover age: Spray from one sprinkler should reachthe head of the next sprinkler. For fullcoverage, each area should be covered bythree sprinklers.16SunsetSprinklercoverageThis illustrationshows how toposition sprinklers to ensureeven coverage.Sprinkler headsin the cornerscast water in anarc, while thecenter headwaters in acircle. Dark tintindicates wateroverlap.CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: GEORGE OLSON, THOMAS J. STORY, EM AHART (2)Spray overlapNozzlespraypatternsFor propercoverage,typically youmust set somenozzles todifferent arcsthan others.NozzleSchedule 80 riserPop-up sprinklerSprinklerheadPVC slip bythread elbowPVC slip by thread TTo make sure your system operates effi ciently, often watch it run to check forsigns of leaks, malfunctions, or poorperformance. Adjust sprinklers whennecessary, and unclog heads with a knifeor piece of wire. Replace broken sprinklersor risers. Water filled valve boxes or leak ing sprinklers may be a sign that valvesneed to be repaired or replaced. Wet spotsand a constantly running water meter areother signs of problems. In freezingclimates, install a drain valve at thelowest point in each circuit. Before winterfreeze, drain the system through the drainvalve, and hire a professional to blowcompressed air through the system toclear remaining water.90 120 180 240 270 360 SystemshutoffvalveControl valve andbackflow preventerCutoff riserMaintain yoursprinkler systemDesign your systemStores or nurseries that specialize in irriga tion supplies can help you plan and drawan irrigation system, or you may prefer tohave a professional do the design. Regard less, it makes sense to be involved withthe design process. Here are some basictips when planning a system.Hose bibbSimplify the course. Plot layout of under ground pipes with fewest turns.A good choice for overheadirrigation of a large areaVisit an irrigation supplier. Take timeelements of asprinkler systemSwing jointPVC pipeUse the right componentsControl valves These include backflow (antisiphon) devices to prevent water from flowinginto the home water supply.Tip: Valves are usually grouped together so theycan easily be wired to electronic controllers.Pipes These are made of rigid, white polyvinylchloride (PVC). To glue or thread sections of pipetogether, you’ll need fittings that come in variousconfigurations (including T and elbow) and types(slip and th
ideas Subscribe to Sunset magazine for landscaping inspiration and gardening advice tailored to your climate in each monthly issue. Visit sunset.com or call 800/777 0117. Use these companion books from Sunset to help you garden successfully in your climate zone. Available at your local bookseller and home and garden center. Sunset Plant Finder
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